Humoral Immunity and Clotting

Humoral Immunity and Clotting1HUMORAL IMMUNITY-KEY TERMS:ANTIGEN: a substance that can stimulate the body to produce antibodiesANTIBODY: a substance produced by the body to destroy or inactivate a foreign substance (antigen) ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY complex has a lock and key fit.

2Agglutination: The clumping of microbes/cells when held together by antibodies

3B-lymphocyte activation (Humoral Response)B-lymphocyte searches for antigen matching its receptorIf found, triggering signal is set offHelper T cells release activating proteins (cytokines) B/cytotoxic T cellsB cells divide into plasma cells and B memory cellsPlasma cells release antibodiesB memory cells: prolonged life span, remember specific intruders4B-LymphoctyeHelper T-LymphoctyeCytotoxic T -LymphoctyeRegulatory T-LymphoctyeT-LymphoctyeMemoryB-LymphoctyePlasma B-LymphoctyeLymphoctyeactivateactivatesignalantibodyrelease5Cytotoxic T cell killing a cancer cell

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8Immune DisordersAllergy Hypersensitivity to relatively harmless environmental antigenAutoimmunity Inappropriate/excessive response to self-antigens (molecules native to the person = self)Lupus Inflammatory disease that affects many tissues (joints, blood vessels, kidneys, nervous system, skin)HIV/AIDS Targets certain T-cells, destroying them (CD4-T cells most often targeted)9THROMBOCYTES:PlateletsNo nucleusCell fragmentsIrregular, disc shapedClot bloodHelp maintain endothelial lining

10CLOTTING MECHANISMInjury to blood vessel; clotting factors are released into the plasmaPlatelets form soft platelet plugProthrombin activator releasedProthrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombinThrombin reacts with fibrinogen to form fibrin, a fibrous gelFibrin tangles RBCs & platelets to form clot

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12Clotting DisordersThrombosisClot forms in unbroken blood vessels = thrombusEmbolismClot dislodges (embolus)HemophiliaInherited disorderLack of clotting factor, important plasma proteins for clottingThrombocytopeniaDecreased platelet countBleeding from small blood vessels throughout body

13Use the following in your story about a strange bacterium that enters through a cut.AntigenAntibodyB-lymphocyteClotClotting FactorsCytokinesCytotoxic-T cellsFibrinFibrinogen

Helper-T cellsMemory-B cellsPlasma CellsPlatelet PlugPlateletsProthrombinProthrombin ActivatorThrombin

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