Hungry Cities of the Global South

9 February 2015, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Inês RaimundoRamos Muanamoha

2

“Let´s make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,

resilient and sustainable”, UN General Secretary, 2014

The city of Maputo

Maputo during rain

season

The city characteristics • The city is formed by 1,094,628

(2007)• A population density of 3,531

Hab/Km2, and the country density is 27.5Hab/Km2

• The city is getting poorer since according to the head count of 1996-97 the poverty incidence was 47.8% and in the year of 2002-2003 reached 53.6% and UN-Habitat (2007) indicates that it has reached 70%

5

The situation of the suburbs

Poor drainage system

6

Macaringue, 2012

Urban population growth by cities from 1980, 1997 to 2007

Province City 1980 1997 2007

Niassa Lichinga 39,004 85,758 142,331

Cabo Delgado Pemba 41,166 84,897 138,716

Nampula Nampula 145,722 303,346 471,717

Zambezia Quelimane 60,151 150,118 193,343

Tete Tete 45,119 101,984 155,870

Sofala Beira 214,613 397,360 431,583

Manica Chimoio 68,125 171,056 237,497

Inhambane Inhambane 32,654 52,370 65,149

Gaza Xai-Xai 43,794 99,442 115,752

Maputo Matola - 424,662 671,556

City of Maputo Maputo 556,298 996,837 1,094,628

The Poverty Headcount results from the three set of IAF

(National Survey of Households) Poverty Headcount

Area 1996-97(In %)

2002-03(In %)

2008-09(In %)

Poverty gap from 1996-97 to 2002-03 (In %)

Poverty gap from 2002-03 to 2008-09 (In %)

National 69.4 54.1 54.7 15.3 0.6Urban 62.0 51.5 49.6 -10.5 -1.9Rural 71.3 55.3 56.9 -16.0 1.6North 66.3 55.3 46.5 -11.0 -8.8Centre 73.8 45.5 59.7 -28.3 14.2South 65.8 66.5 56.9 0.7 -9.6Niassa 70.6 52.1 31.9 -18.5 -20.2Cabo Delgado 57.4 63.2 37.4 5.8 -25.8Nampula 68.9 52.6 54.7 -16.3 2.1Zambezia 68.1 44.6 70.5 -23.5 25.9Tete 82.3 59.8 42.0 -22.5 -17.8Manica 62.6 43.6 55.1 -19.0 11.5Sofala 87.9 36.1 58.0 -51.8 21.9Inhambane 82.6 80.7 57.9 -1.9 -22.8Gaza 64.6 60.1 62.5 -4.5 2.4Maputo province 65.6 69.3 67.5 3.7 -1.8

City of Maputo 47.8 53.6 36.2 5.8 -17.4

The AFSUN survey

• Measurment of poverty based on:

• Household income– Mediam hh income is

3,000MZN– Household size 7

• Food expenditure• Lived Poverty Index

Employment status of surveyed HH members

N0. %

Working full-time 633 43.4

Working part-time/causal

249 17.0

Working – status unknown

19 1.3

Not working-looking for work

167 11.4

Not working-not looking for work

394 26.9

Total 1,462 100.0

Household income sourcesNo of HH % of HH

Employment 236 66.2

Informal business 101 25.4

Casual work 56 14.1

Rental income 27 9.6

Social grants/pensions 27 6.8

Sale of rural farm products 22 5.5

Sale of urban farm products

21 5.3

Cash remittances 21 5.3

Formal business 15 3.6

Income from gifts 3 0.8

Income from aid 2 0.5

Household Food Sources % using source weekly % used source in previous

weekSupermarket 8 3

informal market/street food 92 94

Small food outlet 22 40

Non-market sources

Grow it 12 15

Share meals with other hh 7 11

Borrow food 8 8

Food provided by other hh 3 6

Food remittances 0 6

Food transfers from rural areas

0 -

Charitable sources

Community food kitchen 0 <1

Food aid 0 1

Maputo Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence Indicator (HIFAP) scores compared to other cities

Food secure % Mildly food insecure %

Moderately Food insecure %

Severely food insecure %

Harare 2 3 24 72

Lusaka 4 3 24 69

Maseru 5 6 25 65

Maputo 5 9 32 54

Manzini 6 3 13 79

Msunduzi, SA 7 6 27 60

Gaborone 12 6 19 63

Cape Town 15 5 12 68

Windhoek 18 5 14 63

Blantyre 34 15 30 21

JHB 44 14 15 27

Region 16 7 20 57

Response to Food InsecurityIn the last month, did you % Sometimes/often

Worry that your hh would not have enough food? 55.8

Not eat the kinds of foods you preferred because of a lack of resources?

62.2

Eat a limited variety of foods due to a lack of resources? 58.5

Eat foods you did not want to because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food?

51.6

Eat smaller meals than you needed because there was not enough food?

46.7

Eat fewer meals in a day because there was not enough food? 45.0

Eat no food of any kind because of a lack of resources to obtain food?

20.9

Go to sleep hungry because there was not enough food? 16.5

Go a whole day and night without eating anything? 9.6

Food consumption change• Highly processed food brought by Mukheristas

(Cross border traders)• - New diseases in poor areas (high blood

pressure/stroke)• Highly dependent on supermarkets and few hh

consuming farm growth food• Price determine consumption –– Bread– Meat

• Growth of fast food restaurants

Conclusion • Ongoing urbanization and population growth

are major challenges for Maputo.• The majority of households live below the

poverty line• The primary source of livelihoods for the

urban poor informal market/street food • Non market sources they grow it or borrow

from friends/relatives