Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan¯Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan¯ Angela R. Perri1 Tokyo 0km1000 N Was the use of hunting dogs an

Hunting dogs as environmentaladaptations in Jomon JapanAngela R Perri1

0 km 1000 N

Was the use of hunting dogs an adaptation tothe post-glacial deciduous forest environmentin the northern temperate zone Dog burialsin Jomon Japan appear closely associatedwith a specific environment and with arelated subsistence economy involving thehunting of forest ungulates such as sikadeer and wild boar Dogs were valued asimportant hunting technology able to trackand retrieve wounded animals in difficultforested environments or holding them untilthe hunter made the final kill Greaternumbers of dog burials during the later Jomonphases may reflect a growing dependence onhunting dogs to extract ungulate prey fromforests in an increasingly resource-strainedseasonal environment

Keywords Japan Jomon dog burial hunting

IntroductionThe Jomon culture of Japan (c 12 500ndash2350 BP Table 1) is considered one of the bestcontexts for analysing complex prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups (Rowley-Conwy 2001)Although often discussed as a single culture that dominated the archipelago for over10 000 years the Jomon actually comprised various subgroups with differing traits acrossregions (Bleed amp Matsui 2010) These traits were specifically defined by the geographyand climate of the various latitudinal zones from subarctic to subtropical a result of theextreme northndashsouth orientation of the islands This variation in climatic conditions meantthat subsistence systems practised by Jomon hunter-gatherers in each area were highlyvaried with different prey species tool technology hunting methods and environmentaladaptations (Underhill amp Habu 2006) Even within a small area in Japan a mosaic of

1 Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig04103 Germany (Email angelaperrievampgde)

Ccopy Antiquity Publications Ltd 2016ANTIQUITY 90 353 (2016) 1166ndash1180 doi1015184aqy2016115

terms of use available at httpwwwcambridgeorgcoreterms httpdxdoiorg1015184aqy2016115Downloaded from httpwwwcambridgeorgcore Max-Planck-Institut fuer Evolutionaere Anthropologie on 16 Sep 2016 at 105558 subject to the Cambridge Core

Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan

Table 1 Dates of the Jomon phases

Incipient c 16 140ndash10 000 BPInitial c 10 000ndash7000 BPEarly c 7000ndash5450 BPMiddle c 5450ndash4420 BPLate c 4420ndash3220 BPFinal c 3220ndash2350 BP

different environments is possible Due to these variables different degrees of complexitycan be expected among the various Jomon subcultures

This paper focuses on the Jomon subculture that inhabited the eastern side of themain island Honshu hereafter referred to as the Pacific Honshu Jomon (Figure 1) Atthe beginning of the Holocene this region of Japan experienced a distinctive transitionto environmental conditions that allowed Jomon foragers to flourish in a forest-estuaryecotone consisting of abundant nut-bearing deciduous trees shellfish coastal fish andforest ungulates such as sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax)which made up the majority of their diet Also unique to this part of Jomon Japan isthe occurrence of the individual burials of domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris) only afew of which have previously been discussed outside of the Japanese literature Researchershave long presumed that hunting dogs were kept by Jomon foragers (eg Kraus 1953Nishinakagawa et al 1994) and in Japan ldquoboar-hunting with dogs is seen as a quintessentialJomon activityrdquo (Knight 2003 153) Yet this idea has not moved beyond the theoreticaleven though archaeological dog remains have been systematically surveyed across Japan(see Kaneko 1978 Shigehara 1985 Niwa 1987 Kojima amp Kikuchi 1999) Here I discussa possible relationship between the isolated clustering of Jomon dog burials in just oneregion and the specialised adaptations to changing environments and prey in this locality Idocument a strong association between the first appearance of Jomon dog burials in easternHonshu and a shift to primarily hunting terrestrial ungulates in the new Holocene deciduousforests of the region signifying the probable use of dogs as a dense-forest hunting adaptationafter the PleistocenendashHolocene transition

Palaeoenvironments subsistence and regional variationThe Japanese islands have a largely mountainous terrain with areas of low-lying coastal plainsand a longitudinal orientation that creates distinct environmental regions from northndashsouth(Figure 2) As with other areas of the northern temperate zone the PleistocenendashHolocenetransition brought about significant and rapid climate change in Japan (see Yasuda 1978)Prior to the transition the islands were mainly covered by conifer forests The onset ofwarming in the early Holocene triggered a dramatic vegetation change with temperatedeciduous forests which had been in retreat in the southern islands spreading northonto the main island of Honshu (Aikens amp Akazawa 1996) This environmental shift incombination with the topographic and latitudinal range of the islands led to the creationof new exploitation niches for Jomon foragers including important variations in plant

Ccopy Antiquity Publications Ltd 2016

Angela R Perri

Figure 1 Map of Japan with the location of the Pacific Honshu Jomon region

availability coastal resources and terrestrial prey species In contrast to the oft-cited seasonalbroad-spectrum Jomon diet (see the lsquoJomon Calendarrsquo Kobayashi et al 1992) the differentJomon subcultures may have aligned much more with Binfordrsquos (1980) theory of collectorsspecialists who rely on a few key resources (Aikens et al 1986 Habu 2004) Leavingaside the subarctic and subtropical environments on the extreme northern and southernislands regional variationmdashreflected in the analysis of subsistence remains dietary isotopesand tool kitsmdashresulted in three generalised subsistence niches on the main islands (egAkazawa 1986 Minagawa 2001 Hoover amp Williams in press) Hokkaido and the northernborder of Honshu with primarily marine mammals and fish south-western Honshu andthe southern islands with primarily plant and marine foods and north-central Honshu withmixed economy with terrestrial animals plants and marine foodsCcopy Antiquity Publications Ltd 2016

Figure 2 General environments across Japan during the Jomon period (adapted from Tsuji 2001)

The Jomon of Pacific Coast Honshu

The spread of deciduous forests into north-central Honshu increased the variety of edibleplant foods and strengthened the habitat for forest ungulates This led to flourishing Jomonpopulations particularly along the Pacific coast (Aikens amp Akazawa 1996 Habu 2004)Here post-glacial rising sea levels also increased coastal biotic productivity resulting ina proliferation of large shell midden sites along the low-lying coastal plains (Habu et al2011) The convergence of abundant upland deciduous forests and coastal resources createdan ecotone unparalleled in other regions of Jomon Japan Akazawa (1986) and Uchiyama(2006) speculate that the majority of large Jomon settlements were located in this region dueto a productive transitional zone allowing for the use of both coastal and forest resourceswithin a minimal distance

Angela R Perri

Post-glacial shifts of flora and fauna in north-central Honshu prompted a reorganisationof subsistence strategies requiring adaptations away from hunting the large terrestrialmegafauna of the Pleistocenemdasheg Naumannrsquos elephant (Palaeoloxodon naumanni) andYabersquos giant deer (Sinomegaceros yabei)mdashand towards a strategy of taking smaller quickerungulates in a densely forested environment (Inada 1986 Tsuji 1997) Changes in prey arereflected in the technological advances seen from the region including a shift to smallertriangular points used for the bow and arrow (Aikens amp Higuchi 1982 Inada 1986) whichwere designed to induce heavy bleeding in ungulates (Friis-Hansen 1990 Churchill 1993)This change in blade technology began in the southern islands moving north with thechanging biota suggesting strong connections between Jomon environmental and culturalchanges (Aikens amp Akazawa 1996)

In the temperate deciduous forests of north-central Honshu there may have been variationbetween Jomon on the Japan Sea and Pacific coasts with an increased reliance on plantresources along the Japan Sea although more dietary isotopic work is needed for this regionThe Japan Sea coast west of the central mountain range is well known for its heavy long-lasting snowfall which sika deer and boar migrate to avoid (Tsujino et al 2010) Minaki(1988) suggests that extensive chestnut cultivation occurred along this coast with raised-floor longhousesmdashassociated with the winter storage of nuts in high snowfall areasmdashfoundpredominantly in this region (Kitagawa amp Yasuda 2008) In contrast a substantial primarydependence on sika deer and wild boar by Jomon on the Pacific Honshu coast has longbeen established by researchers (Koike 1986 Hongo et al 2007) In these two productivetemperate forest environments however the importance of ungulate hunting on the Pacificcoast as compared to the Japan Sea coast is probably closely related to the availability ofprey during the key autumn and winter months

It is important to note that in addition to regional variation there is significant temporaland population variation during the Jomon phases which cannot be thoroughly discussedhere In Pacific Honshu populations were generally higher than in the rest of Japan probablydue to the productive environment and access to a variety of resources Populations inHonshu appear to have peaked in the Middle phase with a decline in the later phasesalthough the number of shell midden sites increases in these later phases (Habu et al2011) In contrast populations in south-western Japan begin small increasing throughthe later phases suggesting either dispersal from highly populated Honshu an influx ofgroups from mainland Asia or both Climatic and environmental fluctuations during theJomon phasesmdashincluding dramatic sea-level rise between 7400ndash5900 BP known as theJomon Transgression and a cooling period during the Late and Final phases (Tsukada1986)mdashprobably contributed to these population variations

Dogs as hunting technologyA hunting partnership between dogs and humans has long been postulated in thearchaeological literature with some researchers suggesting that such a collaborative alliancewas the basis for the initial domestication of dogs (eg Davis 1982 Clutton-Brock 1995) Apartnership of this nature has often been proposed between Jomon hunters and their dogsgiven that terrestrial game hunting was an important part of the subsistence economy ofCcopy Antiquity Publications Ltd 2016

some regional subgroups (Nishinakagawa et al 1994 Kobayashi 2004) The shift in huntingstrategies following the PleistocenendashHolocene transition probably included hunting dogsas a combined dense-forest technological innovation along with the bow and arrow Theinnate ability of a dog to sniff out track chase and hold prey can significantly enhance thesuccess of human hunters in forested environments (eg Dwyer 1983 Ngima Mawoung2006) Dogs are an important and in some cases indispensable hunting aid for manymodern forager groups as they probably were for foragers in prehistory Their use is often acritical factor in the minimisation of subsistence risk and the maximising of hunting returnsthey can prove an invaluable extension of the hunter and their toolkit (Mitchell 2008)

The rapid spread of post-glacial temperate forests in north-central Japan increased the totalungulate biomass which may have been a crucial variable in human behaviour organisationand populations in the early Holocene (Mellars 1975 Rowley-Conwy 1986) These areasof high-value prey species were ideal hunting grounds for the Jomon yet the density ofthe temperate forests and swiftness of medium-sized ungulates would have required adaptedhunting methods compared to the more open habitats and large herd animals of the previousglacial period Clutton-Brock (1984) suggests that hunting dogs were heavily used in theearly Holocenemdashin conjunction with microlith technologymdashto track and retrieve woundedgame in difficult forested environments Wild boar are particularly sensitive to vegetationtype preferentially inhabiting areas with the densest cover (Melis et al 2009 Saıd et al2012) making dogs particularly useful for boar hunting

The use of dogs as hunting tools is widespread in the ethnographic literature especiallyin the hunting of deer and wild boar in forested environments (eg Ngima Mawoung 2006Pannell amp OrsquoConnor 2010) Modern hunters emphasise the importance of hunting dogsin dense woodland where human sensory and locomotor skills are diminished (eg Ellen1999 Chitwood et al 2011) Injured deer often run leading hunters on long chases andwild boar can be aggressive and quickly learn to evade capture Hunting dogs mitigate thesefactors by tracking blood trails forcing game into vulnerable positions (eg in water) andholding prey until the hunter can make the final kill (Ruhe et al 2006 Saıd et al 2012)Specifically the successful hunting of wild boar often requires highly skilled dogs whichare prized above all others and without which many hunters attest boar hunting wouldbe virtually impossible (Bulmer 1968 Dwyer 1983) The effectiveness of hunting dogs inthe Pacific Coast Jomon environment along with the presence of many dog burials in thisregion indicates that Jomon hunters were probably using dogs as tools for the hunting ofsika deer and wild boar as hunters in Japan still do today

Jomon dog burialsDue to their significant contributions to the subsistence economy of some forager groupsthe ethnographic record is full of examples of the revered treatment of hunting dogs Theyare often given proper names treated as members of the family and considered separatefrom all other dogs (eg Ikeya 1994) This treatment frequently extends to the burial ofhunting dogs in remarkably human-esque ways often with grave goods and markers (egGroslashn amp Turov 2007 Koler-Matznick et al 2007) Dogs that are exceptional hunters or thatdie during a hunting expedition are often particularly venerated (eg Olowo Ojoade 1990)

Angela R Perri

Table 2 Number of sites and dog burialsassigned to each Jomon phase some burials comefrom multi-phase sites where the burial has notbeen assigned to a particular phase + denotesphases with additional burials identified but theexact number is unknown

Phase Sites Burials

Initial 2 3Early 3 2+EarlyndashFinal 1 3Middle 8 34+MiddlendashLate 3 2+MiddlendashFinal 1 +Late 7 15+LatendashFinal 7 16+Final 6 35+Jomon (general date not given) 1 +TOTAL 39 110+

Their value as important hunting companions affords the possibility of status they are aliving weapon that can seemingly be elevated to lsquopersonhoodrsquo based on their skills as anindividual The same may have been true for valuable hunting dogs in the past especiallyin an egalitarian society such as the Pacific Coast Jomon (cf Mizoguchi 2002) In life andthus in death the social position merited by those hunting dogs that proved to be skilledand valuable hunting tools was similar to that of skilled human hunters

A comprehensive survey was undertaken of Jomon dog burials in the archaeologicalliterature (Japanese and Western language details are available in the online supplementarymaterial) Over 110 burials are identified from 39 archaeological sites (Figure 3) The dogburials discussed are all isolated burials intentional buried alone and with no obvioussigns of butchery or human-induced death noted (cf Perri in press) While 110 burialshave been individually documented some reports were ambiguous noting only that dogburials were encountered This implies the actual number of isolated burials is greater than110 Importantly isolated dog burials from Jomon Japan are found almost exclusively inthe eastern half of north-central Honshu correlating with the deciduous forest-terrestrialungulate economy of the Pacific Coast Jomon Burials begin in the Initial phase withsingle burials at two sites including the only example not located in north-central Honshu(Figure 4 Table 2) By the Early phase burials occur farther north and in greater numbersIn the Middle phase burials become more widespread across the Pacific coast of north-central Honshu with more sites and more burials The Middle phase also has the onlyreported inland dog burial(s) although the number of animals and details are not givenLarge numbers of sites and burials continue during the Late and Final phases with burialswidespread across the entire Pacific coast of north-central Honshu After the Final phasethe practice of dog burials seems to terminate as dog burials are unknown in the ensuingCcopy Antiquity Publications Ltd 2016

Figure 3 Locations of the isolated dog burials from Jomon Japan

Angela R Perri

Figure 4 Sites with isolated dog burials from each Jomon chronological phase multi-phase sites in which burials are notattributed to one phase are included across each phase of the site

agricultural Yayoi period (beginning c 2350 BP) further suggesting that dog burials areclosely related to hunting activities during the Jomon period

The association between Jomon dog burials and the deciduous forest-estuary ecotone isstrongly supported by the fact that 37 of the 39 dog burial sites are shell middens Injuriesmostly healed broken bones were evident on dog remains from seven sites It is possiblethese are related to the hunting of ungulates as has been suggested for other prehistoric dogs(Warren 2004) and modern wolves (Mech amp Nelson 1990) The ages of the dogs range fromnewborn to over 12 years old The burial of immature dogs may not normally be associatedwith those distinguished as capable hunters yet the ethnographic record shows that puppiesin hunter-gatherer groups are often valued for their potential as future hunting partners(eg Terashima 1983 Koster 2008) as Clutton-Brock (1995) has previously suggested forprehistoric puppies Grave goods (an oyster shell bracelet Horikoshi 1977) were noted fromonly one burial although another dog burial was covered with stones (Otake 1983)

DiscussionThe high proportion of dog remains at archaeological sites with evidence for intensivemicrolith use and ungulate subsistence has been one of the main arguments for the use ofprehistoric hunting dogs (eg Aaris-Soslashrensen 1977 Clutton-Brock 1984) Although theburial of dogs has often been described as a Jomon trait their occurrence is not ubiquitousCcopy Antiquity Publications Ltd 2016

across Jomon Japan Instead they occur predominantly in a single region where a significantfocus on forest ungulate prey is documented Even though the preservation of bone in shellmiddens is often better due to the calcium content (compared to the normally acidicvolcanic Japanese soil) the presence of dog burials in Pacific Honshu does not appear to bethe result of differential preservation Dog burials are not found in shell middens from otherregions of Jomon Japan and scattered dog skeletal elements are found at most Jomon siteswithout the presence of dog burials (see Kaneko 1978 Niwa 1987) The burials also do notappear to be a trait of one specific Jomon population but are present within several definedsubgroups in the region (cf Kobayashi et al 1992) co-occurring with groups dependenton the deciduous forest-estuary ecotone Dog burials from Pacific Coast Jomon sites seemto reflect a specific subsistence lifeway wherein sedentary populations tied to static coastalresources (resulting in large shell middens) used hunting dogs to extract terrestrial gamefrom nearby upland forests While other site types (pit-dwellings and settlement sites)decreased after the Middle phase the number of shell midden sites in Pacific Honshu stayedstable during the Middle and Late phases with a slight increase in the Final phase (Habu etal 2011) a pattern mirrored in the occurrence of dog burials (see Table 2)

It is also possible that hunting dogs played an important role in maximising huntingreturns in an increasingly resource-strained seasonal environment Rowley-Conwy (2001)and Torrence (2001) stress that when resources have to be procured in a short period dueto seasonality hunting pressure or both technology becomes more specialised Davidson(1989) and Torrence (1989) also note the importance of reducing the risk of failure whendealing with a short seasonal hunting schedule emphasising that every hunting episode needsto be successful Horikoshi (1972) suggests that the territory of each Jomon settlement inTokyo Bay (Pacific Honshu) was only 2ndash3km in radius so that as populations increasedand hunting territories decreased towards the end of the Jomon period resources becamestrained The hunting of younger deer the collection of younger shellfish and an increaseduse of plant foods seen over time in Pacific Honshu further denotes subsistence pressure(Koike amp Ohtaishi 1985 Koike 1992) Given this demand on resources the increasingnumber of dog burials during the later Jomon phases may signify an increasing use of anddependence on hunting dogs as specialised technology to extract ungulate prey from nearbyforests

The importance of hunting dogs in this region is also demonstrated by the numerousdog-shaped clay figures (dogu) including a set that features a dog barking at three wildboar (Fujinuma 1997 45) Dogs are minimally represented in the art of the subsequentagricultural Yayoi period (Hudson 1992) One Yayoi representation of dogs is found ona ceremonial bronze bell (dotaku) depicting a number of scenes one of which is a boarsurrounded by a hunter and a pack of dogs (Figure 5) Sahara (1982) argues that the scenesrepresent a temporal narrative suggesting the boar-hunting human and dogs represent away of life in the ancestral past (during the Jomon period) prior to agricultural subsistenceThis hypothesis is further supported by the abrupt termination of dog burials with theadvent of agriculture around 2350 BP which has previously been attributed to their loss ofimportance as hunting companions (Funk 2008) In contrast to the careful burial of theJomon dogs discussed here the butchering and eating of dogs becomes a regular practice inlater agricultural groups in Japan (Tanabe 2006)

Angela R Perri

Figure 5 Ceremonial bronze bell (dotaku) from the Pacific Honshu region depicting a hunter with a bow and arrow huntinga wild boar surrounded by a pack of dogs (image courtesy of the Tokyo National Museum)

The ethnographic record illustrates the importance of dogs in some deer- and boar-hunting groups as well as the revered treatment of these animals upon their death Thefrequent burial of Jomon dogs in such an intentional manner sometimes with grave goodsmay indicate that they held a similar position as valued hunting partners These burialsemulate the burials of humans from the same sites individuals who are generally consideredto be egalitarian but who earned distinguished social positions through roles such as skilledhunters (Mizoguchi 2002 but see Watanabe 1990 Nakamura 2000) In Jomon Japanintentional dog burials are closely associated with a specific environment and subsistenceeconomy suggesting that dogs were valued as important forest hunting technology Anassociation between forest ungulate subsistence and intentional dog burials is seen not onlyin Jomon Japan but also in several other post-glacial deciduous forest forager groups (egBourque 1975 Larsson 1990 Morey amp Wiant 1992) suggesting that hunting dogs were awidespread adaptation to forest ungulate hunting in the northern temperate zone

AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Akira Matsui Masashi Maruyama Hiroki Kikuchi and the researchers at the Nara NationalResearch Institute for Cultural Properties for their assistance during my time in Japan I would also like to thankPeter Bleed and Simon Kaner for their helpful comments on this manuscript This research was partially fundedby the British Association for Japanese Studies the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation the Japan Foundationthe Tweedie Exploration Fellowship and the Rosemary Cramp Fund

Supplementary materialTo view supplementary material for this article please visit httpdxdoiorg1015184aqy2016115

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hunde Vedbaeligkprojektet I marken og in museerneSoslashlleroslashdbogen 1977 170ndash76

AIKENS CM amp T AKAZAWA 1996 ThePleistocenendashHolocene transition in Japan andadjacent Northeast Asia in LG Straus BVEriksen J Erlandson amp DR Yesner (ed) Humansat the end of the Ice Age 215ndash27 New YorkSpringer

AIKENS CM amp T HIGUCHI 1982 Prehistory of JapanNew York Academic

AIKENS CM KM AMES amp D SANGER 1986Affluent collectors at the edges of Eurasia and NorthAmerica some comparisons and observations onthe evolution of society among north-temperatecoastal hunter-gatherers in T Akazawa amp CMAikens (ed) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Japannew research methods 3ndash26 Tokyo UniversityMuseum University of Tokyo

AKAZAWA T 1986 Regional variation in procurementsystems of Jomon hunter-gatherers in T Akazawaamp CM Aikens (ed) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers inJapan new research methods 73ndash89 TokyoUniversity Museum University of Tokyo

BINFORD LR 1980 Willow smoke and dogsrsquo tailshunter-gatherer settlement systems andarchaeological site formation American Antiquity45 4ndash20 httpdxdoiorg102307279653

BLEED P amp A MATSUI 2010 Why didnrsquot agriculturedevelop in Japan A consideration of Jomonecological style niche construction and the originsof domestication Journal of Archaeological Methodand Theory 17 356ndash70httpdxdoiorg101007s10816-010-9094-8

BOURQUE BJ 1975 Comments on the late Archaicpopulations of central Maine the view from theTurner Farm Arctic Anthropology 12 35ndash45

BULMER R 1968 The strategies of hunting in NewGuinea Oceania 38 302ndash18 httpdxdoiorg101002j1834-44611968tb00975x

CHITWOOD MC MN PETERSON amp CS DEPERNO2011 Assessing dog hunter identity in coastalNorth Carolina Human Dimensions of Wildlife 16128ndash41httpdxdoiorg101080108712092011551448

CHURCHILL SE 1993 Weapon technology prey-sizeselection and hunting methods in modernhunter-gatherers implications for hunting in thePalaeolithic and Mesolithic Archeological Papers ofthe American Anthropological Association 4 11ndash24httpdxdoiorg101525ap3a19934111

CLUTTON-BROCK J 1984 Dog in IL Mason (ed)Evolution of domesticated animals LondonLongman

ndash 1995 Origins of the dog domestication and earlyhistory in J Serpell (ed) The domestic dog itsevolution behaviour and interactions with people7ndash20 Cambridge Cambridge University Press

DAVIDSON I 1989 Is intensification a condition of thefisher-hunter-gatherer way of life Archaeology inOceania 24 75ndash78 httpdxdoiorg101002j1834-44531989tb00215x

DAVIS S 1982 The taming of the few New Scientist95 697ndash700

DWYER PD 1983 Etolo hunting performance andenergetics Human Ecology 11 145ndash74httpdxdoiorg101007BF00891741

ELLEN R 1999 Categories of animality and canineabuse Exploring contradictions in Nuaulu socialrelationships with dogs Anthropos 94 57ndash68

FRIIS-HANSEN J 1990 Mesolithic cutting arrowsfunctional analysis of arrows used in the hunting oflarge game Antiquity 64 494ndash504httpdxdoiorg101017S0003598X0007839X

FUJINUMA K 1997 Jomon no dogu (Rekishi hakkutsu)Tokyo Kodansha (in Japanese)

FUNK H 2008 Introduction in K Hasebe (ed) Onthe skulls and lower jaws of the Japanese Stone Age dograces 5ndash99 Paderborn Lykos

GROslashN O amp MG TUROV 2007 Resource lsquopoolingrsquoand resource management An ethno-archaeologicalstudy of the Evenk hunter-gatherers KatangaCounty Siberia in B Hardh K Jennbert ampD Olausson (ed) On the road studies in honour ofLars Larsson (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia 26)67ndash72 Stockholm Almqvist amp Wiksell

HABU J 2004 Ancient Jomon of Japan CambridgeCambridge University Press

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HABU J A MATSUI N YAMAMOTO amp T KANNO2011 Shell midden archaeology in Japan aquaticfood acquisition and long-term change in theJomon culture Quaternary International 23919ndash27httpdxdoiorg101016jquaint201103014

HONGO H T ANEZAKI K YAMAZAKI O TAKAHASHI

amp H SUGAWARA 2007 Hunting or managementThe status of Sus in the Jomon period in Japan inU Albarella K Dobney A Ervynck ampP Rowley-Conwy (ed) Pigs and humans 10000years of interaction 109ndash30 Oxford OxfordUniversity Press

HORIKOSHI M 1972 Settlements and communitysystem of the Jomon period Sundai Shigaku 311ndash29

ndash 1977 Briefing of excavation at Soya Shell Midden DArea Ichikawa Education Board of Ichikawa City

HOOVER KC amp F WILLIAMS In press Variation inregional diet and mandibular morphology inprehistoric Japanese hunter-gatherer-fishersQuaternary International

HUDSON MJ 1992 Rice bronze and chieftains anarchaeology of Yayoi ritual Japanese Journal ofReligious Studies 19 139ndash89

IKEYA K 1994 Hunting with dogs among the San inthe Central Kalahari African Study Monographs 15119ndash34

INADA T 1986 Jomon bunka no keisei NihonKoukogaku 6 65ndash117 (in Japanese)

KANEKO H 1978 Dobutsu wa jomon jidai no isekikara no mama (2) Koukogaku Note 7 1ndash18 (inJapanese)

KITAGAWA J amp Y YASUDA 2008 Development anddistribution of Castanea and Aesculus cultureduring the Jomon period in Japan QuaternaryInternational 184 41ndash55httpdxdoiorg101016jquaint200709014

KNIGHT J 2003 lsquoIndigenousrsquo regionalism in Japan inR Ellen P Parkes amp A Bicker (ed) Indigenousenvironmental knowledge and its transformationscritical anthropological perspectives 151ndash76 NewYork Harwood Academic

KOBAYASHI T 2004 Jomon reflections forager life andculture in the prehistoric Japanese archipelagoOxford Oxbow

KOBAYASHI T M HUDSON amp M YAMAGATA 1992Regional organization in the Jomon period ArcticAnthropology 29 82ndash95

KOIKE H 1986 Prehistoric hunting pressure andpaleobiomass an environmental reconstruction andarchaeozoological analysis of a Jomon shellmoundarea in T Akazawa amp CM Aikens (ed) Prehistorichunter-gatherers in Japan new research methods27ndash53 Tokyo University Museum University ofTokyo

ndash 1992 Exploitation dynamics during the Jomonperiod in CM Aikens amp SN Rhee (ed) PacificNortheast Asia in prehistory 53ndash58 PullmanWashington State University Press

KOIKE H amp N OHTAISHI 1985 Prehistoric huntingpressure estimated by the age composition ofexcavated sika deer (Cervus nippon) using theannual layer of tooth cement Journal ofArchaeological Science 12 443ndash56httpdxdoiorg1010160305-4403(85)90004-4

KOJIMA H amp M KIKUCHI 1999 Jomon jidai ni okeruinu no shiyo no mondai ni tsuite-to Shibuya-kuToyozawa kaidzuka no kesu o hakkutsu Kaidzukaboryumu 54 1ndash18 (in Japanese)

KOLER-MATZNICK J B YATES S BULMER ampIL BRISBIN JR 2007 The New Guinea singingdog its status and scientific importance AustralianMammology 29 47ndash56httpdxdoiorg101071AM07005

KOSTER JM 2008 Hunting with dogs in Nicaraguaan optimal foraging approach Current Anthropology49 935ndash44 httpdxdoiorg101086592021

KRAUS B 1953 An outline of Japanrsquos prehistoriccultures Memoirs of the Society for AmericanArchaeology 9 12ndash16

LARSSON L 1990 Dogs in fractionmdashsymbols inaction in PM Vermeersch amp P Van Peer (ed)Contributions to the Mesolithic in Europe 153ndash60Leuven Leuven University Press

MECH LD amp ME NELSON 1990 Evidence ofprey-caused mortality in three wolves AmericanMidland Naturalist 123 207ndash208httpdxdoiorg1023072425775

MELIS C B JEDRZEJEWSKA M APOLLONIOKA BARTON W JEDRZEJEWSKI JDC LINNELLI KOJOLA J KUSAK M ADAMIC amp S CIUTI 2009Predation has a greater impact in less productiveenvironments variation in roe deer (Capreoluscapreolus) population density across Europe GlobalEcology and Biogeography 18 724ndash34 httpdxdoiorg101111j1466-8238200900480x

MELLARS P 1975 Ungulate populations economicpatterns and the Mesolithic landscape inJG Evans S Limbrey amp H Cleere (ed) The effectof man on the landscape the Highland Zone (Councilfor British Archaeology 11) 49ndash56 NottinghamDerry amp Sons

MINAGAWA M 2001 Hone tanpakushitsu de anteitansomiddot chisso doi-tai kara suisoku senshijidainonihonjin no shokuji patan Bulletin of the NationalMuseum of Japanese History 86 333ndash57 (in Japanesewith English summary)

MINAKI M 1988 Yoneizumi iseki no ogata shokubutsukaseki in Kanazawa shi Yoneizumi site IshikawaKenritsu Maizoubunkazai Sennta (Yoneizumi sitereport) 279ndash96 Kanazawa Ishikawa PrefecturalArchaeological Centre (in Japanese)

MITCHELL P 2008 The canine connection dogs andsouthern African hunter-gatherers inS Badenhorst JC Driver amp P Mitchell (ed)Animals and people archaeozoological papers inhonour of Ina Plug (British Archaeological Reportsinternational series 26) 104ndash16 OxfordArchaeopress

MIZOGUCHI K 2002 An archaeological history of Japan10000 BC to AD 700 Philadelphia Universityof Pennsylvania Press

MOREY DF amp MD WIANT 1992 Early Holocenedomestic dog burials from the North AmericanMidwest Current Anthropology 33 224ndash29httpdxdoiorg101086204059

NAKAMURA O 2000 Saishu Shuryo-min no FukusoKoi Kikan Kokogaku 70 19ndash23 (in Japanese)

NGIMA MAWOUNG G 2006 Perception of huntinggathering and fishing techniques of the Bakola ofthe coastal region southern Cameroon AfricanStudy Monographs 33 49ndash70

NISHINAKAGAWA H M MATSUMOTO J OTSUKA ampS KAWAGUCHI 1994 Mammals fromarchaeological sites of the Jomon period inKagoshima Prefecture Journal of the MammalogicalSociety of Japan 19 57ndash66

NIWA Y 1987 To understand the real image of theancient Japanese dogs Kiba 2 5ndash29

OLOWO OJOADE J 1990 Nigerian cultural attitudes tothe dog in R Willis (ed) Signifying animalshuman meaning in the natural world 215ndash21London Routledge

OTAKE K 1983 Jomonjin wa kossetsu shita ashi de inuo atsukaimasu Anima 121 11 (in Japanese)

PANNELL S amp S OrsquoCONNOR 2010 Strategy blurringflexible approaches to subsistence in East Timor inK Hardy (ed) Archaeological invisibility andforgotten knowledge 115ndash30 Oxford Archaeopress

PERRI A In press A typology of dog deposition inarchaeological contexts in P Rowley-ConwyP Halstead amp D Serjeanstson (ed) Bone Manessays in memory of Tony Leggemdashhunter fishermanfowler and zooarchaeologist Oxford Oxbow

ROWLEY-CONWY PA 1986 Between cave painters andcrop planters aspects of the temperate EuropeanMesolithic in M Zvelebil (ed) Hunters intransition Mesolithic societies of temperate Eurasiaand their transition to farming 17ndash32 CambridgeCambridge University Press

ndash 2001 Time change and the archaeology ofhunter-gatherers how original is the lsquooriginalaffluent societyrsquo in C Panter-Brick R Layton ampP Rowley-Conwy (ed) Hunter-gatherers aninterdisciplinary perspective 39ndash72 CambridgeCambridge University Press

RUHE F A BAUMGART amp T RIEMER 2006 Trackingdown wounded game with the aid of Hannoverianbloodhounds the effect of the acoustic tie of thedog handler to his chasing hound on the lengths ofthe chases and on the tracking success AllgemeineForst-und Jagdzeitung 177 91ndash96

SAID S V TOLON S BRANDT amp E BAUBET 2012Sex effect on habitat selection in response tohunting disturbance the study of wild boarEuropean Journal of Wildlife Research 58 107ndash15httpdxdoiorg101007s10344-011-0548-4

SAHARA M 1982 34 no Canpus Rensaku 4 Dotakuno kaiga no lsquobunporsquo in K Tsuboi (ed) KokogakuRonko 245ndash80 Tokyo Heibon Sha (in Japanese)

SHIGEHARA N 1985 Kodai no ie no inu no shisutemuto ido ni kansuru kenkyu [Studies on the genealogyand migration of the ancient domesticated dogs]Kagaku kenkyu no tame no kyoiku-hi hojokin(kenkyu A) kenkyu hokoku-sho-sho Researchreport for the 1984 Ministry of Education Scienceand Culture Research Grant (Research A) Researchno 58340056 (in Japanese)

TANABE Y 2006 Phylogenetic studies of dogs withemphasis on Japanese and Asian breeds Proceedingsof the Japan Academy 82 375ndash87httpdxdoiorg102183pjab82375

TERASHIMA H 1983 Mota and other huntingactivities of the Mbuti archers a socio-ecologicalstudy of subsistence technology African StudyMonographs 3 71ndash85

TORRENCE R 1989 Tools as optimal solutions inR Torrence (ed) Time energy and stone tools 1ndash6Cambridge Cambridge University Press

ndash 2001 Hunter-gatherer technology macro-andmicroscale approaches in C Panter-BrickR Layton amp P Rowley-Conwy (ed)Hunter-gatherers an interdisciplinary perspective73ndash98 Cambridge Cambridge University Press

TSUJI S 1997 A land ecosystem in the transition to theJomon Age The Quaternary Research 36 309ndash18(in Japanese with English summary)

ndash 2001 Jomon teki seitaikei to hito [Jomon ecosystemsand humans] Nihon-jin Harukana Tabi TokyoNHK

TSUJINO R E ISHIMARU amp T YUMOTO 2010Distribution patterns of five mammals in theJomon period middle Edo period and the presentin the Japanese Archipelago Mammal Study 35179ndash89 httpdxdoiorg1031060410350304

TSUKADA M 1986 Vegetation in prehistoric Japan thelast 20000 years in R Pearson G Barnes ampKL Hutterer (ed) Windows on the Japanese paststudies in archeology and prehistory 11ndash56 AnnArbor University of Michigan Press

Angela R Perri

UCHIYAMA J 2006 The environmental troublemakerrsquosburden Jomon perspectives on foraging land-usechange in C Grier J Kim amp J Uchiyama (ed)Beyond affluent foragers rethinking hunter-gatherercomplexity 136ndash67 Oxford Oxbow

UNDERHILL AP amp J HABU 2006 Early communitiesin East Asia economic and sociopoliticalorganization at the local and regional levels inM Stark (ed) Archaeology of Asia 121ndash48 OxfordBlackwellhttpdxdoiorg1010029780470774670ch7

WARREN D 2004 Skeletal biology and paleopathologyof domestic dogs from prehistoric Alabama IllinoisKentucky and Tennessee Unpublished PhDdissertation Indiana University

WATANABE H 1990 Jomon seiso gakkai [Jomon stratifiedsociety] Tokyo Rokko Shuppan (in Japanese)

YASUDA Y 1978 Prehistoric environment in Japanpalynological approach Sendai Tohoku University

Received 29 January 2015 Accepted 20 May 2015 Revised 17 July 2015

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan

Angela R Perri

Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig Germany 04103 (Email angelaperrievampgde)

Was the use of hunting dogs an adaptation to the post-glacial deciduous forest environment in

the northern temperate zone Dog burials in Jōmon Japan appear closely associated with a

specific environment and with a related subsistence economy involving the hunting of forest

ungulates like sika deer and wild boar Dogs were valued as important hunting technology able

to track and retrieve wounded animals in difficult forested environments or holding them until

the hunter made the final kill Greater numbers of dog burials during the later Jōmon periods

may reflect a growing dependence on hunting dogs to extract ungulate prey from forests in an

increasingly resource-strained seasonal environment

Keywords Japan Jōmon dog burial hunting

Table S1 Additional information on the Jōmon-period dog burials BUR = number of burials from each site ( indicates an unknown number) SM=shell midden site

SITE PHASE BUR SM NOTES REFERENCE Natsushima Initial 1 Y Shigehara amp Hongo 2000 Kamikuroiwa Initial 2 N one dog in curled

position both adults Shiba Inu size tooth damage suggested to be from hunting of wild boar

Esaka et al 1967 Shigehara amp Hongo 2000 Sato et al in press

Hanazumi Early Y Shibata 1969 Nishinoyato Early 1 Y buried in curled

position Toki 1936

SITE PHASE BUR SM NOTES REFERENCE brokenhealed axis

Ugasaki Early 1 Y lsquooldrsquo dog slightly bigger than modern Shiba Inu mandibular infection brokenhealed right femur

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Early-Final 3 Y all adult dogs Sato 1995

Kasori North Middle 2 Y Takiguchi 1977 Fujiwara Kannondo

Middle Y Kobayashi et al 2004

Ebigasaku Middle Y Shibata 1969 Takanekido Middle 3 Y 3-4 years (1) 5-6

years (1) over 12 years (1) oldest dog has brokenhealed limb bone

Nishino amp Okazaki 1971

Shimoota Middle 1 Y Sugaya amp Toizumi 1998 Ohata Middle 27 Y Manome 1975 Kaminouchi Middle 1 Y Kashimura 1994 Wanaba Middle N Educational Board of

Hara Village 2010 Soya Middle-Late 2 Y adult dog (burial

1) 6-7 month old dog (burial 2) both dogs same size as modern Shiba Inu oyster shell bracelet with burial 2

Horikoshi 1977

Monzen Middle-Late Y Matsumoto 1917 Hasebe 1925a Shibata 1969

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Middle-Late Y Matsumoto 1929 Shibata 1969

Minamizakai Middle-Final Y Goto 1969 Yahagi Late 2 Y Center for Cultural

Properties of Chiba

SITE PHASE BUR SM NOTES REFERENCE Prefecture 1981

Kasori South Late 3 Y Takiguchi 1977 Sanganji Late 3 Y brokenhealed

vertebrae Mori 1988

Ishigami Late 1 Y newborn or fetus Kaneko 1977 Nishikaizuka Late Y Naora 1965 Tsutsumi Late 1 Y Education Board of

Chigasaki City 1963 Kaitori Late 5 Y 4-5 years old (1)

healed bone injuries noted suggest injuries are from hunting accident

Kusama amp Kaneko 1971

Shimofunato Late-Final 1 Y Editorial Committee of Ofunato City 1978

Nakasawame Late-Final 1 Y 3-4 months old Sudo 1985 Kainohana Late-Final Y Yawata amp Daigaku 1973 Terawaki Late-Final 1 Y Watanabe 1966 Usuiso Late-Final 1 Y lsquooldrsquo dog

brokenhealed right tibia grave covered with stones

Otake 1983

Yoshigo Late-Final 12 Y 3 young 9 adult Hasebe 1952 Saito 1952 Motokariya Late-Final Y Naora 1972 Oohora Final Y Hasebe 1925b Shibata

1969 Satohama Final Y Okamura 1980 1986 Tagara Final 22 Y young and old

dogs youngest 2-3 months some dogs have brokenhealed bones 9 male and 6 female skulls reconstructed size similar to Shiba Inu

Hirasawa 1986 Shigehara amp Hongo 2000

Karekinomiya Final 1 Y same size as modern Shiba Inu

Sumiyoshi 1981

SITE PHASE BUR SM NOTES REFERENCE Ikawazu Final 7 Y all dogs are

adults most are lsquooldrsquo

Editorial Committee of the Report of Ikawazu Shell Midden 1972

Koyamadai Final 5 Y 3 young 2 adult Nagamatsu 1976 Kamishinjuku ldquoJōmonrdquo Y Shibata 1969

References

Center for Cultural Properties of Chiba Prefecture 1981 Yahagi kaidzuka Mizu wa Chiba ken

no jimukyoku no sakuhin (in Japanese)

Editorial Committee of Ofunato City 1978 Ōfunato-shi no rekishi (in Japanese)

Editorial Committee of the Report of Ikawazu Shell Midden 1972 Ikawaze kaidzuka

Atsumigōri Aichi ken atsumimachi no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

Educational Board of Hara Village 2010 Wanaba to Tochinoki saito Haramura no kyōiku

iinkai (in Japanese)

Education Board of Chigasaki City 1963 Tsutsumi kaidzuka Chigasaki-shi no kyōiku iinkai (in

Japanese)

ESAKA T K OKAMOTO amp S NISHIDA 1967 Kamikuroiwa Ehime ken no iwa no hinansho in

Nihon no dōkutsu saito 224ndash36 Tokyo Heibonsha (in Japanese)

GOTO K 1969 Minamizakai kaidzuka kara kisai resukyū hakkutsu hōkoku-sho no setsumeikai

Miyagi ken no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

HASEBE K 1925a Sekki jidai no kachiku-ka sa reta inu Jinrui-gaku no jānaru 40 103ndash108 (in

Japanese)

ndash 1925b Rikuzen de Oohora kaidzuka no hōkoku Jinrui-gaku no jānaru 20 349ndash60 (in

Japanese)

ndash 1952 Inu ga nokorimasu Bunkazai no hozon no tame no kyōkai (in Japanese)

HIRASAWA E 1986 Tagara kaidzuka I III Kensetsushō de Miyagi ken to Tōhoku no kensetsu-

kyoku no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

HORIKOSHI M 1977 Daizu kaidzuka deria de no hakkutsu no burīfingu Ichikawa-shi no kyōiku

KANEKO H 1977 Kawaguchi-shi no ishigami kaidzuka Kawaguchi-shi no kyōiku iinkai (in

Japanese)

KASHIMURA T 1994 Kaminouchi no hakkutsu genba Iwaki-shi no kyōiku to bunka no tame no

Iwaki-shi to shakai no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

KOBAYASHI T 2004 Jomon reflections forager life and culture in the prehistoric Japanese

archipelago Oxford Oxbow

KUSAMA S amp H KANEKO 1971 Kaitori kaidzuka Bunkazai hanaizumichō Iwate ken oyobi

Dōbutsuaigokyōkai no kyōiku iinkai Iwate ken (in Japanese)

MANOME J 1975 Ōhata kaidzuka no hakkutsu hōkoku Iwaki-shi no kyōiku iinkai (in

Japanese)

MATSUMOTO H 1917 The dog Zoological Science 29 181ndash82

ndash 1929 Rikuzen de Onomura Monou-gun no Kawakuda - Rihibiki no repōto (in Japanese)

MORI Y 1988 Sanganji kaidzuka Fukushimaken no hakubutsukan (in Japanese)

NAGAMATSU M 1976 Koyamadai kaidzuka Shuppan kyōkai (in Japanese)

NAORA N 1965 Miyanishi kaidzuka Higashiuramachi no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

ndash 1972 Motokariya kaidzuka Kariya-shi no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

NISHINO H amp F OKAZAKI Takanekido Funabashi shigikai (in Japanese)

OIKAWA K 1980 Komgoji kaidzuka Ugasaki kaidzuka Ugasaki kofun 1-gō nado Miyagi ken

no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

OKAMURA M 1980 Satohama kaidzuka I Tōhokurekishihakubutsukan (in Japanese)

ndash 1986 Satohama kaidzuka V Tōhokurekishihakubutsukan (in Japanese)

OTAKE K 1983 Jōmonjin wa kossetsu shita ashi de inu o atsukaimasu Anima 121 11 (in

Japanese)

SAITO T 1952 Yoshigo Yoshikawa-kobunkan (in Japanese)

SATO M 1995 Nakazawahama kaidzuka no hakkutsu hōkoku-sho no setsumeikai Rikuzen -

Tkada-shi no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

SATO T M HASHIMOTO Y ABE amp H ANDO In press Re-discovery of the oldest dog burial

remains in Japan Anthropological Science

SHIBATA S 1969 Inu in Kachiku no Nihon kodai-shi kenkyū 41ndash70 Gakujutsu (in Japanese)

SHIGEHARA N amp H HONGO 2000 Ancient remains of Jomon dogs from Neolithic sites in

Japan in SJ Crockford (ed) Dogs through time an archaeological perspective (British

Archaeological Reports international series 889) 61ndash70 Oxford British Archaeological

Reports

SUDO T 1985 Nakawame kaidzuka II Tōhokudaigaku ni okeru bungaku no bumon no

kōkogaku-teki kenkyū no tame no kyōkai (in Japanese)

SUGAYA M amp T TOIZUMI 1998 Ningen inu to buta to no kōhanna jōmon bochi

Shimomeguromiddot Ōta Kaidzuka moharashi Chiba ken (in Japanese)

SUMIYOSHI M 1981 Nishio-shi no Karekinomiya kaidzuka Aichi ken I Nishio-shi no kyōiku

TAKIGUCHI H 1977 Kasori kaidzuka IV Chuokouronbijutsu (in Japanese)

TOKI N 1936 Kanagawa ken no Yamada Nishinoyato kaidzuka Nakagawa-mura tsudzukigun

de no inu no maisō no hakkutsu Senshijidaino jānaru 8 77ndash93 (in Japanese)

WATANABE K 1966 Terawaki kaidzuka Iwaki-shi no kyōiku iinkai (in Japanese)

YAWATA I amp TK DAIGAKU 1973 Kainohana kaizuka Tokyō kyōiku daigaku bungakubu

shigaku hōhōron kyōshitsu (in Japanese)

References

Table 1 Dates of the Jomon phases

Incipient c 16 140ndash10 000 BPInitial c 10 000ndash7000 BPEarly c 7000ndash5450 BPMiddle c 5450ndash4420 BPLate c 4420ndash3220 BPFinal c 3220ndash2350 BP

different environments is possible Due to these variables different degrees of complexitycan be expected among the various Jomon subcultures

This paper focuses on the Jomon subculture that inhabited the eastern side of themain island Honshu hereafter referred to as the Pacific Honshu Jomon (Figure 1) Atthe beginning of the Holocene this region of Japan experienced a distinctive transitionto environmental conditions that allowed Jomon foragers to flourish in a forest-estuaryecotone consisting of abundant nut-bearing deciduous trees shellfish coastal fish andforest ungulates such as sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax)which made up the majority of their diet Also unique to this part of Jomon Japan isthe occurrence of the individual burials of domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris) only afew of which have previously been discussed outside of the Japanese literature Researchershave long presumed that hunting dogs were kept by Jomon foragers (eg Kraus 1953Nishinakagawa et al 1994) and in Japan ldquoboar-hunting with dogs is seen as a quintessentialJomon activityrdquo (Knight 2003 153) Yet this idea has not moved beyond the theoreticaleven though archaeological dog remains have been systematically surveyed across Japan(see Kaneko 1978 Shigehara 1985 Niwa 1987 Kojima amp Kikuchi 1999) Here I discussa possible relationship between the isolated clustering of Jomon dog burials in just oneregion and the specialised adaptations to changing environments and prey in this locality Idocument a strong association between the first appearance of Jomon dog burials in easternHonshu and a shift to primarily hunting terrestrial ungulates in the new Holocene deciduousforests of the region signifying the probable use of dogs as a dense-forest hunting adaptationafter the PleistocenendashHolocene transition

Palaeoenvironments subsistence and regional variationThe Japanese islands have a largely mountainous terrain with areas of low-lying coastal plainsand a longitudinal orientation that creates distinct environmental regions from northndashsouth(Figure 2) As with other areas of the northern temperate zone the PleistocenendashHolocenetransition brought about significant and rapid climate change in Japan (see Yasuda 1978)Prior to the transition the islands were mainly covered by conifer forests The onset ofwarming in the early Holocene triggered a dramatic vegetation change with temperatedeciduous forests which had been in retreat in the southern islands spreading northonto the main island of Honshu (Aikens amp Akazawa 1996) This environmental shift incombination with the topographic and latitudinal range of the islands led to the creationof new exploitation niches for Jomon foragers including important variations in plant

Angela R Perri

Phase Sites Burials

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

Phase Sites Burials

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

Phase Sites Burials

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

Phase Sites Burials

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

Phase Sites Burials

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

Phase Sites Burials

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Angela R Perri

position Toki 1936

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Oikawa 1980

Nakazawahama

Horikoshi 1977

Kawakuda Rihibiki

Properties of Chiba

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

vertebrae Mori 1988

Otake 1983

Sumiyoshi 1981

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Japanese)

Reports

References

Reports

References

Documents

Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan¯Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan¯ Angela R. Perri1 Tokyo 0km1000 N Was the use of hunting dogs an