HUNTING PATTERNS OF THE IBAN COMMUNITY OF KAMPUNG … Bt Tahir.pdf · HUNTING PATTERNS OF THE IBAN COMMUNITY OF KAMPUNG SEBANDI AND THE STATUS OF WILDLIFE POPULATIONS IN SEBANDI FOREST

HUNTING PATTERNS OF THE IBAN COMMUNITY OF KAMPUNG SEBANDI AND THE STATUS OF WILDLIFE POPULATIONS IN SEBANDI FOREST

NAFISAH BT TAHIR

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of

Environmental Science (Land Use and Water Resource Management)

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2004

ACKNOVLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Board of Management of Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resource Management in Malaysia (SLUSE-M) for giving me the opportunity to participate in the SLUSE-M Masters Degree

To my supervisor Associate Prof Dr Mustafa Abdul Rahman for his supervision advice help and patience during the completing of this dissertation Also to Isa Sait and Besar Ketol for their willingness in assisting during the wildlife survey

A special note of gratitude to all the Sarawak Forest Department and Sarawak Forest Corporation officers and Miss Cynthia Chin from Wildlife Conservation Society Sarawak for sharing their ideas suggestion and valuable advice Not forget to mention all the officers of Lundu District Office and Land and Survey Department Kuching for their willingness in preparing the secondary data aerial photos and maps on time

My gratitude to Tuai Jakong and his wife lndai Jaba the Councelor of Kampung Sebandi and to all the villagers of Kampung Sebandi for their guidance hospitality and friendships

All my lecturers and friends at UNIMAS for their help in assisting the dissertation project Associate Prof Dr Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah Associate Prof Dr Gabriel T Noweg Robert Malong Jay Qamar lan Hoa Luk Mimi and Tsai

Finally a special thanks to my family (maJ-( bapa-( wlC( eda abang andy lwll jijah and ateng) for their endless support and encouragement during the coursework and completion of this dissertation Most of all I thank God for making all things possible

To all the people mentioned above and whoever have helped to make this project possible all of you were great Thank you

f

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF APPENDICES

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

11 GENERAL INFORMATION ON SARAWAK

12 WILDLIFE AND HUNTING IN SARAWAK

13 THE IBAN COMMUNITY OF SARAWAK

14 STUDY BACKGROUND

141 Significance of Hunting in Sarawak

142 Wildlife and Unsustainable Hunting in Sarawak

15 OBJECTIVES

151 General Objective

152 Specific Objectives

16 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

11

PAGE

11

VI

Vll

Vlll

IX

1

3

5

6

6

7

10

10

11

11

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 THE HISTORY OF HUNTING 13

22 WHAT IS HUNTING 14

23 HUNTING METHODS 14

24 WILDLIFE AS AN IMPORTANT RESOURCE 16

25 SUSTAINABLE HUNTING 17

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

31 LOCATIONS OF STUDY AREA 21

311 Lundu District 21

312 Kampung Sebandi - The Study Area 24

313 The Ibans of Kampung Sebandi 25

32 FIELDWORKS AND DATA COLLECTIONS 26

321 Visits to Government Offices 26

322 Local Community Hunting Pattern 27

3221 General Hunting Intell)ie[cs 27

3222 Individual Hunting intervieus 27

3223 Hunting Area 28

3224 Hunting PresslJere 28

3225 Hunting Success 29

3226 Hunting Frequency 30

3227 Hnnting Index 30

III

323 Wildlife Surveys 31

3231 Lne Transect Surveys 34

3232 Tracfls and Signs 35

3233 Fruit Availability

324 Data Analysis 36

3241 General and Indiuidnal Hunting Interuiews 36

3242 Wildlife Surueys 36

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 37

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS

41 HUNTING PATTERNS 39

411 Overall Hunting Patterns in Kampung Sebandi 39

4111 General Information on Hunting Patterns in Kampung

Sebandi 39

4112 Hunting Pressure 42

4113 Species Hunted 42



42 WILDLIFE DENSITY AND ABUNDANCE 46

421 Overall Wildlife Density and Abundance in Sebandi Forest 46

42111Varnnwls 46

4212 Birds 48

4213 Other ~1lildlife - Reptile and Amphibians 51

IV

422 Wildlife Diversity and Abundance in Sebandi Forest

Comparison Between Less Disturbed and Disturbed Areas 51

4221 Mammals 51

4222 Birds 56

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS


52 WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION IN RELATION

TO HUNTING PATTERNS 64

521 Mammals 64

522 Birds 67

CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

61 RECOMMENDATIONS 69

62 CONCLUSION 70

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 81

v

--------------- --------------

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

11 Map of Malaysia showing the state of Sarawak 2

31 Locations of Kampung Sebandi Sebandi Forest and Sungai 23

Pasir Forest

32 Aerial photo of less disturbed and disturbed area for wildlife 32

survey site in Sebandi Forest

41 Hunting frequency in Kampung Sebandi 40

42 Total biomass hunted by Kampung Sebandi hunters 43 JILl

iii (jj 1

43 Species distribution in the less disturbed and disturbed areas 55 mI l4 ~ I

44 Cumulative number of species and cumulative days observed in I

a

I~ the less disturbed and disturbed areas 55

lt

I~ ~

45 Number of bird species surveyed the less disturbed and i ~

disturbed area and overlapped in both areas 61 ~ E

46 Cumulative graph of number of bird species versus cumulative

days recorded in the less disturbed and disturbed areas 61

Vl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

21 Different ethnic groups from different countries and the

purpose(s) of wildlife 17

31 Equipments for wildlife data collection 33

41 Overall hunting pressures at Sebandi Forest 40

42 Mammals hunted in Kampung Sebandi 43

43 Hunting techniques in Sebandi Forest 45

44 Hunting success in Sebandi Forest 45

45 List of species of mammals number density and relative

abundance recorded in Sebandi Forest area 47

46 Species of birds number density and relative abundance

observed in Sebandi Forest area 48

47 Systematic list of mammals number and relative abundance

and diversity indices recorded in the disturbed and

48 disturbed area 52

Systematic list of birds number and relative abundance and

diversity indices recorded in the less disturbed and disturbed

area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

A Totally protected animals in Sarawak 81

B Protected animals of Sarawak 82

C General hunting Interview 83

D Individual hunting interview 84

E Hunting pattern formulas 85

F Wildlife survey site - less disturbed and disturbed area 86

G Wildlife Data Sheets 87

H Model DIlERS Output 100

I Zar t-test result and calculation 108

J Plates 113

Vlll

ABSTRACT

Hunting Patterns of the Iban Conununity of Kampung Sebandi and the Status of

Wildlife Populations in Sebandi Forest

Key words Hunting Iban community of Kampung Sebandi hunting patterns

hunting pressure wildlife density wildlife abundance wildlife diversity less

disturbed area and disturbed area

Hunting is one of a human activity which involved the harvesting of wildlife from their

habitat for human use They are for nutritional trade culture and religion and economic

purposes Hunting in the Tropics today are less sustainable due to harvesting of wildlife

exceeds their reproduction rate and also habitat loss This study was conducted to

elucidate the hunting patterns of the Iban community of Kampung Sebandi (N 01deg36257

E 109deg51087) in relation to wildlife population density and abundance in Sebandi Forest

(N OJ036920 E 109deg50823) The results revealed that the main reason for hunting is for

subsistence besides sport and to reduce crop pest problems Huntings were done during

the days and night in group of three to hunters Day hunting activities were preferred

and done by using shotguns and accompanied by dogs The index of hunting pressure in

Sebandi Forest was 9814 There were three types of animals usually hunted which

included bearded pig (Sus barbatus) sambaI deer (Cenus 11nZcolor) dan lesser mousedeer

(Tragulus javanicus) During the study period the mammals hunted were lesser

IX

T mousedeer common palm civet (Paradoxurus hennaphroditus) and sambar deer with

biomass of 71~37 2218 and 662 respectively

Study on wildlife density and abundance in Sebandi Forest was done by usmg line

transect method A total of 49 individuals of mammals representing 11 species and 10

families were recorded The Families include Insectivore Scandentia Dermoptera

Primates Pholidota Rodentia Carnivora and Artiodactila The dominant species was

Plaintain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) with 16 individuals or 561 individual per 100

km2 with relative abundance of 3265 This is followed by sambaI deer with 12

individuals or 421 individual per 100 km2 with relative abundance of 2449 There were

157 birds representing 45 species and 23 families The families include Accipitridae

Rallidae Columbidae Psittacidae Cuculidae Strigidae Caprimulgidae Alcedinidae

Megalaimidae Picidae Eurylaimidae Aegithinidae Pycnonotidae Turdidae Timaliidae

Sylvidae Muscicapidae Dicaeidae Nectariniidae Sturnidae Estrildidae Dicruridae and II~ I

Corvidae The Sebandi Forest vas dominated by red-throated barbet (Meg-alaima ~

mystacophanos) and rufous-tailed tailorbird (Orthotomus sericeus) 10 individual or 350

individual per kilometer2 and 6369 of relative abundance The study on wildlife

diversity between the disturbed (secondary forest) and disturbed (plantations) areas

of Sebandi Forest showed that there was a significant different of mammals diversity with

Shannon-Weiner Index of HI = 3322 and H2 2000 each However there was no

significant difference with regard to bird diversity between the two areas

x

From the overall result obtained the lower the numbers of wildlife recorded in the

numbers of species hunted the higher their numbers recorded during the wildlife survey

For example there were nine individuals of lesser mousedeer hunted thus the number of

this species was low with only one individual recorded during the wildlife survey in

Sebandi Forest And so as for both bearded pig and sambaI deer

Xl

ABSTRAK

Corah Pemburuan Komuniti Iban Kampung Sebandi serta Status Populasi

Hidupan Liar di Hutan Sebandi

Kata hunci Afemburu Iwmuniti Iban Kampung Sebandi corok pemburuan telwnan

pemburuan kepadatan hidupan liar ielimpahan hidupan liar Iepelbagaian hidupan

liar kawasan wrong terganggu dan lwwasan terganggu

4femburu merupawn salah satu aJtiliti manusia yang melibatlwn penuaian hidupan liar

daripada habitatnya untuli legunaan manusia sendiri Di antaronya ialah sebagai

sumber nutrisi dagangan budaya dan kegamaan serta elwnorni Pada hari ini

pernbunwn di kawasan tropika sernaiin lmiddotwrang mampan dan ini berpunca daripada

petmaian yang melebihi had reprodul~si spesies hidupan liar serta Iehilangan habitat

Kajian Iw alas coral pemburuan lwmlniti Iban Kamplmg Sebandi (N 01 deg36257

109deg51087J dan hepadatan serta elimpahan hidupan liar di Hutan Sebandi (N ~i

~ ~

01 deg36920 E 109deg50823J mendapati bahawa pembunwn dijalanwn untuh tujuan

penghidupan selain daripada sulian dan menguranglwn haiwan perosali tananwn

Pemburuan dilalukan pada siang atau malam secara berhl1lnpulan tiga hingga enarn

pernburu Pemburl1an di siang hari adalah paling digenwri dan dilakllJwn dengan

rnenggunakan senapang patah dengan bantuan anjing-anjing Didapati tekanan

pemburuan di Hutan Sebandl ialah 9814 Terdapat tiga spesies haiuan yang biasa

diperolehi iaitu babi janggut (Sus barbatus) rusa sambar (Ceruus unicolor) dan llOncil

XII

r (Tragulus javanicus) Pada waletu Iwjian haiwan buruan yang diperolehi ialah lOneil

musang pulut (Paradoxurus helmaphroddus) dan rusa sambaI dengan biomass masingshy

masingnya ialah 7137 18 dan 662

Kajian kepadatan serta kelimpahan ke alas hidupan liar di Hutan Sebandi dengan

menggunawn kaedah transe-l pula mencatatwn jUlllah 49 indiuidu mamalia yang

rnewahili 11 spesies dan 10 famih Famili tersebut ialah Insektivora Seandentia

Dermoptera Primal Pholidota Roden Kamiuora dan Artiodaetila Spesies dorninan

pula ialah tupai Plaintain (CalloseiuJus notatus) dengan 16 lndiuidu atau 561 individu

per l-lilometer2 dengan 3265 lelimpahan relatif Ini diilwti oleh rusa sambar dengan 12

individu atau 421 indwidu per hilometer2 dan 24 49 A~elimpahan relatif Dldapati

terdapat 157 indicidu burung rneruakili 45 spesies dengan 23 farnili iaitu Aecipitridae

Rallidae Colurnbidae Psittacidae Cuculidae Strigidae Caprimulgidae Alcedinidae

Megalaimidae Picidae Eurylaimidae Aegithinidae Pyenonotidae Turdidae Timaliidae

Syluidae Museicapidae Dicaeidae Nectariniidae Stumidae Estrildidae Dicruridae dan

Coruidae Burung yang mendominasi hGreasan Hutan Sebandi pula ialah tako] leher

ernas (Megalaima mystaeophanos) dan perenjah rirnba (Orthotolnus sericeus) dengan 10

indiuidu atau 350 indiuidu per hlometer2 dengan 6369 helimpahan relatif Kajian

kepadatan ke alas hidupan hal di llOumsan kurang lelganggu (hutan sewndel) dan

terganggu (kawasan peltanian) di Hutan Sebandi pula menunjztkkan teldapat perbezaan

signiilwn he alas lepelbagaian mamalpounda di mana dl Iwuasan wrang terganggu indeks

kepelbagaian Shannon- Weiner ialah ]322 nwnawla IlOwasan terganggu Ialah

Xlll

2000 Wolon bagoirnanapun tidal terdapat sebarang perbezaan signiiJwn pula Ie alas

Iepelbogoian bUrling di kedua-dua jenis lwuoson

Daripada Ieseluruhan keputusan yang diperolehi semokin rendah bilangan hidupan liar

yang dicatat dalam bilangan spesies haiwon bunwn malw semakin tinggi bilangan

hidupan liar tersebut direlwdlan Ietilw sU1Tei hidupan hal Sebagai contoh terdapot

sernbilan elwr Iwncil yang Lelah diburu oleh itu bpoundlangannya semain hurang dolam

relwd survei hidupan liar yang dilomJwn di Hutan Sebandi Begitu juga sebalilmya bagi

babi janggut dan msa sambar

1

XlV



Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia covering 124 450 km2 in north west of Borneo

(Figure 11) Known as the Land of Hornbills it holds vast ethnic diversity with

population of 2008768 people comprises the Iban Malay Bidayuh Melanau Chinese

and other bumiputras (Department of Statistics Malaysia Sarawak 2002) The climate is

equatorial with average temperatures of between 22deg and 32deg C (Hazebroek amp Abang

Kassim 2002)

The northeast monsoon from November to March brings the heavier rainfall of the year

and faces the drier transition during April and May Situated in the tropical region most

of the land covered by primary forest with many rivers terrain and mountains The rich

natural diversity in terms of wildlife people and culture has put Sarawak as one of the

tourism spots in the world

v LU~~I

Thailand

~ Borneo bull SUIU adana

(Source MapSourcetrade Garmin Corporation)

Figure 11 Map of Malaysia showing the state of Sarawak

2

Indonesia ~


Sarawak is rich with diversity of wildlife As Borneo a isolated island it is not

suprising that some of the wildlife is endemic such as Proboscis monkey (Nasalis

larvatus) and Kinabalu squirrel (Calloscinnls baluens~s) They are very difficult to see

and this becomes a major challenge but richly rewarding for one to discover them From

the open sea to the majestic mountain the different types of forest provide various

habitats for wildlife

From a study done by Bennett et aZ (2000) the main ethnic groups of Sarawak who hunt

are Iban Bidayuh Melanau Punan Ba Penan Berawan Kelabit and Lun Dayah

Wildlife plays an important role to these communities for subsistence and some for trade

sports or pest control Besides that the to obtain certain parts of wild animals for

ritual or medicinal purposes has been and still is one of the strongest incentives for

hunting them The need to have certain species readily available for sacrifice and the

deification of others has been as much the original motive for keeping them as material

consumption considerations (Roth amp Merz 1997) For example in the Iban culture the

Rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) symbolizes Gawai Kenyalang as it represents one

of the most powerful Dayak gods Singalang Burong (Yates 1992) where it is hunted for

its feathers and bills for making headpieces and hand ornaments Therefore the

mythological aspect cannot be ignored in the context of socio-economic use of wildlife

resources

Realizing the importance of wildlife in Sarawak they are protected under the state

governments legislation through Wild Life Protection Ordinance (1998) and Sarawak

Biodiversity Ordinance (1997) Under the Laws of Sarawak the function of Wildlife

Protection Ordinance (1998) as stated in Part IV is to protect and conserve all the

animals listed in First Schedule as totally protected animals (Appendix A) and protected

animals (Appendix B) and as for Sarawak Biodiversity Ordinance (1997) the regulations

emphasis on the access collection and research of all Sarawaks biological resources

whether they are protected or unprotected There are various government and non-

government organizations doing the monitoring and research of wildlife in Sarawak

These include the National Park and Wild Life Division of Sarawak Forest Department

Sarawak Biodiversity Centre and University Malaysia Sarawak (Unimas) while the nonshy

governmental bodies include Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) World Wildlife Fund

Malaysia (WWF) and Malaysian Nature Society (MNS)

Hunting in Sarawak is prohibited in Totally Protected Areas (TPAs) such as wildlife

sanctuaries national parks and nature reserves However according to Section 37 (1) of

Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 there is an exception for the native residing within a

Native Area Land or Native Customary Land to possess wildlife for their subsistence

purposes Outside of TPAs hunting is not illegal as long as the animals are not listed

under states wildlife protection However hunting by using guns requires permit to buy

cartridges and this can be obtained from police department and the license to carry and

use gun can be obtained from district office

4


Iban or Sea Dayak is the largest indigenous group in Sarawak numbering 603 people

and comprising more than 30 of the Sarawakian (Department of Statistics Malaysia

Sarawak 2002) Iban means human and wanderer as majority of them are pioneer

farmers in primary forest their societies are rather egalitarian and they have been

renowned headhunters (Sultive 1978 Sellato 1994) They generally live in a longhouse

a village community under a single roof in a line of individual rooms for each family

which referred to as doors The headman is known as tuai rumah who acts as the

representative of the house and has powers to settle small disputes

They appear to have reached from the Kapuas area of Indonesia (Morrison

1957) For centuries they have moved through the hills of Borneo farming dry nce

gathering hunting and fishing expanding in territory as well as numbers (Sultive 1978)

During the past century they have moved into the delta plains of Rejang and other river

valleys where they now grow wet rice rubber and pepper and work for wages

Nowadays several thousands of Ibans have moved into the towns of Sarawak such as

Kuching Kapit Sri Aman Sibu Bintulu Miri and other parts in Malaysia as vell as

overseas

As a majority population of Sarmvak the Iban Sarawak through its own

unique culture that distinguish them from any other community in Malaysia Their

religious festival Gawai Kenyalang is the most famous festival in Sarawak and has

become a public holiday for the state

5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND


According to Caldecott (1986) hunting has four main of significance for the people

of Sarawak which are recreational cultural nutritional and economy Many people hunt

because they enjoy it and partly as recreation from less interesting activities such as

farming The Dayaks especially love to make journeys to such an isolated places to hunt

and fish They are the keenest sportsmen and hunting and fishing are their two great

pleasures of life (Morrison 1957) They hunt in party built their camp and could spent

few days in the jungle

In this modern century the strong culture of the Dayaks still exists and this much

related with surrounding environment For example wildlife features an important role

in their ritual and beliefs The skins feathers bones teeth and antlers are the prominent

feature in longhouse life in the form of decorative and ritual objects (Bennett et aZ 19~5)

Meat of wildlife a very significant source of protein in the Sarawakian diet As a result

hunting become the easiest way to get their meat without spending much money as long

as they are skilled and put little effort on it (Bennett et aZ 1995)

The killing of wildlife to market meat hides ivory horn trophies and other products is

often practiced by peoples formerly dependent upon the same wildlife species for

subsistence (Klein 1989) According to Abdullah (1996) animals sold are priced according

to weight or per head (live animals) for food or pet In Serian Sarawak wildlife involved

6

in the trade were frogs soft-shelled turtles snakes lizards birds monkeys barking deer

mouse deer sambar deer and wild pigs (Abdullah 1996)


According to the Wildlife Conservation Society (2003) the problems posed by habitat loss

hunting and the wildlife trade and tackling it decisively under the new law had pushed

Sarawak to take a high laudable stride towards conserving its wildlife populations as well

as in promoting sustainable use of wildlife by rural people Hunting levels in many of

Sarawak Totally Protected Areas (TPAs) are already unsustainably high and population

of large animals became depleted (Wildlife Conservation Society amp Sarawak Forest

Department 1996)

Since the Man first arrived in Borneo animals are being hunted and most species have

survived without adverse effects but some suffered the population reduction (Payne et 01

1985) With the advent of firearms the opening of the forest for logging and easy access to

the forest by roads has increased the hunting pressure Furthermore the forests are

cleared for agriculture and human development purposes has put more serious threat to

wildlife

7

Accessibility

Until about 1960s large parts of Sarawak were inaccessible and hunters trekked for

many days on foot (Bennett et oZ 2000) The improvement of river transport rural

flights and loggings and other roads almost all area in the state is now easily accessible

Therefore the increased in access to forest had increased the hunting pressure and lead to

depletion of wildlife The circumstance is strongly supported by Chin (2002) in her

previous study where logging roads create access to previously inaccessible parts of

Sarawaks interior and this access greatly increases hunting pressure Due to this the

wildlife abundance declines and the hunting success diminished (Chin 2002)

Improving of Hunting Technology

Traditionally hunting was done using blowpipes traps and dogs and spears (Rahman et

aZ 2003) Nowadays with the spread of technology the hunting methods also have

changed The usage of shotguns is popular among hunters as it is easy to get Although

hunters in remote part of the interior still cling on to traditional methods most of the

animals die by gunfire (Bennett et 01 2000) According to Caldecott (1986) there were

61489 shotguns registered in Sarawak As for Lundu District there were 664 shotguns

registered until the year of 2003 including its sub-district Sematan (Lundu District Office

2003b)

8

Commercial Trade

Wild animals are generally treated as common property and hunted for its economic value

especially in remote area where it is hard for villagers to grow cash crops and the only

way to obtain cash income is by selling forest products (Rahman et at 2003) For

example after the introduction of money the sale of jungle products was important to the

Iban because it was the only way they can obtain hard cash whose value was quickly

recognized (Suitive 1978) Wild meat is routinely sold for cash throughout Sarawak and

the marketing was handled by the individual hunter to his neighbours through

shops in the large longhouses or through organized meat-trading facilities in the towns

(Caldecott 1986) It is estimated about US375 million of wild meat trade per year sold in

markets and towns throughout the whole of northern Borneo (Wildlife Conservation

Society and Sarawak Forest Department 1996) Besides wild meat other wild animal

products in the market demand are skins feathers bones teeth and antlers Some exotic

wild animals are also sold as pets This led to drastic reduction or even

extermination of the selected species such as rhinoceros wild cats tembadau (Bas

javanicus) hill myna (Graculo regihasa) and hornbills (Klein 1989 King 1995 Payne et

aZ 1985) Unfortunately illegal usually place pressure on wildlife populations

inhabiting areas where poaching cannot be effectively controlled (Klein 1989)

Increase ofHuman Population

Today forests are cleared for human development and agriculture purposes This a

much more threat to wildlife as their habitat size decreases and resulting in hunting

being concentrated into a smaller area (Bennett et at 2000) Although certain animals

9

ACKNOVLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Board of Management of Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resource Management in Malaysia (SLUSE-M) for giving me the opportunity to participate in the SLUSE-M Masters Degree

To my supervisor Associate Prof Dr Mustafa Abdul Rahman for his supervision advice help and patience during the completing of this dissertation Also to Isa Sait and Besar Ketol for their willingness in assisting during the wildlife survey

A special note of gratitude to all the Sarawak Forest Department and Sarawak Forest Corporation officers and Miss Cynthia Chin from Wildlife Conservation Society Sarawak for sharing their ideas suggestion and valuable advice Not forget to mention all the officers of Lundu District Office and Land and Survey Department Kuching for their willingness in preparing the secondary data aerial photos and maps on time

My gratitude to Tuai Jakong and his wife lndai Jaba the Councelor of Kampung Sebandi and to all the villagers of Kampung Sebandi for their guidance hospitality and friendships

All my lecturers and friends at UNIMAS for their help in assisting the dissertation project Associate Prof Dr Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah Associate Prof Dr Gabriel T Noweg Robert Malong Jay Qamar lan Hoa Luk Mimi and Tsai

Finally a special thanks to my family (maJ-( bapa-( wlC( eda abang andy lwll jijah and ateng) for their endless support and encouragement during the coursework and completion of this dissertation Most of all I thank God for making all things possible

To all the people mentioned above and whoever have helped to make this project possible all of you were great Thank you

f

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF APPENDICES

ABSTRACT





14 STUDY BACKGROUND



15 OBJECTIVES




11

PAGE

11

VI

Vll

Vlll

IX

1

3

5

6

6

7

10

10

11

11






















III









CHAPTER 4 RESULTS




Sebandi 39







42111Varnnwls 46

4212 Birds 48


IV



4221 Mammals 51

4222 Birds 56





521 Mammals 64

522 Birds 67



62 CONCLUSION 70

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 81

v

--------------- --------------

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE



Pasir Forest





iii (jj 1



a


lt

I~ ~





Vl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

















area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










J Plates 113

Vlll

ABSTRACT



















IX





















x






Xl

ABSTRAK













~ ~








XII






















Xlll









1

XlV








Kassim 2002)






v LU~~I

Thailand




2

Indonesia ~




















resources






















4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF APPENDICES

ABSTRACT





14 STUDY BACKGROUND



15 OBJECTIVES




11

PAGE

11

VI

Vll

Vlll

IX

1

3

5

6

6

7

10

10

11

11






















III









CHAPTER 4 RESULTS




Sebandi 39







42111Varnnwls 46

4212 Birds 48


IV



4221 Mammals 51

4222 Birds 56





521 Mammals 64

522 Birds 67



62 CONCLUSION 70

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 81

v

--------------- --------------

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE



Pasir Forest





iii (jj 1



a


lt

I~ ~





Vl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

















area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










J Plates 113

Vlll

ABSTRACT



















IX





















x






Xl

ABSTRAK













~ ~








XII






















Xlll









1

XlV








Kassim 2002)






v LU~~I

Thailand




2

Indonesia ~




















resources






















4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9






















III









CHAPTER 4 RESULTS




Sebandi 39







42111Varnnwls 46

4212 Birds 48


IV



4221 Mammals 51

4222 Birds 56





521 Mammals 64

522 Birds 67



62 CONCLUSION 70

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 81

v

--------------- --------------

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE



Pasir Forest





iii (jj 1



a


lt

I~ ~





Vl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

















area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










J Plates 113

Vlll

ABSTRACT



















IX





















x






Xl

ABSTRAK













~ ~








XII






















Xlll









1

XlV








Kassim 2002)






v LU~~I

Thailand




2

Indonesia ~




















resources






















4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9









CHAPTER 4 RESULTS




Sebandi 39







42111Varnnwls 46

4212 Birds 48


IV



4221 Mammals 51

4222 Birds 56





521 Mammals 64

522 Birds 67



62 CONCLUSION 70

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 81

v

--------------- --------------

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE



Pasir Forest





iii (jj 1



a


lt

I~ ~





Vl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

















area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










J Plates 113

Vlll

ABSTRACT



















IX





















x






Xl

ABSTRAK













~ ~








XII






















Xlll









1

XlV








Kassim 2002)






v LU~~I

Thailand




2

Indonesia ~




















resources






















4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9



4221 Mammals 51

4222 Birds 56





521 Mammals 64

522 Birds 67



62 CONCLUSION 70

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 81

v

--------------- --------------

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE



Pasir Forest





iii (jj 1



a


lt

I~ ~





Vl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

















area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










J Plates 113

Vlll

ABSTRACT



















IX





















x






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ABSTRAK













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XII






















Xlll









1

XlV








Kassim 2002)






v LU~~I

Thailand




2

Indonesia ~




















resources






















4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

--------------- --------------

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE



Pasir Forest





iii (jj 1



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lt

I~ ~





Vl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

















area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










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overseas





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14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










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wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

















area 56

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










J Plates 113

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ABSTRACT



















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5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE










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ABSTRACT



















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8

Commercial Trade






















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ABSTRACT



















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2003b)

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14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















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Accessibility

















2003b)

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Commercial Trade






















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Accessibility

















2003b)

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ABSTRAK













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2003b)

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14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















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2003b)

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1

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14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















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7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9








Kassim 2002)






v LU~~I

Thailand




2

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resources






















4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






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7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

v LU~~I

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2

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4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9




















resources






















4

















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5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






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7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9






















4

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

















overseas





5

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

14 STUDY BACKGROUND




















6










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9










Department 1996)






wildlife

7

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

Accessibility

















2003b)

8

Commercial Trade






















9

Commercial Trade






















9

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HUNTING PATTERNS OF THE IBAN COMMUNITY OF KAMPUNG … Bt Tahir.pdf · HUNTING PATTERNS OF THE IBAN COMMUNITY OF KAMPUNG SEBANDI AND THE STATUS OF WILDLIFE POPULATIONS IN SEBANDI FOREST