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8/10/2019 HVDC for Advanced Power Systems
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By:
Siddharth Joshi
Lect. EED SoT PDPU
Unit - 1
HVDC
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HVDC
Scheme
EE 431T Advances in Power System
Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme
L T P CHrs/
Week
Theory Practical Total
Mark
sMS ES IA LW
LE/
Viva
3 - - 6 3 30 60 10 - - 100
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introduction
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HVDC System
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History
First commercial application of HVDC between Swedishmainland and the island of Gotland in 1954.
Underwater link of 90 km and 20 MW.
After the advent of thyristor convertor, New Brunswick
and Quebec 320 MW back-to-back DC interconnectioncommissioned in 1972.
With reduced size, cost and improved reliability of powerelectronic converters, has made HVDC transmission more
widespread. In North America, total HVDC transmission capacity in
1987 was 14,000 MW.
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Hvdc in India
First HVDC link in India i.e. Rihan to Delhi
Highest transmission kV 600kV.
Growth 2500 MW /year world
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HVDC Projects
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Advantages
Technical Economical
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Advantages In a number of applications HVDC is more effective than AC
transmission. Examples include: Undersea cables, where high capacitance causes additional AC
losses. (e.g. 250 km Baltic Cable between Sweden and Germany)
Long power transmission without intermediate taps, for example,in remote areas; Power transmission and stabilization between
unsynchronized AC distribution systems Connecting a remote generating plant to the distribution grid
Reducing line cost: 1) fewer conductors 2) thinner conductorssince HVDC does not suffer from the skin effect
Facilitate power transmission between different countries that useAC at differing voltages and/or frequencies
Synchronize AC produced by renewable energy sources
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Disadvantage of HVAC?
With increase in distance and voltage the problemsassociated with ac systems increase. these problems areof :
Corona loss and radio interference.
Heavy supporting structure and erection difficulties .
Insulating problem.
Stability problem.
Current carrying capacity. Ferranti effect. Surge impedance loading.
Mechanical vibrations and oscillations.
Radio interference.
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Disadvantages
The disadvantages of HVDC are in conversion,switching and control.
Expensive inverters with limited overload capacity
Higher losses in static inverters at smaller transmission
distances
The cost of the inverters may not be offset by reductionsin line construction cost and lower line loss.
High voltage DC circuit breakers are difficult to buildbecause some mechanism must be included in the circuitbreaker to force current to zero, otherwise arcing andcontact wear would be too great to allow reliableswitching.
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Major Drawback
It cannot transmit reactive power
Eg. Connecting synchronous generator into
bus Ps and Qs will flow through line in AC
while in this case it will flow through links.
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Cost of HVDC Transmission Costs vary widely depending on power rating, circuit length,
overhead vs. underwater route, land costs, and AC networkimprovements required at either terminal.
For example, for an 8 GW, 40 km link laid under the English
Channel, the following are approximate primary equipment costsfor a 2 GW, 500 kV bipolar conventional HVDC link is:
Converter stations ~$170 M
Subsea cable + installation ~$1.5 M/km
So for an 8 GW capacity between England and France in four links, little
change is left from ~$1.2B for the installed works. Add another $300
$450M for the other works depending on additional onshore works
required
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Comparison of AC and DCTransmission
Economics of transmission
Technical Performance: DC transmission have
some positive features:
full control over power transmitted
the ability to enhance transient and small
signal stability associated with AC n/w
fast control to limit fault current in DC lines.
Reliability
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Economics of transmissionHVAC and HVDC
Right of Way (RoW)
Transmission towers
Conductors Insulators
Terminal equipment
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Right of Way
A transmission right ofway is an integral part of atransmission system,which includes the high-
voltage lines, towers,substations and otherequipment and facilitiesthat carry electric power.In simple terms, the right
of way is the strip of landimmediately below andadjacent to a transmissionline. Egs. Wind farms,towers etc
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Technical Performance
Stability limits
Power carrying capability is a function of
distance as figure.
Unaffected by distance and affected by current
carry capacity (thermal limit)
Voltage control
Line compensationMid point voltage is reduced if the load
is higher than surge impedance
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Why Do We Need Reactive
Power
Reactive power (vars) is required to maintain
the voltage to deliver active power (watts)
through transmission lines.
Motor loads and other loads require reactive
power to convert the flow of electrons into
useful work. When there is not enough reactive
power, the voltage sags down and it is notpossible to push the power demanded by loads
through the lines.
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Problemswith ACinterconnection
Two power systems are connected through AC ties the AGC ofboth of the systems have to coordinated using tie line powerand frequency signals.
Even with coordinated control of interconnected systems theoperation of AC ties can be problematic due to:
1. Presence of large power oscillations which can lead tofrequent tripping
2. Increase in fault levels
3. Transmission of disturbances from on systems to another.
The controllability of power flow in DC lines eliminates allabove problems.
No need for coordinated control.
Two systems have different nominated frequency cannotconnected directlyrequire the DC link.
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Disadvantages of DC
transmission
a) The difficulty of breaking DC current whichresults high cost of DC breakers.
b) Inability to use transformers to change
voltage levels.c) High cost of conversion equipment.
d) Generation of harmonics which require AC
and DC filters, adding the cost of converterstations.
e) Complexity of control.
Over the years passed
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Over the years passed.
Except (b) has been over come Development of DC
breakers
Modular constructions of
thyristor valves
Increase the rating ofthyristor cell that make
up a valve.
Twelve pulse operation of
converters.
Use of metal oxide gap
less arrestors
Application of DE and
fiber optics
a) The difficulty of breaking
DC current which results
high cost of DC breakers.
b) Inability to use transformers
to change voltage levels.
c) High cost of conversion
equipment.
d) Generation of harmonics
which require AC and DC
filters, adding the cost of
converter stations.
e) Complexity of control.
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Reliability
Performance of thyristor is more reliable than
mercury arc valves.
Further developments in devices, control and
protection is much more reliable.
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HVDC outage statistics
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Applications of DC
transmission
As per above comparison following
applications are noted here:
1. Long distance bulk power transmission.
2. Underground of underwater cables.
3. Asynchronous interconnection of AC system
operating at different frequencies.
4. Control and stabilizations of power flows in
AC ties in an integrated power system.
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Long distance bulk power transmission.
Underground of underwater cables.
First these two advantageseconomicadvantages, break even distance, etc. moreover
various alternative that is used to solve the
problem of AC transmission, i.e. phase shifter,
static var systems, series capacitors, singlepole switching etc.
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Components of HVDCsystems
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hvdC COmprises Of..
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Converters
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Converters
They perform AC/DC and DC/AC conversion
They consist of valve bridges and transformers
Valve bridge consists of high voltage valves connected in a 6-pulse
or 12-pulse arrangement The transformers are ungrounded such that the DC system will be
able to establish its own reference to ground
Smoothing reactors
They are high reactors with inductance as high as 1 H in series
with each pole They serve the following:
They decrease harmonics in voltages and currents in DC lines
They prevent commutation failures in inverters
Prevent current from being discontinuous for light loads
Harmonic filters
Converters generate harmonics in voltages and currents. Theseharmonics may cause overheating of capacitors and nearbygenerators and interference with telecommunication systems
Harmonic filters are used to mitigate these harmonics
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Reactive power supplies
Under steady state condition conditions, the reactive power consumed by the
converter is about 50% of the active power transferred
Under transient conditions it could be much higher
Reactive power is, therefore, provided near the converters
For a strong AC power system, this reactive power is provided by a shunt
capacitor
Electrodes
Electrodes are conductors that provide connection to the earth for neutral.They have large surface to minimize current densities and surface voltage
gradients
DC lines
They may be overhead lines or cables
DC lines are very similar to AC lines
AC circuit breakers
They used to clear faults in the transformer and for taking the DC link out of
service
They are not used for clearing DC faults
DC faults are cleared by converter control more rapidly
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In HVDC converter transformer also consumes
reactive power it supplies from;
AC filters.Shunt compensators.
Excessive reactive power from network.
Static compensator (SVS).
Synchronous Condenser.
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Converters
SmoothingReactors
Harmonic filtersReactive Power
Supplies
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Typesof DC links
It uses one conductorThe return path is provided by ground or water
Use of this system is mainly due to cost considerations
A metallic return may be used where earth resistivity is too high
This configuration type is the first step towards a bipolar link.
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Types of DC links
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It uses two conductors, one positive and the other
negative.
Each terminal has two converters of equal ratedvoltage, connected in series on the DC side.
The junctions between the converters is grounded
Currents in the two poles are equal and there is noground current.
If one pole is isolated due to fault, the other pole
can operate with ground and carry half the ratedload (or more using overload capabilities of its
converter line).
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Types of DC links
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It has two or more conductors all having the
same polarity, usually negative.
Since the corona effect in DC transmission
lines is less for negative polarity, homo-polarlink is usually operated with negative polarity.
The return path for such a system is through
ground.
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Valve Characteristics
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Converter Characteristics
Three phase full wave bridge - rectifier
Analysis of three phase full
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Analysis of three phase, full
wave bridge circuit
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Sum / Difference of Trigonometric Functions Formulas.
7. sin A + sin B = 2 sin [ (A + B) / 2 ] cos [ (A - B) / 2 ]
8. sin A - sin B = 2 cos [ (A + B) / 2 ] sin [ (A - B) / 2 ]
9. cos A + cos B = 2 cos [ (A + B) / 2 ] cos [ (A - B) / 2 ]
10. cos A - cos B = - 2 sin [ (A + B) / 2 ] sin [ (A - B) / 2 ]
Product of Trigonometric Functions Formulas.
11. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B)
12. 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B)
13. 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)
14. 2 sin A sin B = - cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)
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Values of eac over
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Values of eac over
which period of
time???
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Double Commutation Failure
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