By:

ASAAD AHMAD ANSARI

NAFIS AHMAD

NITYANAND KUMAR

VARUN KUMAR MISHRA

What makes a Hybrid?A hybrid is anything that uses two or mores sources

directly or indirectly to provide propulsionExamples of hybrid vehicles being used:

Gasoline-pedal:Moped

Diesel-electric:LocomotivesBusesSubmarines (can also be nuclear-electric)

Gasoline-electric:Passenger Vehicles

Parallel HybridHas a fuel tank that

supplies gas to the engine like a regular car

It also has a set of batteries that run an electric motor

Both the engine and electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time.

PARALLEL HYBRID

SERIES HYBRID

Series HybridThe fuel tank goes to the

engine, but the engine turns a generator

Then the generator can either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission

The gasoline engine does not directly power the car

Hybrid PerformanceThe key for the hybrid car is its ability to use a

smaller engineA conventional engine is sized for peak power

requirement, when a study shows that most drivers reach this less than 1% of our driving time

The hybrid engine is sized for running at the average power not the peak. But when it does reach that point that it needs help up a hill or to pass someone, it draws extra power from the batteries and the electric motor to get the job done.

Hybrid EfficiencyRecovers energy and stores it into the battery

Regenerative brakingSometimes it will shut the engine offReduces aerodynamic dragLow rolling resistance tires

Stiffer and inflated more1/2 the drag on the road

Lightweight MaterialsCarbon fiberMetals

Aluminum Magnesium

Hybrid MaintenanceWarranties

The average warranty for a hybrid now is around either 8 yr/ 100,000 mile or even 10 year/ 150,000 mile.

Brake padsRegenerative braking

Batteries$6800 for new Toyota and Honda hybridBut batteries tested to go for 180,000 miles.

BATTERIES1 2

SOLAR SYSTEMPROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION OF SOLAR

ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY :-

Solar energy is transformed in the form of electromagnetic radiations of different wavelength. These radiations comprise visible light and invisible light (infra red) Solar cells can transform light energy into electrical energy which can also be converted into mechanical energy.

SOLAR PANELMODEL

THEORYA solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts solar

energy into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells as solar energy. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified.

Assemblies of cells are used to make solar modules, which may in turn be linked in photovoltaic arrays. Solar cells have many applications. Individual cells are used for powering small devices such as electronic calculators.

WIND ENERGYA wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic

energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump. Developed for over a millennium, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis types.

WIND TURBINE TYPE DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINE

BENEFIT OF WIND ENERGY

Wind energy, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, also Wind energy has very good potential and it is the fastest growing energy source. The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more efficient.

SHOCK ABSORBER SYSTEM

The Power-Generating Shock Absorber (PGSA) converts kinetic energy into electricity through the use of a Linear Motion Electromagnetic System (LMES). An electromagnetic linear generator and regenerative electromagnetic shock absorber is disclosed which converts variable frequency, repetitive intermittent linear displacement motion to useful electrical power.

CONTINUED….. The innovative device provides for superposition of

radial components of the magnetic flux density from a plurality of adjacent magnets to produce a maximum average radial magnetic flux density within a coil winding array. Due to the vector superposition of the magnetic fields and magnetic flux from a plurality of magnets, a nearly four-fold increase in magnetic flux density is achieved over conventional electromagnetic generator designs with a potential sixteen-fold increase in power generating capacity.

DIAGRAM

Parking System Parking on the streets, in apartment complexes and

even some other parking areas, requires one to Parallel Park a car. In Parallel parking of car, a person needs to park his car lengthwise parallel to curb. There may be car ahead and behind the parking spot where this car needs to be parked. The space provided to park this car may be around 1.5 car length – 1 length for the car and 1/4 length ahead of and 1/4 length behind the car.

Parallel Parking Easy Parallel Parking – Car Goes Sideways, Wheels

Turn 90 degrees

Drawback of parallel parking in conventional way

Most of the time, parallel parking requires one vehicle to acquire 1.5 to 2 car parking length so that the car can get in the parking spot and come out of it.

Parallel parking requires a vehicle to move forward and then reverse causing it to travel more distance than was really required.More distance leads to more fuel consumptionMore distance leads to more wear and tear of the carMore distance and parallel parking causes more time

spent

Advantages of 90 degree rotation of

all wheels Design axle and driving mechanism of a car

such that wheels can turn 90 degrees to park a car straight away rather than making manoeuvres required for parallel parking. In other words.

A car stops moving forward (or backward)All the wheels of the car turns 90 degreesThe car moves to the left or right hand side i.e.

the car moves sideways on the instructions of driver.

Challenges in 90 degree rotationAxle and driving mechanism will need to be

designed so that wheels can turn 90 degrees. There will be no precedence of such mechanism so one will need to undergo all the Research and Design for this solution.

The 2 wheel drive vehicles will need to be redesigned so that power can be shifted to a front and rear wheel rather than to pair of front wheels or rear wheels. Four wheel drive vehicles may have an advantage in this term.

Continued….Sideways driving of car may be

dangerous when passing a struck car in front. Car’s signal mechanism will need to be designed to warn the driver coming from behind that car is moving sideways.

Android System USER

BT Module AT89S52 L293D Motor 1

Motor Driver Motor 2

The Bluetooth ModuleThe Bluetooth module used is a HC-05 based on SPP supportFeatures:1) Wireless serial Bluetooth port.2) With free power adapter bottom board come with well

power regulator.User can connect 3.3 to 5VDC and connect TX and RX to

your control IO (general 3.3 to 5V digital input output of MCU or IO is ok, or general TLL IO)

3) Easy to connect this module with PC, just search and key "1234" pass code.

Advantages of Hybrid Car Decreasing fuel consumption while it turns reduces emission.

Pollution is reduced considerably

Improve mileage. Reduced tail pipe emission

Continued… Refuelling problem reduced No need of more fuel consumption

at the time of acceleration. Uses small engine and components

their by reduces weight. Better performance.

Availability of Hybrid Car Three hybrid cars are now available in

the United States – the Honda Civic Hybrid, the Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius. We will be discussing the latter two, and although both of these cars are hybrids, they are actually quite different in character.

WHO’S MAKING HYBRIDS NOW?1 2Honda

• Accord• Civic• Insight

Toyota• Prius• Camry• Highlander

Ford• Escape

Mazda• Tribute

Saturn• Vue

Lexus• RX 400h SUV• GS 450h• LS 600h L

Mercury• Mariner SUV

Dodge• Ram – contractor’s edition

General Motors• Silverado and Sierra • Malibu• Tahoe/Yukon

Nissan• Altima• Versa

Continued… The Honda Insight, which was introduced in early 2000 in the

United States, is designed to get the best possible mileage. The Insight is a small, lightweight two-seater with a tiny, high-efficiency gas engine. The Toyota Prius, which came out in Japan at the end of 1997, is designed to reduce emissions in urban areas. It meets California's super ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV) standard. It is a four-door sedan that seats five, and the power train is capable of accelerating the vehicle to speeds up to 15 mph (24 kph) on electric power alone. The Prius was honoured as the 2004 North American Car of the Year.

Conclusion The hybrid car gives very good mileage

and it produces less pollution. So in the incoming years the hybrid car will become the most common vehicle in the world. Hybrid car produces less pollution than gasoline powered car and good mileage than electric car.

Have You any Query ????

Thank you and have a nice day.