Hydro Power Plant 30 Pages

8/10/2019 Hydro Power Plant 30 Pages

1/35

ABSTRACT

Hydro Power Project may be used as one of the option for achieving

the energy targets in a developing country like India where center or

state Governments have limited financial resources to put in large

projects which require long gestation period. One additional

advantage with the Small Hydro Power. Project is that private

partners may get attracted due to low investment and quicker

return in comparison to large projects. The last but not least is the

most eco friendliness of small power projects which is a point of

serious concern in case of thermal, or nuclear or sometimes in big

Hydro power projects depending upon the location of the projects.

Small Hydro Power potential in India is still under-utilized and there

is need to tap this potential for optimum utilization of natural

resources. In Madhya Pradesh, Small hydro plants are not many,

however there is good scope for developing such plants. Tawa is one

of such plants in MP, which has been developed as canal head

powerhouse on the left bank canal (LBC) of Tawa irrigation project

by a private investor. This plant is working in a very efficient

manner addressing both the power and irrigation aspectssuccessfully. This example will attract the private investments in

small hydropower sector in the developing countries like India


2/35

INTRODUCTION

Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environment friendly

source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest energy technique known to

mankind for conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free

energy due to absence of fuel cost. Hydropower contributes around

22 % of the world electricity supply generated. The total potential of

small Hydropower of the whole world is 780,000 MW out of

which50,000 MW has already been utilized. Small Hydro is also the

highest density resources in generation of electricity due to the

reason of being it environment friendly, flexibility in operation and

suitability in giving support in peak time to the local grid. Due to

the small gestation period, small capital investment and quicker

return involved, in recent years it has become the point of attraction

for private sector. Fiscal incentive announced by the central and

state Governments time to time for investment in this sector have

further caused private investor to give attention to this sector. Small

hydro power plants (SHP) provide maximum benefits in minimum

time. And offers the fastest economical means to enhance power

supply, improve living standards, stimulate industrial growth and


3/35

enhance agriculture with the least environmental impact and

without heavy transmission losses .Due to less transmission losses

there is a reduction in distribution cost as well. Its availability at

the head of the irrigation canals and small streams is also a one of

the added advantage

HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER

Humans have been harnessing water to perform work for

thousands of years. The Greeks used water wheels for grinding

wheat into flour more than 2,000 years ago. Besides grinding flour,

the power of the water was used to saw wood and power textile mills

and manufacturing plants.

For more than a century, the technology for using falling water

to create hydroelectricity has existed. The evolution of the modern

hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French

hydraulic and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Blidor wrote

Architecture Hydraulique. In this four volume work, he described

using a vertical-axis versus a horizontal-axis machine.

During the 1700s and 1800s, water turbine development

continued. In 1880, a brush arc light dynamo driven by a water

turbine was used to provide theatre and storefront lighting in Grand


4/35

Rapids, Michigan; and in 1881, a brush dynamo connected to a

turbine in a flour mill provided street lighting at Niagara Falls, New

York. These two projects used direct-current technology.

Alternating current is used today. That breakthrough came

when the electric generator was coupled to the turbine, which

resulted in the world's, and the United States', first hydroelectric

plant located in Appleton, Wisconsin, in 1882.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER / HYDROELECTRICITY

Hydro means "water". So, hydropower is "water power" and

hydroelectric power is electricity generated using water power.

Potential energy(or the "stored" energy in a reservoir) becomes

kinetic(or moving energy). This is changed to mechanical energy in

a power plant, which is then turned into electrical energy.

Hydroelectric power is arenewableresource.

In an impoundment facility

(see below), water is stored

behind adamin a reservoir. In

the dam is a water intake. This

is a narrow opening to a tunnel

called a penstock.
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/AE_potential_energy.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/AE_kinetic_energy.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/AE_renewable_energy.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/AE_dam.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/AE_potential_energy.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/AE_kinetic_energy.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/AE_renewable_energy.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/AE_dam.html


5/35

Water pressure (from the weight of the water and gravity)

forces the water through the penstock and onto the blades of a

turbine. A turbine is similar to the blades of a child's pinwheel. But

instead of breath making the pinwheel turn, the moving water

pushes the blades and turns the turbine. The turbine spins

because of the force of the water. The turbine is connected to an

electricalgeneratorinside the powerhouse. The generator produces

electricity that travels over long-distance power lines to homes and

businesses. The entire process is calledhydroelectricity.

SIZE, TYPE AND CAPACITY OF HYDROELECTRIC

FACILITIES

Large facilities

Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large

hydroelectric power stations, facilities from over a few

hundredmegawattsto more than 10GWare generally considered

large hydroelectric facilities. Currently, only three facilities

over 10GW(10,000MW) are in operation worldwide;Three Gorges

Damat 22.5 GW,Itaipu Damat 14 GW, andGuri Damat 10.2 GW.

Large-scale hydroelectric power stations are more commonly seen

as the largest power producing facilities in the world, with some
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/AE_turbine.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/AE_generator.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Damhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/AE_turbine.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/AE_generator.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Dam


6/35

hydroelectric facilities capable of generating more than double the

installed capacities of the currentlargest nuclear power stations.

Itaipu Dam

Small

Small hydro is the development ofhydroelectric poweron a scale

serving a small community or industrial plant. The definition of a

small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to

10megawatts(MW) is generally accepted as the upper limit of what

can be termed small hydro. This may be stretched to 25 MW and 30MW inCanadaand theUnited States. Small-scale hydroelectricity

production grew by 28% during 2008 from 2005, raising the total

world small-hydro capacity to 85GW. Over 70% of this was

inChina(65 GW), followed byJapan(3.5 GW), theUnited States(3

GW), andIndia(2 GW)

Small hydro stations may be connected to conventional electrical

distribution networks as a source of low-cost renewable energy.

Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


7/35

that would be uneconomic to serve from a network, or in areas

where there is no national electrical distribution network. Since

small hydro projects usually have minimal reservoirs and civil

construction work, they are seen as having a relatively low

environmental impact compared to large hydro. This decreased

environmental impact depends strongly on the balance between

stream flow and power production.

Micro

Micro hydro is a term used

forhydroelectric powerinstallations

that typically produce up to 100kWof

power. These installations can provide

power to an isolated home or small

community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks.

There are many of these installations around the world, particularly

in developing nations as they can provide an economical source of

energy without purchase of fuel. Micro hydro systems

complementphotovoltaicsolar energy systems because in many

areas, water flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the

winter when solar energy is at a minimum.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics


8/35

Pico

Pico hydro is a term used

forhydroelectric powergeneration of

under5kW. It is useful in small,

remote communities that require only

a small amount of electricity. For

example, to power one or two

fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio for a few homes.[21]Even

smaller turbines of 200-300W may power a single home in a

developing country with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft). A Pico-hydro setup

is typicallyrun-of-the-river, meaning that dams are not used, but

rather pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and

through the turbine before returning it to the stream.

Anunderground power stationis generally used at large facilities

and makes use of a large natural height difference between two

waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake. An underground

tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the

generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest

point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water

away to the lower outlet waterway.

TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Run-of-the-riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Run-of-the-riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_power_station


9/35

There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment,

diversion, and pumped storage. Some hydropower plants use dams

and some do not. The images below show both types of hydropower

plants.

Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was

added later. In the United States, there are about 80,000 dams of

which only 2,400 produce power. The other dams are for recreation,

stock/farm ponds, flood control, water supply, and irrigation.

Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or

village to large projects producing electricity for utilities.

IMPOUNDMENT


10/35

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an

impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large

hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir.

Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning

it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The

water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or

to maintain a constant reservoir level.

DIVERSION

A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a

portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require

the use of a dam.

PUMPED STORAGE

When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage

facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an


11/35

upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water

is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity.

Pumped storage hydro-electricity works on a very simple

principle.Two reservoirs at different altitudes are required. When

the water is released, from the upper reservoir, energy is created by

the downflow which is directed through high-pressure shafts, linked

to turbines.

In turn, the turbines power the generators to create

electricity.Water is pumped back to the upper reservoir by linking a

pump shaft to the turbine shaft, using a motor to drive the pump.

The pump motors are powered by electricity from the National

Grid - the process usually takes place overnight when national

electricity demand is at its lowestA dynamic response - Dinorwig's

six generating units can achieve maximum output, from zero,

within 16 seconds.Pump storage generation offers a critical back-up

facility during periods of excessive demand on the national grid

system.

.


12/35

SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply

many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that

individuals operate for their own energy needs or to

sell power to utilities.

Large hydropower

Although definitions vary, the U.S.

Department of Energy defines large hydropower as

facilities that have a capacity of more than 30

megawatts.

Small hydropower

Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower

as facilities that have a capacity of 100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.

Microhydropower

Amicrohydropowerplant has
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/AE_microhydropower.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sala_de_turbinas.jpghttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/AE_microhydropower.html


13/35

a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or microhydroelectric

power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm,

ranch, or village.

TURBINES INSTALLATION

LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential

energy from water into electrical energy. Such plants are suitable

were water with suitableheadare available. The layout covered in

this article is just a simple one and only cover the important parts

of hydroelectric plant.The different parts of a hydroelectric power

plant are

(1) Dam


14/35

Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow

and form a reservoir.The reservoir stores the water flowing down the

river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams

collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for

a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are

also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be

water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by

the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch

dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the

dam is calledhead race.

(2) Spillway

A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for

spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of


15/35

flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the

dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways

could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled

types start releasing water upon water rising above a particular

level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is

possible.

(3) Penstock and Tunnel

Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to

the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel

and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high pressure

flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a

penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the

dam and power station such as a mountain.

(4) Surge Tank


16/35

Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor

system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes

which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of water in

penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water

requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby

regulating water flow and pressure inside the penstock.

(5) Power Station

Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The

water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine

producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational

torque is transfered to the generator and is converted into

electricity. The used water is released through thetail race. The


17/35

difference between head race and tail race is called gross head and

by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head available to

the turbine for generation of electricity.

NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION


18/35

NHPC Limited(Formerly National Hydroelectric Power

Corporation), A Govt. of India Enterprise, was incorporated in the

year 1975 with an authorised capital of Rs. 2000 million and with

an objective to plan, promote and organize an integrated and

efficient development ofhydroelectricpower in all aspects. Later on

NHPC expanded its objects to include other sources of energy like

Geothermal, Tidal, Wind etc.

Market Value

At present, NHPC is a schedule 'A' Enterprise of the Govt. of

India with an authorized share capital of Rs. 1,50,000 Million .

With an investment base of over Rs. 2,20,000 million Approx. In

2009-2010 NHPC made a profit after tax of Rs2090 crores . A

increase of 94% than the previous year profit of 1050 crores. NHPC

is among the top ten companies in India in terms of investment.

Department of Public Enterprise, Govt. of India recently conferred

prestigious Miniratna status to NHPC.

Initially, on incorporation, NHPC took over the execution of

Salal Stage-I, Bairasiul and Loktak Hydro-electric Projects fromCentral Hydroelectric Projects Control Board. Since then, it has

executed 13 projects with an installed capacity of 5175 MW on

ownership basis including projects taken up in joint venture. NHPC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity


19/35

has also executed 5 projects with an installed capacity of 89.35 MW

on turnkey basis. Two of these projects have been commissioned in

neighbouring countries i.e. Nepal and Bhutan.

On-going Work

Presently NHPC is engaged in the construction of 11 projects

aggregating to a total installed capacity of 4622 MW . NHPC has

planned to add 5322 MW during 11th Plan period. 10 projects of

9981 MW are awaiting clearances/Govt. approval for their

implementation. Detailed Projects report or Feasibility Report are

being prepared for 7 projects of 5755 MW.

Since its inception in 1975, NHPC has grown to become one of

the largest organizations in the field of hydro power development in

the country. With its present capabilities, NHPC can undertake all

activities from concept to commissioning of hydroelectric projects.

This is a list of major hydroelectric power plants in India.

STATIOM COMMUNITY OPERATORGENERATOR

UNITS

CAPACITY

(MW)

Srisailam DamAndhraPradesh

APGenco 6 150, 7 110 1,670

NagarjunasagarAndhra

PradeshAPGenco

1 X 110, 7 X 100.8,

5 X 30965

Sardar SarovarGujarat SSNNL 6X200, 5X140 1,450

Baspa-II Himachal JHPL 3 X 100 300
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailam_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Power_Generation_Corporation_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Damhttp://www.ssnnl.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(Himachal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypee_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailam_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Power_Generation_Corporation_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Damhttp://www.ssnnl.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(Himachal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypee_Group


20/35

Pradesh

Nathpa JhakriHimachal

PradeshSJVNL 6 X 250 1,500

Bhakra Dam Punjab BBMB 5 X 108, 5 X 157 1,325

Dehar HimachalPradesh

BBMB 6 X 165 990

Baira SuilHimachal

PradeshNHPC 3 X 60 180

Chamera-IHimachal


Chamera-IIHimachal


PongHimachal

Pradesh

BBMB 6 x 66 396

Uri

Hydroelectric

Dam

Jammu &

KashmirNHPC 4 X 120 480

DulhastiJammu &


SalalJammu &


Sardar

Sarovar[5]400

Sharavathi Karnataka KPCL10 X 103.5, 2X27.5,

4 X 601,469

Kalinadi Karnataka KPCL 2X50, 2x135, 4X150,

3X50, 3X40

1,225

Linganamakki

DamKarnataka 55

Idukki Kerala KSEB 6 X 130 780

Bansagar DamMadhya

Pradesh425

Bargi DamMadhya

Pradesh105

Madikheda Madhya 60
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathpa_Jhakri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://sjvn.nic.in/aboutus_hydro_power.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakra_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakra_Management_Board_Karamchari_Sanghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab_(India)#Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hydroelectric_Power_Corporation#Hydro_Power_Stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamera_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamera_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulhastihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salal_Hydroelectric_Power_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_India#cite_note-induso-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharavathi_River#Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Power_Corporation_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_River_(Karnataka)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linganamakki_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linganamakki_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikheda_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathpa_Jhakri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://sjvn.nic.in/aboutus_hydro_power.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakra_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakra_Management_Board_Karamchari_Sanghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab_(India)#Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hydroelectric_Power_Corporation#Hydro_Power_Stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamera_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamera_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Hydroelectric_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulhastihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salal_Hydroelectric_Power_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_India#cite_note-induso-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharavathi_River#Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Power_Corporation_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_River_(Karnataka)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linganamakki_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linganamakki_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikheda_Dam


21/35

Dam Pradesh

OmkareshwarMadhya


Indira SagarMadhya

Pradesh

NHPC 8 X 125 1,000

Loktak Manipur NHPC 3 X 35 105

Khuga Dam Manipur

Koyna Maharashtra MahaGenco18 X 106.67 1,920

Mulshi Dam Maharashtra 150

Jayakwadi DamMaharashtra 12

Kolkewadi Dam Maharashtra

Rangeet Sikkim NHPC 3 X 20 60

Teesta-V Sikkim NHPC 3 X 170 510

Tanakpur Uttarakhand NHPC

3X 40

120

Dhauliganga-I Uttarakhand

NHPC 4

X 70280

Loharinag Uttarakhand

NTPC 4

X 150600
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikheda_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_River#Narmada_river_development_.28NRD.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirasagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loktak#Loktak_Multipurpose_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuga_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Power_Generation_Company_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulshi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayakwadi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkewadi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeet_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_River#Proposed_Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarda_River#Development_Scenario.282.2C3.2C4.2C5.2C6.2C7_.26_8.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhauliganga_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loharinag_Pala_Hydro_Power_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikheda_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_River#Narmada_river_development_.28NRD.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirasagar_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loktak#Loktak_Multipurpose_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuga_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Power_Generation_Company_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulshi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayakwadi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkewadi_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeet_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_River#Proposed_Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarda_River#Development_Scenario.282.2C3.2C4.2C5.2C6.2C7_.26_8.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhauliganga_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loharinag_Pala_Hydro_Power_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporation


22/35

THE FOLLOWING HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS WERE

VISITED DURING THE EDUCATIONAL TOUR .

1.NAGARJUNA SAGAR DAM ON 29THNOVEMBER, 2010

2.SRISAILAM HYDRO POWER PLANT ON 30THNOVEMBER,

2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SrisailamDam01-India.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG


23/35

1. NAGARJUNA SAGAR DAM

FACTS AND FIGURES

Official name Nagarjuna Sagar Dam

Location Nalgonda District,AndhraPradesh,India

Coordinates1636N 7920E /

16.6N 79.333E
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&params=16_36_N_79_20_E_region:IN_type:waterbodyhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&params=16_36_N_79_20_E_region:IN_type:waterbodyhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&params=16_36_N_79_20_E_region:IN_type:waterbodyhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&params=16_36_N_79_20_E_region:IN_type:waterbodyhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&params=16_36_N_79_20_E_region:IN_type:waterbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&params=16_36_N_79_20_E_region:IN_type:waterbodyhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&params=16_36_N_79_20_E_region:IN_type:waterbody


24/35

Construction began1956

Opening date 1960

Construction cost 1300 crore rupees

DAM AND SPILLWAYS

Length 1,450 metres (4,757 ft)

Height 124 metres (407 ft) from river level

Impounds Krishna River

RESERVOIR

Creates Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir

Capacity 11,472 million cubic metres

Catchment area 215000 km (83012 sq mi)

Nagarjuna Sagar Damis the world's largestmasonry dam

built acrossKrishna RiverinNagarjuna Sagar,Nalgonda District of

Andhra Pradesh,India. It is downstream to the Nagarjuna Sagar

reservoir with a capacity of up to 11,472 million cubic metres which

is the world's largest man-made lake with a concrete wall of that

measures 6 ft (1.8 m). thick. The dam is 490 ft (150 m). tall and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


25/35

16 km long with 26 gates which are 42 ft (13 m). wide and 45 ft (14

m). tall.It is one of the earliest irrigation and hydro-electric projects

in India. The dam provides irrigation water to theNalgonda District,

Prakasam District,Khammam DistrictandGunturDistrict.

HISTORY

The proposal to construct a dam to use the excess waters of

the Krishna river was put forward by theBritishrulers in 1903.

Siddeswaram, Hyderabad and Pulichintala were identified as the

suitable locations for the reservoirs. The perseverance of theRaja of

Muktyalapaved way for the site identification, design and

construction of the dam.

PROJECT CONSTRUCTION

The dam water was released by the then Prime Minister's

daughter,Indira Gandhiin 1967.[5]The construction of the dam

submerged an ancient Buddhist settlement,Nagarjunakonda, which
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalgonda_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakasam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khammam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunturhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_of_Muktyalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_of_Muktyalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NagarjunaSagarRightCanal.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NagarjunaSagarRightCanal.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NagarjunaSagarRightCanal.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjunakondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NagarjunaSagar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NagarjunaSagarRightCanal.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalgonda_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakasam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khammam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunturhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_of_Muktyalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_of_Muktyalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjunakonda


26/35


27/35

submersed in water and 24000 people were affected. The relocation

of the people was completed by 2007.[4]

POWER GENERATION

Thehydroelectric planthas a power generation capacity of

815.6 MW with 8 units (1x110 MW+7x100.8 MW). First unit was

commissioned on 7 March 1978 and 8th unit on 24 December

1985. The right canal plant has a power generation capacity of 90

MW with 3 units of 30 MW each. The left canal plant has a power

generation capacity of 60 MW with 2 units of 30 MW each.[7]

The dam is constructed on the border of Guntur and Nalgonda

districts. The dam also provides drinking water to theNalgonda

town.

2. SRISAILAM HYDRO POWER PLANT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam#cite_note-Welcome_to_APGENCO-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nalgonda_town.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nalgonda_town.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SrisailamDam01-India.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam#cite_note-Welcome_to_APGENCO-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nalgonda_town.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nalgonda_town.&action=edit&redlink=1


28/35

FACTS & FIGURES

LocationSrisailam, India

Coordinates160513N 785350E

/ 16.08694N 78.89722E

Construction began1960

Opening date 1981

DAM AND SPILLWAYS

Length 512 m (1,680 ft)

Height 241 m (791 ft)

Impounds River Krishna

Reservoir

Creates Srisailam Reservoir

Catchment area206,040 km2

(79,550 sq mi)

Surface area 800 km2(310 sq mi)

POWER STATION CAPACITY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Srisailam_Dam&params=16_05_13_N_78_53_50_E_type:landmarkhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Srisailam_Dam&params=16_05_13_N_78_53_50_E_type:landmarkhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Srisailam_Dam&params=16_05_13_N_78_53_50_E_type:landmarkhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Srisailam_Dam&params=16_05_13_N_78_53_50_E_type:landmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Srisailam_Dam&params=16_05_13_N_78_53_50_E_type:landmarkhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Srisailam_Dam&params=16_05_13_N_78_53_50_E_type:landmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Krishna


29/35

Turbines

6 150MW(left

bank)

7 110MW(right

bank)

Installed capacity1,670MW

TheSrisailam Damis adamconstructed across theKrishna

RiveratSrisailamin theKurnool districtin the state ofAndhra

Pradeshin Indiaand is the2nd largest capacityhydroelectric

project in the country.

The dam was constructed in a deep gorge in theNallamala

Hills, 300 m (980 ft) above sea level. It is 512 m (1,680 ft) long,

240.79 m (790.0 ft) high and has 12 radial crest gates. It has a

huge reservoir of 800 km2(310 sq mi). The left bank hydroelectric

power station generates 6 150MWof power and right bank

generates 7 110 MW of power. the dam also surrounded by thick

forests and beautiful sceneries.

The Srisailam project began in 1960, initially as a power

project, across the Krishna, near Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh.

After several delays, the main dam was finally completed twenty

years later in 1981. In the meantime the project was converted into

a multipurpose facility with a generating capacity of 770 MW by its

second stage which was expected to be completed in 1987. The dam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurnool_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_India#Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallamala_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallamala_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurnool_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_India#Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallamala_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallamala_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt


30/35


31/35


32/35


33/35

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER

Hydropower offers advantages over other energy sources but

faces unique environmental challenges.

ADVANTAGES

Hydropower is a fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source.

Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn

fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas.

Hydropower is a domestic source of energy.

Hydropower relies on thewater cycle, which is driven by the

sun, thus it's a renewable power source.

Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can

control the flow of water through the turbines to produce

electricity on demand.

Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean

electricity.

Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a

variety of recreational opportunities, notably fishing,

swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations are

required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allowthe public to take advantage of these opportunities. Other

benefits may include water supply and flood control.
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/W/AE_water_cycle.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/W/AE_water_cycle.html


34/35

DISADVANTAGES

Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate

upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if

they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish

passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators, or by

trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream

fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes

using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds,

and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.

Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropowerplants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a

problem that is harmful to riparian (riverbank) habitats and is

addressed using various aeration techniques, which oxygenate

the water. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of

a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of

riparian habitats.

Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is

not available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity.

New hydropower facilities impact the local environment and

may compete with other uses for the land. Those alternative

uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation.

Humans, flora, and fauna may lose their natural habitat. Local

cultures and historical sites may be impinged upon. Some


35/35

older hydropower facilities may have historic value, so

renovations of these facilities must also be sensitive to such

preservation concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.

Documents

Hydro Power Plant 30 Pages