Hydro STORING RENEWABLE ENERGY WITH HYDROGEN WHY PRODUCTION STORAGE HARVESTING ENERGY BENEFITS PRACTICALITY • The demand for energy is increasing while the finite supply of fossil fuel is being depleted. • Renewable energy sources will become more prominent. • The power output by renewable energy sources fluctuates and society does not consume energy at a constant rate. • A method to store a reserve of energy is needed. • The energy output by renewable energy sources can be used to drive electrolysis. • When they are producing excess electricity, it will be diverted from the grid to produce hydrogen. • Electrolysis works as an electric current is induced between two metal plates which breaks the bonds in water molecules. Two parts hydrogen form by the cathode or negatively charged plate, while one part oxygen forms by the anode or positively charged plate. • The hydrogen is then captured in the gaseous state. • Compressed Gas - Compressing hydrogen in the gaseous state enables it to be stored more densely. The energy used compressing the gas is relatively small but directly proportional to the pressure. Stronger storage tanks allow for higher pressure. • Cryogenic - Hydrogen can be stored more densely in the liquid state then the gaseous state however, a large a large amount of energy is required to cool it to the liquid state and the storage tank must be insulated and thus more costly. • Chemical - Hydrogen can be chemically bonded to metal to form hydrides. It can also be bonded in metal organic frameworks which have a greater surface area. Both of these methods release hydrogen upon heating. It can also be stored and synthesized with carbohydrates. • Glass Microspheres - They are porous and contain activated carbon with a large surface area for hydrogen to be stored. It is physically absorbed into the pores where it is trapped until it is released through heating. • Transporting H2 - Hydrogen gas needs to be transported to where it will be used to produce energy. The most practical way to do so is through existing natural gas pipelines. • Fuel Cells - These are very efficient because hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a single step to create a potential difference. They are not heat engines so Carnot's law does not apply and with Gibb’s free energy law, the theoretical yield is up 85 percent energy conversion to electricity, • Engines – Although it is less efficient, hydrogen can be used to • Environmental - The nuclear fission reactions occurring in the sun have powered the earth for several billion years. Its energy can responsibly be harvested directly through solar panels or as a product of weather patterns by hydroelectric dams and wind turbines. Fossil fuels on the other hand are not sustainable and are harmful to the environment • Clean Process - Hydrogen is a very clean source of energy and is known as a zero emission fuel. Producing electricity with a fuel cell yields only water and electricity as products. • Currently, over fifty percent of the power produced in the United States comes from coal burning power plants. Fossil fuels are a finite resource and the transition to renewable energy sources will become necessary. • Hydrogen serves as a reliable and readily available source of energy. It also does not produce any pollution. Until fossil fuels are depleted and society needs a new source of energy, hydrogen energy storage methods must be improved to increase their practicality and reduce the cost.

Hydro WHY PRODUCTIONSTORAGE HARVESTING ENERGY BENEFITS PRACTICALITY The demand for energy is increasing while the finite supply of fossil fuel is being

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Hydro

STORING RENEWABLE ENERGY

WITH HYDROGEN

WHY PRODUCTION STORAGE

HARVESTING ENERGYBENEFITSPRACTICALITY

• The demand for energy is increasing while the finite supply of fossil fuel is being depleted.

• Renewable energy sources will become more prominent.

• The power output by renewable energy sources fluctuates and society does not consume energy at a constant rate.

• A method to store a reserve of energy is needed.

• The energy output by renewable energy sources can be used to drive electrolysis.

• When they are producing excess electricity, it will be diverted from the grid to produce hydrogen.

• Electrolysis works as an electric current is induced between two metal plates which breaks the bonds in water molecules. Two parts hydrogen form by the cathode or negatively charged plate, while one part oxygen forms by the anode or positively charged plate.

• The hydrogen is then captured in the gaseous state.

• Compressed Gas - Compressing hydrogen in the gaseous state enables it to be stored more densely. The energy used compressing the gas is relatively small but directly proportional to the pressure. Stronger storage tanks allow for higher pressure.

• Cryogenic - Hydrogen can be stored more densely in the liquid state then the gaseous state however, a large a large amount of energy is required to cool it to the liquid state and the storage tank must be insulated and thus more costly.

• Chemical - Hydrogen can be chemically bonded to metal to form hydrides. It can also be bonded in metal organic frameworks which have a greater surface area. Both of these methods release hydrogen upon heating. It can also be stored and synthesized with carbohydrates.

• Glass Microspheres - They are porous and contain activated carbon with a large surface area for hydrogen to be stored. It is physically absorbed into the pores where it is trapped until it is released through heating.

• Transporting H2 - Hydrogen gas needs to be transported to where it will be used to produce energy. The most practical way to do so is through existing natural gas pipelines.

• Fuel Cells - These are very efficient because hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a single step to create a potential difference. They are not heat engines so Carnot's law does not apply and with Gibb’s free energy law, the theoretical yield is up 85 percent energy conversion to electricity,

• Engines – Although it is less efficient, hydrogen can be used to power internal combustion engines for transportation and electricity generation. These engines must be specially designed due to hydrogen’s explosive properties.

• Environmental - The nuclear fission reactions occurring in the sun have powered the earth for several billion years. Its energy can responsibly be harvested directly through solar panels or as a product of weather patterns by hydroelectric dams and wind turbines. Fossil fuels on the other hand are not sustainable and are harmful to the environment

• Clean Process - Hydrogen is a very clean source of energy and is known as a zero emission fuel. Producing electricity with a fuel cell yields only water and electricity as products.

By: Logan Frye and Josh Moskowitz

• Currently, over fifty percent of the power produced in the United States comes from coal burning power plants. Fossil fuels are a finite resource and the transition to renewable energy sources will become necessary.

• Hydrogen serves as a reliable and readily available source of energy. It also does not produce any pollution. Until fossil fuels are depleted and society needs a new source of energy, hydrogen energy storage methods must be improved to increase their practicality and reduce the cost.