Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology: Status and Opportunities

IEPR Transportation Workshop No. 2

Advanced Power and Energy ProgramUniversity of California, Irvine

Brendan Shaffer

Technology Manager

Sustainable Energy and Transportation

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Ai lit i d li t h i ZEV• Air quality issues and climate change require ZEVs FCEVs, BEVs

• Electrification of LDVs provides opportunities for grid support

• Grid will require NG and BG resources to support operation Fuel CellsTIGER St tiTIGER Stations

• Grid will require storage to avoid excessive curtailment at high penetrationGrid will require storage to avoid excessive curtailment at high penetrationBatteryHydroHydrogen

2/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

HYDROGEN SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

Gasoline ICE (40 mpg ave)

Gasoline ICE (25 mpg ave)

WTW GHG emissions

BEV CA grid

Plug‐in Hybrid with 40‐mile electric range ‐ CA Grid

Gasoline hybrid

Compressed natural gas vehicle

d k f

Hydrogen from Tri‐Generation* ‐ Natural Gas

Hydrogen from natural gas ‐ gas truck delivery

Hydrogen from natural gas ‐ liquid truck delivery

BEV ‐ CA grid Feedstock & refining

Fuel production & treatment

Vehicle manufacturing

Vehicle Tailpipe

H d f l i d/ l i li d li

Hydrogen from central wind/solar ‐ liquid truck delivery

On‐site Hydrogen from photovoltaic electrolysis

Hydrogen from Tri‐Generation* ‐ Biogas

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700

Hydrogen from central wind/solar ‐ pipeline delivery

kg GHG per mile (CO2 eq.)

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http://www.apep.uci.edu/3/research/pdf/SustainableTransportation/WTW_vehicle_greenhouse_gases_Public.pdf

FCEV GHG Reduction Potential

FCEVs provide large potential for GHG reduction

Dual Sector Analysis – Transportation and Electric Systems

• 60% FCEV penetration at 60% Renewable penetration

enables 60% reduction in GHG

Central Dispatch of Electrolysis Can Reduce Curtailment

• H2 Fueling Infrastructure portends large storage potential

To support grid balancing operations at high renewable penetrations

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Fuel Cell System Shipments – North America

Source: US DOE, 2012 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report, October 2013.

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STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

HOT • STEAM• HEAT CCHP

EXHAUSTH2O, N2

HEAT• COOLING

CCHP

REFORMERFUEL

POWER CONDITIONER AC

DCH2

NATURALGASBIOGAS

DCCONDITIONER

FUEL CELL STACKHIGH EFFICIENCY

NO POLLUTANT EMISSIONACOUSTICALLY BENIGN

HIGH QUALITY HEATNO WATER CONSUMPTIONRELIABLE, 24/7 OPERATION

APPLICATION:  STATIONARY

RELIABLE, 24/7 OPERATIONPOWER QUALITY

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C O : S O

e

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

Fuel ( ) Air ( )H2 O2, N2ee

PAFC H2H OO2H+

200°C

MCFCH2

CO2H2O

CO3CO2

O2650°C

H2O

2

SOFCH2

H2OO O2 1000°C

Product ( )Product ( )H2 H2O, N2 (O2, N2)(H2O)APPLICATION:  STATIONARY

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Anode CathodeElectrolyte(ION CONDUCTOR)

C O : S O

STATIONARY FC DEPLOYMENTS

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

• NATURAL GAS 38

• RENEWABLE 43

TOTAL =   81 MW

STATIONARY FC MARKETS• WASTEWATER PLANTS  • HOTELS

• FOOD PROCESSING • BREWERIES

• GOVERNMENT • UNIVERSITIES

SOURCE:  SGIP

• HOSPITALS • INDUSTRIES

• COMMUNICATIONS • UTILITIES

• GROCERY STORES • MANUFACTURING

APPLICATION:  STATIONARY

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APP ICATION: STATIONARY

STATIONARY FC DEPLOYMENTS

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

• NATURAL GAS 38

• RENEWABLE 43

TOTAL =   81 MW

STATIONARY FC MARKETS• WASTEWATER PLANTS  • HOTELS

• FOOD PROCESSING • BREWERIES

• GOVERNMENT • UNIVERSITIESSt Helena Hospital

1990

SOURCE:  SGIP

• HOSPITALS • INDUSTRIES

• COMMUNICATIONS • UTILITIES

• GROCERY STORES • MANUFACTURING

St. Helena HospitalSt. Helena

Inland Empire Utilities AgencyOntarioOntario

2003

2009

CalTechPasadena

RENEWABLE

2003

APPLICATION:  STATIONARYCalifornia State Uni ersit

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Albertson’sSan Diego

APP ICATION: STATIONARYCalifornia State UniversityNorthridge

STATIONARY FUEL CELL SHIPMENTS

Source: US DOE, 2012 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report, October 2013.

• US, South Korea, and Japan major markets

• Japan many small units

• South Korea a few large units

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CENTRAL GENERATIONDISTRIBUTED GENERATION

STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

CENTRAL GENERATIONDISTRIBUTED GENERATION

Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid

TIGER STATION(Transmission Integrated Grid Energy Resource)

RENEWABLE

HYDRO

RENEWABLE

NUCLEAR

RENEWABLE

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STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

Bridgeport 15 MW

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STATIONARY FUEL CELLS

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59 MWSouth Korea

TIGERs to Support GHG Reduction Targets

CA Grid Modeling CO2 Emissions

• Base Case: 33% Renewable Penetration, No Coal

Annual Electricity CO2 Emissions

• 5GW Deployment of TIGER stations (NG fueled)

Annual Electricity CO2 Emissions 

In MMT

54.3

51 0

‐6%,‐13%

51.0

47.4

Base Case TIGER TIGER‐adv

14/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology: Status and Opportunities

IEPR Transportation Workshop No. 2

Advanced Power and Energy ProgramUniversity of California, Irvine

15/14© 2014 Advanced Power and Energy Program

Brendan Shaffer

Technology Manager

Sustainable Energy and Transportation