Hydrogen as a Fuel and Its Production Methods

8/13/2019 Hydrogen as a Fuel and Its Production Methods

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HYDROGEN AS A FUEL AND ITS

PRODUCTION METHODS

A PRESENTATION

By

Deepjyoti Talukdar

Ravindra Gulshan

Shasank Suman

Prashant Kumar Singh

Chailesh Thakre

IITM M.E)



Hydrogen: Its production• Hydrogen is the lightest of the elements with an atomic weight of 1.0.

• Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel.

• Since hydrogen is not available in significant quantities in nature in pure

form, there are four main techniques:-

1. Steam reforming.

2. Electrolysis.

3. Thermo-lysis.

4. Plasma Reforming.

The most widely used method is Steam reforming.

CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2

CO + H2O CO2 + H2

The efficiency of the process is approximately 65% to 75%.

Hydrogen has been proposed as both a storage and transmission medium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide






















Hydrogen: Source of Solar Energy

Hydrogen is the main source of energy in the

sun as hydrogen converts to helium giving

out a huge amount of energy through

the proton –proton chain reaction.



History of Use of Hydrogen

• Although due to the reaction of hydrogen in sun we are getting solar

energy we are not aware of the fact that the Hydrogen is the main

constituent element for solar energy.

• Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via

the mixing of metals with acids.

• In 1766 –81, HENRY CAVENDISH was the first to recognize that hydrogen

gas was a discrete substance and on burning it produces water.

• Later on it was found that it has three isotopes.



Hydrogen as Fuel

• Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells.

• Hydrogen is an energy carrier, like electricity, not an energy resource.

• The largest application of H2 is for the processing of fossil fuels, and inthe production of NH4.

• Hydrogen fuel can provide power for cars, boats and airplanes.

• It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can potentially bemass-produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft.

• Basically Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in three ways. They are:-

1. As a Fuel Cell.

2. HCNG.

3. Direct burning Hydrogen in IC Engine of Hydrogen Vehicle.



FUEL CELL

• In 1838, German physicist Christian Friedrich Schönbein invented the

first crude fuel cell.

• The first commercial use of fuel cells was in NASA space programs to

generate power for probes, satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel

cells have been used in many other applications.

• Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial,

industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas.

• The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40 –60%, or up to

85% efficient if waste heat is captured for use.

•Fuel cells come in a variety of sizes. Individual fuel cells producerelatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so cells are

"stacked", or placed in series, to increase the voltage and meet an

application's requirements.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA





Fuel Cell an electrochemical energy

conversion device• To convert the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into

water, and in the process it produces electricity.

• Battery : the other electrochemical device that we are

all familiar.

A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it

converts those chemicals into electricity too.This means that a battery eventually "goes dead" and

you either throw it away or recharge it.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm



A functioning cell

in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell stack



• It consists of three components - a cathode, an anode, and

an electrolyte sandwiched between the two.• Oxygen from the air flows through the cathode

• A fuel gas containing hydrogen, such as methane, flows pastthe anode.

Negatively charged oxygen ions migrate through theelectrolyte membrane react with the hydrogen to formwater,

• At the electrode, ions combine to create by-products,

primarily water and CO2. Depending on the input fuel and

electrolyte, different chemical reactions will occur.



APPLICATION OF FUEL CELL



FUEL CELL IN INDIA

• As India’s economy grows, demand for energywill also grow, for example Indian power sectorhas not been able to meet demand-supply gap,and this gap is expected to increase in

foreseeable future (by 2010 it is expected thatunmet power demand in India will be around 52B KWH), a big chunk of this demand is expectedto come from alternative energy sources like

small hydro projects, biomass gas, biomasspower, urban and industrial waste power, windenergy, fuel cells, etc.



LAYOUT OF FUEL CELL CAR



Types of fuel cells



Research and Development

• August 2005: Georgia Institute of Technology researchers use triazole to

raise the operating temperature of PEM fuel cells from below 100 °C to

over 125 °C, claiming this will require less carbon-monoxide purification

of the hydrogen fuel.

• 2008 Monash University, Melbourne uses PEDOT as a cathode

• 2009 Researchers at the University of Dayton, in Ohio, show that arrays

of vertically grown carbon nanotubes could be used as the catalyst in

fuel cells.

• 2009: Y-Carbon has begun to develop a carbide-derived-carbon-based

ultra-capacitor with high energy density, which may lead toimprovements in fuel cell technology.

• 2009: A nickel bi-diphosphine-based catalyst for fuel cells is

demonstrated.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dayton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable_nanoporous_carbon




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dayton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology



HCNG

• Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas (or H2CNG) is a mixture

of Compressed Natural Gas and 4 –9 percent Hydrogen by

energy. It may be used as a for internal combustion

engine and home appliances.

• In the town of Nes on the island of Ameland in

the Netherland, a four-year (2008-2011) field test was

carried out where 20% hydrogen was added to the local

Compressed Natural Gas distribution net supplying a

complex of 14 apartments. The appliances involved werekitchen stoves, condensing boilers , and micro-C. boilers

• In INDIA HCNG is used in Dwarka and Faridabad, Delhi.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-CHP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-CHP



Advantage of Hydrogen as Fuel•

When only hydrogen is burned in presence of Oxygen, theonly emission it makes is water vapor, so a key advantage of

hydrogen is that when burned, carbon dioxide (CO2) is not

produced.

• Clearly, hydrogen is less of a pollutant in the air because it

omits little tail pipe pollution.

• Hydrogen has the potential to run a fuel-cell engine with

greater efficiency over an internal combustion engine.

• The same amount of hydrogen will take a fuel-cell car at

least twice as far as a car running on gasoline.

• Hydrogen fuel is exponentially cleaner than its standard fuel

competition.

• It proves even cleaner, as the only by-products are heat and

water.



Disadvantages of H2 as fuel

• At current, fuel cell cars are not designed with an equivalently large

engine capacity as standard fuel cars. This means that even though

hydrogen fuel is more efficient than standard fuel, you would have to

install extra hydrogen fuel reservoirs in your vehicle.

• One major disadvantage of converting to hydrogen fuel.• Additionally, it takes more energy to produce the hydrogen than the

amount of energy it provides.

• It still costs a considerable amount of money to run a hydrogen vehicle

because it takes a large amount of energy to liquefy the fuel.

• The Department of Energy's goal is to produce hydrogen at $2 to $3 per

gallon by 2015. Right now, the cost per gallon is between $6 and $8, in

large part due to the cost of natural gas being high.



In the Near Future

Will we be seeing more cars run by hydrogen fuel in the nearfuture?

Although once thought to be the fuel of the far-off future,hydrogen will be making a big debut next year and in the years tofollow.

Honda has plans to showcase a limited line of passenger carspowered by hydrogen fuel cells in 2008. They also have anew hybrid car that will be priced below $25,000.

GM has announced plans involving hydrogen vehicles.

Mercedes will begin in 2010 with a small-scale production of theB-Class F-Cell vehicle.

Additionally, gas stations will have to get on board and supplyhydrogen as well as gasoline at the pumps in order to makeowning and driving these cars practical for the consumer.



The Last Word

• Many economists believe that although hydrogen

cars may become more popular, it may be another

decade before we see these vehicles in mass

quantities on the market place. There is still moreresearch to be done, and a number of hurdles to

jump before hydrogen propelled vehicles are a

common sight on all of our highways.





AND LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST

• Thanks for being watching our presentationpatiently.

• Kindly point out our errors and faults.

THE END

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Hydrogen as a Fuel and Its Production Methods