Upload
chnd-varma
View
242
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
1/20
Hy-wire
ABSTRACT
In this seminar, we will look at one interesting vision of the
future, General Motors remarkable concept car, the Hy-wire.
General Motors (GM may never actually sell the Hy-wire to the
public, but it is certainly a goo! illustration of various ways cars
might evolve in the near future.
Instea! of an engine, Hy-wire car has a fuel cell stack,
which powers an electric motor connecte! to the wheels. Instea!
of mechanical an! hy!raulic linkages, it has a !rive by wire
system where a computer actually operates the components that
move the wheels, activate the brakes an! so on, base! on input
from an electronic controller. "y combining fuel cell an! !rive by
wire technology, the Hy-wire car has opene! a new worl! of
chassis architectures an! customi#e! bo!ies for in!ivi!ual
e$pression. %he !evelopment is a significant step towar!s a new
kin! of automobile that is substantially frien!lier to the
environment an! provi!es consumers positive benefits in !riving
!ynamics, an! free!om of in!ivi!ual e$pression.
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
2/20
Hy-wire
INTRODUCTION
&ars are immensely complicate! machines, but when you
get !own to it, they !o an incre!ibly simple 'ob. Most of the
comple$ stuff in a car is !eci!e! to turning wheel, which grip the
roa! to pull the car bo!y an! passengers along. %he steering
system tilts the wheel si!e to run the car, an! brake an!
acceleration system control the spee! of the wheel. Given that the
overall function of the car is basic (it 'ust nee!s to provi!e rotary
motion to the wheel, it seems a little strange that almost all cars
have the same collection of comple$ cramme! un!er the hoo!
an! the same general mass of mechanical an! hy!raulic linkages
running throughout.
hy !o cars nee! necessarily nee! a steering column, brake
an! acceleration pe!als, a combustion engine an! the rest of it)
%his *uestion le! the automotive engineers at the General Motors
&ompany to !esign an! !evelop a new bree! of cars.
FIGURE 1 GM'S SEDAN MODEL HY-WIRE
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
3/20
Hy-wire
HY-WIRE BASICS
%he two basic elements that largely !ictate car !esign to!ay
are+ the internal combustion engine an! mechanical an! hy!raulic
linkages. If we look un!er the hoo! of a car, we can see that an
internal combustion engine re*uires a lot of a!!itional e*uipment
to function correctly. %he !esigners trying to bring out new
lu$urious an! environment-frien!ly cars into the market always
have to make room for this e*uipment.
%he same is the case with the mechanical an! hy!raulic
linkages. %he basic i!ea of using the linkages is that the !river
can maneuver the various actuators in the car more or less
!irectly, by manipulating !riving controls connecte! to those
actuators by shafts, gears an! hy!raulics. or e$ample, in a rack
an! pinion steering system turning the steering wheel rotates a
shaft connecte! to a pinion gear, which moves a rack gear
connecte! to the cars front wheels.
%he !efining characteristic of the Hy-wire is that it !oesnt
have either of those two things. Instea! of an engine, it has a fuel
cell stack, which powers an electric motor connecte! to the
wheels. Instea! of mechanical an! hy!raulic linkages, it has a
!rive by wire system where a computer actually operates the
components that move the wheels, activate the brakes an! so on,
base! on input from an electronic controller. "y combining fuel
cell an! !rive by wire technology, the Hy-wire car has opene! a
new worl! of chassis architectures an! customi#e! bo!ies for
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
4/20
Hy-wire
in!ivi!ual e$pression. %he !evelopment is a significant step
towar!s a new kin! of automobile that is substantially frien!lier
to the environment an! provi!es consumers positive benefits in
!riving !ynamics, an! free!om of in!ivi!ual e$pression.
FIGURE 2 THE HY-WIRE HAS WHEELS, SEATS AND WINDOWS LIKE A
CONVENTIONAL CAR, BUT THE SIMILARITY PRETTY MUCH ENDS THERE. THERE
IS NO ENGINE UNDER THE HOOD AND NO STEERING WHEEL OR PEDALS
INSIDE.
%he result of the two substitutions is a very !ifferent type of
car an! a very !ifferent !riving e$perience. %here is no steeringwheel, there are no pe!als an! there is no engine compartment. In
fact, every piece of e*uipment that actually moves the car along
the roa! is house! in an -inch-thick (/ cm aluminum &hassis
0also known as the skateboar! 1 at the base of the car. %his
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
5/20
Hy-wire
ma$imi#es the interior space for five occupants an! their cargo.
2verything above the chassis is !e!icate! solely to !river control
passenger comfort.
FUEL CELL ON HY-WIRE
3 fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion !evice
that converts hy!rogen an! o$ygen into water, pro!ucing
electricity an! heat in the process. 3 fuel cell provi!es a 4&
(!irect current voltage that can be use! to power motors, lights
or any number of electrical appliances. 5ne can continually
recharge a fuel cell by a!!ing chemical fuel- hy!rogen for an
onboar! storage tank
%he type of fuel cell that is use! in the Hy-wire car is the
6roton e$change membrane fuel cell.
Proton exchange e!rane
%he four basic elements of a 62M fuel cell are+-
%he ano!e, the negative post of the fuel cell, con!ucts the
electrons that are free! from the hy!rogen molecules so
that they can be use! in an e$ternal circuit. It has channels
etche! into it that !isperse the hy!rogen gas e*ually over
the surface of the catalyst.
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
6/20
Hy-wire
%he catho!e, the positive post of the fuel cell, has channels
etche! into it that !istribute the o$ygen to the surface of the
catalyst. It also con!ucts the electrons back from the
e$ternal circuit to the catalyst, where they can recombine
with the hy!rogen ions an! o$ygen to form water.
%he electrolyte is the proton e$change membrane. %his
specially treate! material, only con!ucts positively charge!
ions. %he membrane blocks electrons.
%he catalyst is a special material that facilitates the reaction
of o$ygen an! hy!rogen. It is usually ma!e of platinum
pow!er very thinly coate! onto carbon paper or cloth. %he
catalyst is rough an! porous so that the ma$imum surface
area of the platinum can be e$pose! to the hy!rogen or
o$ygen. %he platinum-coate! si!e of the catalyst faces the
62M.
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
7/20
Hy-wire
The "or#$ng o% PE&FC
FIGURE 3 FUEL CELL
%he pressuri#e! hy!rogen gas (H enters the fuel cell on
the ano!e si!e. %his gas is force! through the catalyst by the
pressure. hen an H molecule comes in contact with the
platinum on the catalyst, it splits into two H7 ions an! two
electrons (e-. %he electrons are con!ucte! through the ano!e,
where they make their way through the e$ternal circuit (!oing
useful work such as turning a motor an! return to the catho!e
si!e of the fuel cell.
Meanwhile, on the catho!e si!e of the fuel cell, o$ygen gas
(5 is being force! through the catalyst, where it forms two
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
8/20
Hy-wire
o$ygen atoms. 2ach of these atoms has a strong negative charge.
%his negative charge attracts the two H7 ions through the
membrane, where they combine with an o$ygen atom an! two of
the electrons, from the e$ternal circuit to form a water molecule
(H5.
Che$'tr( o% a F)e* Ce**
Ano+e '$+e,
H ./ 0H1 1 0e-
Catho+e '$+e,
O1 0H1 10e-./ HO
Net react$on,
H1 O ./ HO
62M&s operate at a fairly low temperature (about 89
!egrees ahrenheit, /: !egrees &elsius, which means they warm
up *uickly an! !ont re*uire e$pensive containment structures.
FIGURE 4 THE HYDROGEN TANKS AND FUEL-CELL STACK IN THE HY-WIRE
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
9/20
Hy-wire
%he gaseous hy!rogen fuel nee!e! to power this system is
store! in three cylin!rical tanks, weighing about 9; poun!s (8;
kilograms total. %he tanks are ma!e of a special carbon
composite material with the high structural strength nee!e! to
contain high-pressure hy!rogen gas. %he tanks in the current
mo!el hol! about brain? is a central computer house! in the
mi!!le of the chassis. It sen!s electronic signals to the motor
control unit to vary the spee!, the steering mechanism to
maneuver the car, an! the braking system to slow the car !own.
%he central computer is connecte! to an array of a!vance!
sensors. "ase! on input from the !river, the computer activates
the !ifferent actators to control the motion of the vehicle. %he
!river !oesnt actually !rive the car !irectly+ He or she gives
instructions an! the computer !eci!es how to carry them out. %he
computer constantly makes a!'ustments on it to improve the
!riving performance the computer artificially creates a relatively
smooth ri!e. %he computer is connecte! to the bo!ys electronics
through universal !ocking ports. %he @46 transmits a constant
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
10/20
Hy-wire
stream of electronic comman! signals from the car controller to
the central computer, as well as fee!back signals from the
computer to the controller. 3!!itionally, it provi!es the electric
power nee!e! to operate all of the bo!ys onboar! electronics.
FIGURE THE HY-WIRE'S !-DRIVE
FIGURE " THE !-DRIVE CAN SLIDE TO EITHER SIDE OF THE VEHICLE
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
11/20
Hy-wire
%he !rivers control unit, !ubbe! the A-!rive has to
ergonomic groups, positione! to the left an! right of a small B&4
monitor. %o steer the car, you gli!e the gripes up an! !own
lightly, you !ont have to keep rotating a wheel to turn, an! you
'ust have to hol! the grip in the turning position. %o accelerateC
you turn either grip, in the same way you woul! turn the throttle
on a motor cycleC an! to brake you s*uee#e either grip. 2lectronic
motion sensors, translate the motion of the A-!rive in to a !igital
signal the computer can recogni#e. "uttons on the controller let
you switch easily from neutral to !rive to rivers, an! a starter
buttons turns the car on. 3bsolutely everything is han!
controlle!.
%he ;./ inch (
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
12/20
Hy-wire
5ne of the ama#ing things about the !rive-by-wire system
is that you can fine-tune vehicle han!ling without changing
anything in the cars mechanical components 1 all it takes to
a!'ust the steering, accelerator or brake sensitivity is some new
computer software. 5ne fuel cell only puts out a little bit of
power, so you nee! to combine many cells into a stack to get
much use out of the process. %he fuel-cell stack in the Hy-wire is
ma!e up of :: in!ivi!ual cells connecte! in series, which
collectively provi!e E< kilowatts of continuous power an! E
kilowatts at peak power. %he compact cell stack is kept cool by a
conventional ra!iator system thats powere! by the fuel cells
themselves. %he fuel system !elivers 4& voltage ranging from
; to :: volts, !epen!ing on the loa! in the circuit. 3
transformer in motor controller boosts this up to ;: to =/: volts
an! converts it to 3& current to !rive the three-phase electric
motor that rotates the wheels.
%he electric motors 'ob is to apply tor*ue to the front wheel
a$le to spin the two front wheels. %he control unit varies the
spee! of the car by increasing or !ecreasing the power applie! to
the motor. hen the controller applies ma$imum power from the
fuel-cell stack, the motors rotor spins at ::: revolutions per
minute, !elivering a tor*ue of ;E poun!-feet. 3 single-stage
planetary gear, with the wheels, thats enough tor*ue to move the
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
13/20
Hy-wire
level roa!. Fmaller electric motors maneuver the wheels to steer
the car, an! electrically controlle!.
FIGURE # GM'S DIAGRAM OF THE AUTONOMY DESIGN
AD2ANTA3ES,
45 F)e* e%%$c$ent -Fince a fuel cell propulsion system is
about twice as efficient as an internal combustion engine, a fuel
cell vehicle coul! provi!e twice the fuel efficiency of a
comparably si#e! conventional vehicle, an! an optimi#e! fuel
cell vehicle like Hy-wire woul! be even more efficient.
5 En6$ronent %r$en+*( - Fince the reaction through which
the power is generate! is H75H5 the only bi-pro!uct
forme! is water, which is a non-pollutant. Fince there is no burning
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
14/20
Hy-wire
or other o$i!ation process in the releasing of energy harmful
components like nitrogen o$i!es, hy!rocarbons, carbon o$i!es an!
other unburnt pro!ucts are not pro!uce!. Hence these cars are
highly eco-frien!ly.
75 H$gh 'ta!$*$t( - 3s all the technical elements have been
nicely blen!e! into the chassis, most of the power train loa! has
been evenly !istribute! between the front an! rear of the chassis.
%his provi!es a low center of gravity, giving the architecture both a
high stability an! !riving !ynamics potential. %his contributes to
the overall safety of the vehicle, by enabling superior han!ling,
while resisting rollover forces, with the tallest bo!y attache!.
05 H$gh*( '8ac$o)' - 3s there are no linkages an! engine lot
of legroom space is available for the passengers.
95 Dr$6er %r$en+*( - 3s the A-!rive !oes not have any
physical linkages with the steering controller, it can be taken to
anywhere insi!e the car. Moreover as everything that !rives the car
is house! in the chassis, the !river !oes not have to sit behin! a
mass of machinery. %his gives the !river a clear view of the roa!
an! thus increases the !rivability.
:5 Free+o o% $n+$6$+)a* ex8re''$on - 3s the chassis woul!
be common for most the Hy-wire vehicles, one can easily remove
the entire passenger compartment an! replace it with a !ifferent
one. %his lea!s to the free!om of in!ivi!ual e$pression. or
e$ample if one wants to switch from a van to a sports car, he !oes
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
15/20
Hy-wire
not nee! an entirely new carC he only nee!s a new bo!y (which
woul! be a lot cheaper.
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
16/20
Hy-wire
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
17/20
Hy-wire
FIGURE $ GM CONCEPT OF THE AUTONOMY WITH AND
WITHOUT A BODY ATTACHED
DISAD2ANTA3ES
45 Lo" 'a%et( - %he big concern with !rive-by-wire vehicles
is safety. Fince there is no physical connection between the !river
an! the cars mechanical elements, an electrical failure woul!
mean total loss of control. In or!er to make this sort of system
viable in the real worl!, !rive-by-wire cars will nee! back- up
power supply an! re!un!ant electronic linkages.
5 Storage an+ tran'8ortat$on o% h(+rogen %)e*' - %he
other ma'or hur!le for this type of car is figuring out energy-
efficient metho! for pro!ucing, transporting an! storing hy!rogen
for the on boar! fuel cell stack. ith the current state of
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
18/20
Hy-wire
technology, actually the pro!uction of the hy!rogen fuel can
generate about as much pollution as using gasoline engines.
75 Pr$c$ng - ith the current status of !evelopment,
manufacturing of the Hy-wire cars on a mass scale woul! not at all
be economical. 3ccor!ing to the present accounts, the cost for
manufacturing even a single Hy-wire car woul! be about to
crores.
FUTURE OF HY-WIRE
Booking in to the future, "urns says he thinks fuel cells offer
a promising alternative, but he recogni#es that they nee! to be
compelling, affor!able, an! profitable. 5ne area GM is tackling is
hy!rogen storage. GM partnere! with uantum %echnologies to
!evelop a prototype tank that will give you a !riving range of up to
=:: miles before you have to refuel.
"urns says GM is looking into other ways it can store
compresse! hy!rogen, >%heres li*ui! for hy!rogen an! theres
also metal hy!ri!es when youre storing hy!rogen in a soli! state,?
he sai!. Jeebler says another solution coul! be to buil! a hy!rogen
reformer into the car, which woul! enable it to turn other fuels into
hy!rogen. Kou coul! also house these reforms at gas stations, he
says. "urns says you coul! !istribute the gasoline the same way
you !o to!ay, but it woul! go through a reformer at the pump,
creating hy!rogen from the gas. "urns sees a worl! where GM
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
19/20
Hy-wire
overcomes those obstacles an! your car becomes part of your
energy solution an! not the problem.
>Bets imagine a worl! in which you coul! come home at
night an! pull your hy!rogen fuel cell vehicle into your garage.
%he first thing you !o is connect it to some compresse! hy!rogen
tanks that are also in your garage an! you put hy!rogen into your
vehicle. Kou are refueling at home,? he sai!. 3t the en! of the !ay,
if you have some leftover hy!rogen in your tank, you coul! also
use it to power your home. He says he also envisions you being
able to plug your car into your citys electric gri! an! selling back
fuel you !ont use. Jeebler says he likes what he has seen from the
Hy-wire overall. He hasnt been able to test-!rive it yet. "ut he
sai!, >If they can pull that off, they will have in!ee! leape! over
the completion.?
CONCLUSION
%he Hy-wire concept has so profoun!ly brought about
changes in the automotive in!ustry that GM an! other auto makers
are planning to move beyon! the conventional car, towar!s a
computeri#e! environment frien!ly alternative. %hey are actually
planning to launch such a vehicle for the public usage by the year
::, hoping that they can overcome all the !rawbacks face! by
the Hy-wire car.
3nyway, in all likelihoo! life on the highway will see some
ma'or changes within the ne$t few !eca!es.
7/24/2019 Hydrogen Wire Car Concept
20/20
Hy-wire
REFERENCES
. www.popularmechanics.com
. www.gm.com
=. www.motortren!.com