Intro to HydrogeologyIntro to HydrogeologyIntroduction and a few housekeeping issues about the courseIntroduction and a few housekeeping issues about the courseHydrogeology componentsHydrogeology components

Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Chemical Hydrogeology, SWHydrology, Hydrogeology, Chemical Hydrogeology, SW--GW ModelingGW ModelingImportance of water, i.e. environmental flowsImportance of water, i.e. environmental flowsLocalLocal, national, and global water, national, and global water--related issues (GEOS 328related issues (GEOS 328--Seminar)Seminar)

Common Common occurrences of water occurrences of water on Earth. What are the major uses of on Earth. What are the major uses of water in the US. water in the US. Components of the Components of the hydrologic cycle hydrologic cycle with an emphasis on with an emphasis on Pennsylvania water Pennsylvania water resources.resources.Processes and/or factors that can influence various components oProcesses and/or factors that can influence various components of f hydrologic cycle (Discussion).hydrologic cycle (Discussion).Why hydrogeology? Why hydrogeology? Career options Career options for for hydrogeologistshydrogeologists..

LetLet’’s s googlegoogle for geologyfor geology--related jobs in PArelated jobs in PA

Water Budget EquationsWater Budget Equations

General water budget equation. General water budget equation. Input Input –– Output = +Output = +--StorageStoragePP--ETET--RORO--GW = +GW = +--dSdS

How is it different for a specific How is it different for a specific situation, e.g. for a lake (Mono Lake)?situation, e.g. for a lake (Mono Lake)?

(P+GW+RO)(P+GW+RO)--((ET+DiversionET+Diversion)=+)=+--Lake LevelLake LevelWater Budget for Water Budget for KarstKarst Lake (PA):Lake (PA):

What steps/equipment are needed?What steps/equipment are needed?

What are watersheds?What are watersheds?Simple definitionSimple definition——

a watershed is ana watershed is anarea of land that catches rain and area of land that catches rain and snow which drains or seeps into a snow which drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake, or the marsh, stream, river, lake, or the ground water.ground water.

Each stream/river has oneEach stream/river has one

The outlet point controls the sizeThe outlet point controls the size

““We all live downstreamWe all live downstream””

Streams and WatershedsStreams and Watersheds

a watershed or drainage basin

several watersheds or

drainage basins with

several divides A

B C

D

larger watershed

smaller watershed

Three components of watershed:

1. stream/river

2. area on both sides

3. outlet point

What is a divide?What is a divide?A divide separates one watershed or drainage basin from another

B

watershed or drainage basin B

A

watershed or drainage basin A

a divide

a divide

here, it is a ridge

http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html

North American DividesNorth American Divides

Drainage to the Pacific

Drainage to the Atlantic

Drainage to the Gulf of Mexico

http://wrc.iewatershed.com/

Chesapeake Bay Watershed

The Chesapeake Bay watershed, stretches across six states –New York, Pennsylvania,

Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, and theDistrict of Columbia

http://www.novaspace.com/POSTERS/PHOTO/Chesapeake.html

Chesapeake Bay is an ESTUARY

Precipitation & RunPrecipitation & Run--offoffMethods used to determine an Methods used to determine an effective uniform depth effective uniform depth of precipitation. of precipitation. Pros and cons Pros and cons of each of these methods.of each of these methods.

ArithmaticArithmatic MeanMeanThiessenThiessen PolygonPolygonssIsoheytalIsoheytal MethodMethod

Factors influencing Factors influencing evapoevapo--transpiration in an area. transpiration in an area. Methods used to determine Methods used to determine evaporationevaporation and transpiration or both.and transpiration or both.

Class A pan with corrections for geographic area (Mono Lake exerClass A pan with corrections for geographic area (Mono Lake exercise)cise)Using meteorological data from an area (textbook)Using meteorological data from an area (textbook)

The The Rational EquationRational Equation. Q = . Q = CiACiAQ = peak discharge in Q = peak discharge in cfscfs; C=coefficient from table; I = inch/hour rain; ; C=coefficient from table; I = inch/hour rain; A=area in acres (works better for small watershed)A=area in acres (works better for small watershed)

Usefulness of this Usefulness of this equationequation to determine environmental impact of any to determine environmental impact of any development on hydrologic characteristics of an watershed.development on hydrologic characteristics of an watershed.

Impacts on Combined Sewage Overflow (CSO)Impacts on Combined Sewage Overflow (CSO)Impacts on Total Maximum Daily Load (Impacts on Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLTMDL) for nutrients, sediments, and ) for nutrients, sediments, and other pollutantsother pollutants

RunRun--off to Flowoff to FlowFactors controlling runoffFactors controlling runoff. How can you determine . How can you determine or characterize these factors?or characterize these factors?Methods used to determine velocity of Methods used to determine velocity of flowflow in rivers, in rivers, streams, and industrial discharges.streams, and industrial discharges.

Flow metersFlow meters, , gauging stationsgauging stations, , weirsweirs, , Manning eqManning eq. . Rating Curve method (USGS gauging stations)Rating Curve method (USGS gauging stations)

Components of a Components of a hydrographhydrograph. . Separation of Separation of baseflowbaseflow from a storm hydrograph.from a storm hydrograph.

BaseflowBaseflow recession curve and its usefulnessrecession curve and its usefulnessGaining vs. losing streamGaining vs. losing stream

Uses of Uses of various types of hydrographs various types of hydrographs in everyday in everyday life.life.

Prediction HydrographsPrediction HydrographsConstructionConstruction of a prediction of a prediction --hydrograph hydrograph using single triangular method or using single triangular method or incremental method. incremental method. Usefulness of such theoretical hydrograph Usefulness of such theoretical hydrograph model.model.

Limitations of such hydrographsLimitations of such hydrographsSoftware used to determine such hydrographsSoftware used to determine such hydrographs

Factors controlling a Factors controlling a curve number curve number (CN). (CN). Composite curve numbers. Composite curve numbers. Uses of curve numbers.Uses of curve numbers.You can also use software (WMS and other) to do You can also use software (WMS and other) to do this, but you have to know what you are doing.this, but you have to know what you are doing.

FloodingFloodingPrecipitation Precipitation (keep a record)(keep a record)

RunRun--off off (calculate from precipitation & (calculate from precipitation & landuselanduse))

•• StreamStream--flow flow (USGS gauging stations or measure in the field)(USGS gauging stations or measure in the field)

Floods Floods ((peakflowspeakflows in a river)in a river)

Flow in a river (Flow in a river (hydrographhydrograph for flow or stage)for flow or stage)Flow = stage => Flow = stage => Rating Curve Rating Curve of a Riverof a RiverStage + Datum = Flood Elevation (contour on a map)Stage + Datum = Flood Elevation (contour on a map)Flood plain zonesFlood plain zones

•• 3030--year floodyear flood•• 100100--year floodyear flood

Lock Haven Flood of 2004Lock Haven Flood of 2004

Lock Haven Flood of 2004Lock Haven Flood of 2004

StreamflowStreamflow to Floodsto FloodsWhat is What is floodflood? ?

Is flood always bad?Is flood always bad?How can you measure or How can you measure or document floodsdocument floods??Parameters affecting flooding propensity: Parameters affecting flooding propensity:

RunRun--off (which in turn depends on off (which in turn depends on landuselanduse, , climate, etc.)climate, etc.)Carrying capacity of drainage networkCarrying capacity of drainage networkFloodplain elevations with respect to rivers and Floodplain elevations with respect to rivers and sea level sea level

Are flooding frequency and magnitude Are flooding frequency and magnitude getting worsegetting worse??

Flow Trend in Beech CreekFlow Trend in Beech CreekDischarge Trend at Blanchard: 1955-2000

y = -54.065x + 4784.2

02,0004,0006,0008,000

10,00012,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45

Discharge Trend at Beech Creek: 1911-2000

05,000

10,00015,00020,00025,00030,000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Highest flood in 1936

Is the Timing of Flood Changing for Is the Timing of Flood Changing for the Bald Eagle Creek?the Bald Eagle Creek?

0

5

10

15

20

25

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

Flood Frequency: 1911-2000

0

2

4

6

8

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

Flood Frequency: 1955-2000

Frequency Curve: Bald Eagle CreekFrequency Curve: Bald Eagle CreekFrequency Curve: Bald Eagle-Blanchard

y = -4.1979x2 + 360.07x + 2216.1R2 = 0.9136

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

RI (Years)

Dis

char

ge (c

fs)

RI = (n+1)/M

Probability Curve for Bald Eagle CreekProbability Curve for Bald Eagle CreekProbability (Duration) Cure: Bald Eagle-Blanchard

y = 0.6325x2 - 111.15x + 6985.2R2 = 0.8271

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Probability (%)

Disc

harg

e (c

fs)

P = 100/RI = M/(n+1)*100

Rating Curve for Bald Eagle CreekRating Curve for Bald Eagle CreekRating Curve: Bald Eagle-Balnchard

y = 3.5612Ln(x) - 21.339R2 = 0.9261

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

cfs

stag

e (ft

)

Stage to Elevation of Flood = Stage + Datum

FloodingFloodingLongLong--term causes term causes of increased of increased magnitude, frequency, and duration magnitude, frequency, and duration flood occurrences throughout the flood occurrences throughout the world (qualitative), including in world (qualitative), including in the USthe US. . Prediction of the return period and Prediction of the return period and probability of a flood of certain probability of a flood of certain magnitude. magnitude. How accurate and useful are those How accurate and useful are those predictions (discussion)?predictions (discussion)?

Flood ManagementFlood ManagementWhat are the adverse impacts of urbanization on What are the adverse impacts of urbanization on flooding? flooding? What measure need to be taken to combat such What measure need to be taken to combat such impact of urbanization?impact of urbanization?

Basin development factor (BDF) and sewage networkBasin development factor (BDF) and sewage networkWhat are some common engineering methods used What are some common engineering methods used to to ““controlcontrol”” or manage floods? or manage floods?

Dams & reservoirs Dams & reservoirs Hydraulic routing (Lab #5)Hydraulic routing (Lab #5)DykesDykesSmart growthSmart growth (even engineers are becoming smarter!)(even engineers are becoming smarter!)

What are the pros and cons of each of these What are the pros and cons of each of these methods (discussion)?methods (discussion)?

BMPsBMPs in Flood Controlin Flood ControlWhat are some Best Management Practices What are some Best Management Practices ((BMPBMPss) that people can exercise to reduce ) that people can exercise to reduce flooding propensity (discussion)?flooding propensity (discussion)?

Increasing elevations & carrying capacity of Increasing elevations & carrying capacity of drainage networkdrainage network

•• Dredging of rivers & dispersion of sediments to elevate Dredging of rivers & dispersion of sediments to elevate landslands

Checking soil erosion through Checking soil erosion through reforesttationreforesttation and and other measuresother measuresDugDug--elevateelevate--dwelldwellDesign to live in harmony with the nature (flood)Design to live in harmony with the nature (flood)LIDLID & & stormwaterstormwater management (management (watch the video watch the video clipclip))