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HydropowerProfessor Stephen LawrenceLeeds School of BusinessUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, CO1Course OutlineRenewableHydro PowerWind EnergyOceanic EnergySolar PowerGeothermalBiomassSustainableHydrogen & Fuel CellsNuclearFossil Fuel InnovationExotic TechnologiesIntegrationDistributed Generation2Hydrologic Cycle3

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.htmlHydropower to Electric Power4

PotentialEnergyKineticEnergyElectricalEnergyMechanicalEnergyElectricitySources of Electric Power US5

Renewable Energy Sources6

Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htmWorld Trends in Hydropower7

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003World hydro production8

IEA.org8Major Hydropower Producers9

Worlds Largest DamsNameCountryYearMaxGenerationAnnualProductionThree GorgesChina200918,200 MWItaipBrazil/Paraguay198312,600 MW93.4 TW-hrsGuriVenezuela198610,200 MW46 TW-hrsGrand CouleeUnited States1942/806,809 MW22.6 TW-hrsSayano ShushenskayaRussia19836,400 MWRobert-BourassaCanada19815,616 MWChurchill FallsCanada19715,429 MW35 TW-hrsIron GatesRomania/Serbia19702,280 MW11.3 TW-hrs10Ranked by maximum power.Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.orgThree Gorges Dam (China)11

Three Gorges Dam Location Map12

Itaip Dam (Brazil & Paraguay)13

Itaipu, Wikipedia.orgItaip Dam Site Map14

http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/River%20Articles/itaipudam.htmGuri Dam (Venezuela)15

http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtmlGuri Dam Site Map16

http://lmhwww.epfl.ch/Services/ReferenceList/2000_fichiers/gurimap.htmGrand Coulee Dam (US)17

www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html Grand Coulee Dam Site Map18

Grand Coulee Dam StatisticsGenerators at Grand Coulee DamLocationDescriptionNumberCapacity (MW)Total (MW)Pumping PlantPump/Generator650300Left PowerhouseStation Service Generator31030Main Generator91251125Right PowerhouseMain Generator91251125Third PowerhouseMain Generator36001800Main Generator37002100Totals33648019Uses of Dams US20

Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htmHydropower Production by US State21

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Percent Hydropower by US State22

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003History of Hydro Power23Early Irrigation Waterwheel24

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Early Roman Water Mill25

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Early Norse Water Mill26

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Fourneyrons Turbine27

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Hydropower Design28Terminology (Jargon)Head Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called headDams: three categorieshigh-head (800 or more feet)medium-head (100 to 800 feet)low-head (less than 100 feet) Power is proportional to the product of head x flow 29http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htmScale of Hydropower ProjectsLarge-hydroMore than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity gridMedium-hydro15 - 100 MW usually feeding a gridSmall-hydro1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a gridMini-hydro Above 100 kW, but below 1 MWEither stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the gridMicro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid.Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5kWRemote areas away from the grid.30www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf Types of Hydroelectric Installation31

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Meeting Peak DemandsHydroelectric plants:Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.Save millions of barrels of oil32Types of SystemsImpoundmentHoover Dam, Grand CouleeDiversion or run-of-river systemsNiagara FallsMost significantly smallerPumped StorageTwo way flowPumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower elevation for power generationA mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production33Conventional Impoundment Dam34

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.htmlExampleHoover Dam (US)35

http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpgDiversion (Run-of-River) Hydropower36

ExampleDiversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska)37

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.htmlMicro Run-of-River Hydropower38

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.htmlMicro Hydro Example39

http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofrUsed in remote locations in northern CanadaPumped Storage Schematic40

Pumped Storage System41

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Pumped Storage Power Spectrum42

Turbine DesignFrancis TurbineKaplan TurbinePelton TurbineTurgo TurbineNew Designs43Types of Hydropower Turbines44

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Classification of Hydro TurbinesReaction TurbinesDerive power from pressure drop across turbineTotally immersed in waterAngular & linear motion converted to shaft powerPropeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbinesImpulse TurbinesConvert kinetic energy of water jet hitting bucketsNo pressure drop across turbinesPelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines45Schematic of Francis Turbine46

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Small Francis Turbine & Generator47

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.comFrancis Turbine Grand Coulee Dam48

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.comFixed-Pitch Propeller Turbine49

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.comKaplan Turbine Schematic50

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.comKaplan Turbine Cross Section51

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.comSuspended Power, Sheeler, 193952

Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup53

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Horizontal Kaplan Turbine54

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Pelton Wheel Turbine55

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Turgo Turbine56

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Turbine Design RangesKaplanFrancisPeltonTurgo

2 < H < 40 10 < H < 350 50 < H < 1300 50 < H < 250

(H = head in meters)

57Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Turbine Ranges of Application58

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Turbine Design RecommendationsHead PressureHighMediumLowImpulsePeltonTurgoMulti-jet PeltonCrossflowTurgoMulti-jet PeltonCrossflowReactionFrancisPump-as-TurbinePropellerKaplan59Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Fish Friendly Turbine Design60

www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_rd.html Hydro Power Calculations61Efficiency of Hydropower PlantsHydropower is very efficientEfficiency = (electrical power delivered to the busbar) (potential energy of head water)Typical losses are due toFrictional drag and turbulence of flowFriction and magnetic losses in turbine & generatorOverall efficiency ranges from 75-95%62Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003Hydropower Calculations

63P = power in kilowatts (kW)g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) = turbo-generator efficiency (0