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A report by Progressive Energy Ltd on behalf of Cadent Technical Appendices June 2019
HyMotion Network-supplied hydrogen unlocks low carbon transport opportunities
Report for Cadent
The authors would like to thank Element Energy for their input to this report. Our thanks also to the following organisations which participated in an informal peer review process relating to this study. It should be acknowledged, however, that the views presented in this report do not necessarily represent those of these organisations.
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. This work includes the assessment of a number of phenomena which are unquantifiable. As such, the judgements drawn in the report are offered as informed opinion. Accordingly Progressive Energy Ltd. gives no undertaking or warrantee with respect to any losses or liabilities incurred by the use of information contained therein.
2 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Acronym Full Name
ATR Auto-thermal Reformer
BEV Battery Electric Vehicle
BioSNG Bio-Substitute Natural Gas
Capex Capital Expenditure
CAZ Clean Air Zone
CCC Committee on Climate Change
CCA Climate Change Agreement
CCUS Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
DfT Department for Transport
FCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GMCA Greater Manchester Combined Authority
GWh Gigawatt-hours
H2 Hydrogen
HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle
HRS Hydrogen Refuelling Station
Ktpa Thousand tonnes per annum
LCRCA Liverpool City Region Combined Authority
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
Acronym Full Name
Mt Million Tonnes
MtCO2pa Million Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide per annum
MWh Megawatt hour(s)
MWth Megawatt hour(s) thermal
NOx Nitrous Oxides
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
Ofgem Office for Gas and Electricity Markets
OLEV Office for Low Emission Vehicles
Opex Operational Expenditure
PSA Pressure Swing Absorption
RAB Regulated Asset Base
RIIO Revenue = Innovation + Investment + Outputs
RTFO Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
SMR Steam Methane Reformer
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
Tpa Tonnes per annum
TWh Terawatt hour(s)
TWhpa Terawatt hour(s) per annum
vol. By volume
Acronyms
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices3
Contents
Pg
1.0 INTRODUCTION 5
2.0 HYDROGEN MOBILITY IN CONTEXT 5
2.1 UK transport GHG emissions by transport mode 6
2.2 UK transport consumption 7
2.3 UK fuel efficiency 9
2.4 Transport emissions in the North West 12
2.5 Energy storage density 13
2.6 Renewable electricity supply 13
3.0 AVAILABILITY AND POTENTIAL FOR COST REDUCTION 15
3.1 State of the art hydrogen vehicles 15
3.2 Projected future reduction in fuel cell system costs 19
4.0 FCEVs AS A COST COMPETITIVE SOLUTION 20
4.1 Hydrogen distribution costs 20
4.2 Hydrogen production costs 21
4.3 Total cost of ownership 22
5.0 MEETING CLIMATE AND CLEAN AIR GOALS 25
5.1 Deployment scenarios 25
5.2 Climate change benefits 30
5.3 Cost of carbon abatement 34
5.4 Air quality impact 35
6.0 ROADMAP TO DEPLOYMENT 37
6.1 Public HRSs 37
6.2 Depot-based private HRSs 40
4 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
1.0 Introduction
These Technical Appendices provide all data and assumptions, which have been used to generate graphic and tabular outputs, and related statements in the Main Report1. The sections below broadly correspond with those in the Main Report in which the related outputs and statements reside.
2.0 Hydrogen mobility in context2.1 UK Transport GHG emissions.
Figure 2-1: UK transport GHG emission by transport mode.
Cars, taxis and motorcycles
Buses and coaches
Shipping
Heavy goods vehicles
Rail
Light vans
Aviation
Mill
ion
Tonn
e C
O2 e
q
200
150
100
50
01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
1. https://hynet.co.uk/documents
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices5
Million tonnes CO2 equivalent
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Cars, taxis and motorcycles 73 73 74 75 75 74 77 77 77
Heavy goods vehicles 20 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 20
Light vans 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14
Buses and coaches 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5
Rail 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Aviation 23 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 31
Shipping 17 16 17 16 17 18 18 19 20
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Cars, taxis and motorcycles 78 78 78 79 78 79 79 78 78
Heavy goods vehicles 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21
Light vans 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 17
Buses and coaches 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Rail 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Aviation 33 36 35 35 36 39 41 42 42
Shipping 17 16 16 15 14 15 15 15 15
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Cars, taxis and motorcycles 76 74 71 71 70 69 69 70 71
Heavy goods vehicles 20 18 19 18 18 18 19 20 20
Light vans 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 18 19
Buses and coaches 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3
Rail 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Aviation 41 38 37 38 37 37 37 37 38
Shipping 19 18 16 16 15 14 15 14 15
Table 2-1: UK transport GHG emissions by transport mode.
Source: Department for Transport (2018), Greenhouse gas emissions by transport mode: United Kingdom, December 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/energy-and-environment-data-tables-env#greenhouse-gas-emissions-env02
6 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
2.2 UK transport consumption.Figure 2-2: UK transport consumption by transport mode.
2000 2005 2010 2015
Cars and vans Freight Buses Rail Air
170%
150%
130%
110%
90%
70%
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices7
Car and vans (Bn Passenger Km)
Buses (Bn Passenger Km)
Rail (Bn Passenger Km)
Air (thousand movements)
Freight (Bn Tonne kilometres)
2000 639 47 47 1,927 236
2001 651 47 47 1,972 228
2002 673 47 48 1,967 236
2003 668 47 49 2,025 231
2004 673 41 50 2,139 232
2005 667 42 52 2,266 235
2006 673 40 55 2,314 226
2007 673 41 59 2,346 229
2008 666 43 61 2,295 216
2009 661 44 61 2,092 193
2010 645 45 65 1,972 200
2011 644 43 68 2,021 204
2012 647 42 70 1,994 200
2013 642 40 72 2,013 183
2014 654 40 75 2,043 177
2015 655 39 78 2,092 192
2016 666 34 80 2,178 196
2017 670 38 80 2,230 189
Sources: Department for Transport (2018), Passenger transport by mode from 1952, December 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/tsgb01-modal-comparisons
Department for Transport (2018), Air traffic at UK airports, December 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/aviation-statistics-data-tables-avi
Department for Transport (2018), Domestic freight transport, by mode, December 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/tsgb04-freight#table-tsgb0401
Table 2-2: UK transport consumption by transport mode.
8 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
2.3 UK fuel efficiency.Figure 2-3: UK fuel efficiency by transport mode.
Cars and taxis Heavy goods vehicles Buses and coaches
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%2000 2005 2010 2015
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices9
Cars and taxis (billion miles)
Heavy goods vehicle (billion miles)
Buses and coaches (billion miles)
2000 233.7 17.5 3.2
2001 236.9 17.4 3.2
2002 242.7 17.6 3.2
2003 242.3 17.7 3.3
2004 245.0 18.2 3.2
2005 244.0 18.0 3.2
2006 246.9 18.0 3.3
2007 247.3 18.2 3.4
2008 245.4 17.8 3.1
2009 244.8 16.3 3.1
2010 239.8 16.4 3.1
2011 240.7 15.9 2.9
2012 240.3 15.5 2.7
2013 240.0 15.7 2.8
2014 245.0 16.1 2.8
2015 247.7 16.7 2.7
2016 251.6 16.8 2.5
2017 254.4 17.0 2.4
2018 255.0 17.1 2.3
Source: Department for Transport (2018), Road traffic (vehicle miles) by vehicle type, December 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/tsgb07#table-tsgb0705-tra0104
Table 2-3: UK road traffic by vehicle type.
10 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Cars and taxis (million tonnes)
Heavy goods vehicle (million tonnes)
Buses and coaches (million tonnes)
2000 24.4 6.3 1.6
2001 24.4 6.3 1.5
2002 24.9 6.4 1.5
2003 24.6 6.5 1.6
2004 24.8 6.6 1.5
2005 24.8 6.7 1.5
2006 24.7 6.7 1.5
2007 24.8 6.7 1.5
2008 24.1 6.3 1.4
2009 23.4 5.8 1.4
2010 22.7 5.9 1.4
2011 22.5 5.8 1.3
2012 22.4 5.8 1.2
2013 22.0 5.8 1.2
2014 22.1 6.0 1.2
2015 22.3 6.3 1.2
2016 22.8 6.4 1.1
Source: Department for Transport (2018), Petroleum consumption by transport mode and fuel type: United Kingdom, December 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/energy-and-environment-data-tables-env
Table 2-4: UK fuel consumption by vehicle type.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices11
Local authority
Authority code
Population 2016 ('000s)
CO2 eq. (kt) NOx (kt)1 PM10 (kt)1
Liverpool E08000012 488 574 1.65 0.033
Halton E06000006 127 268 0.77 0.015
Manchester E08000003 541 676 1.95 0.038
Bolton E08000001 284 475 1.37 0.027
Wigan E08000010 324 480 1.38 0.027
Crewe1 E06000049 72 227 0.65 0.013
Chester1 E06000050 118 333 0.96 0.019
Warrington E06000007 209 655 1.88 0.037
Preston E07000123 141 317 0.91 0.018
Total 2,303 4,006 11.52 0.228
1 Regional NOx emissions allocated in proportion to CO2 emissions.
Sources: BEIS (2018), UK local authority and regional carbon dioxide emissions national statistics: 2005-2016, 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-local-authority-and-regional-carbon-dioxide-emissions-national-statistics-2005-2016
ONS (2018), Office for National Statistics 2016-based subnational population projections, May 2018. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/localauthoritiesinenglandz1
National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2018), Emission data in Pivot Table Viewer, May 2018. http://naei.beis.gov.uk/data/
Table 2-5: UK road traffic by vehicle type.2.4 Transport emissions in the North West.
12 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Sources: Progressive Energy research and consultation with suppliers.
Figure 2-4: Energy storage densities for batteries and hydrogen.2.5 Energy storage density.
2.6 Renewable electricity supply.
Zoe Tesla Future 350 bar 500 bar 700 bar
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0
kWh/
kg
Figure 2-5: Renewable electricity supply vs total power demand.
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
GW
h
Day
Nuclear electricity supplied Hydroelectric electricity supplied
Wind electricity supplied Solar electricity supplied
Biomass Electricity demand
Fuel cell Battery
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices13
Parameter Data Point
Population 70,629,653 people
Average number of people per household 2.3 people/household
Number of households 30,443,816 households
Hydroelectric installed capacity 431 MW
Solar installed capacity 12,999 MW
Wind installed capacity 39,621 MW
Nuclear installed capacity 7,498 MW
Oil installed capacity 2,502 MW
Biomass installed capacity 5,964 MW
CCGT installed capacity 30,671 MW
Interconnectors capacity 18,900 MW
Sources: BEIS (2019), Updated Energy and Emissions Projections 2018, April 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/updated-energy-and-emissions-projections-2018
Table 2-6: Renewable electricity supply assumptions.
14 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
3.0 Availability and potential for cost reduction.
3.1 State of the art hydrogen vehicles.3.1.1 Buses.
3.1.2 Cars
Key Players Country Summary
Wrightbus UK Wrightbus is offering single deck and double deck FC buses. Prototypes of the latest model are undergoing testing and deliveries to customers are expected from 2019.
Alexander Dennis UK The UK’s largest bus builder has developed a prototype double deck FC bus in partnership with Arcola Energy and Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Van Hool Belgium Van Hool has delivered c.40 FC buses in Europe and the US and is building at least 50 more.
EvoBus Germany Daimler’s EvoBus has demonstrated >50 FC buses in previous projects and plans to offer FC range extender buses, with deliveries expected from 2021.
Solaris Poland Solaris delivered two 18m FC buses to Hamburg and 10 FC range extender trolleybuses to Riga. Now focusing on offering its 12m Urbino FC bus (from 2020).
VDL Netherlands VDL has demonstrated a small number of FC buses and is delivering four vehicles to a Dutch public transport operator as part of the 3Emotion project.
Caetanobus Portugal Toyota recently announced plans to supply its H2 technology to Caetanobus – prototypes are due in 2019, with scale up in production from the early 2020s.
Stakeholders Country Summary
UK SMEs
Riversimple UK Developing a new microcar concept for leased mobility, based on providing mobility to drivers commuting into towns and cities.
Arcola Energy UK Have a number of vehicle development programmes including a new fuel cell powered van (not yet demonstrated on the road).
Microcab UK Has spent a number of years developing a new microcar concept, which is being produced in small batch runs of vehicles.
Global OEMs
Toyota Japan Mirai went into production in 2014, c. 5,300 sold globally by Dec. 2017, mostly in N. America (2,900) and Japan (2,100). Plans to increase production to 30,000/yr from 2020 (up from c.3,000.yr). Lexus FC car due to be on sale by 2020.
Hyundai South Korea ix35 Fuel Cell went into production in 2013, hundreds deployed in selected markets globally. Nexo launched in 2018.
Honda Japan FCX Clarity produced in small numbers from 2008. Replaced by the Honda Clarity – deliveries since 2015/16.
Daimler Germany First F-Cell based on A Class (c.2002), followed by B-Class F-Cell (c.200 built). Latest model is the GLC F-Cell, being produced in limited numbers.
Table 3-1 Current Status of Hydrogen Bus Market.
Table 3-2: Current Status of Hydrogen Car Market.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices15
3.1.3 Refuse collection vehicles
3.1.4 Long haul trucks
Key Players Summary
ULEMCo ULEMCo have converted refuse trucks to dual-fuel hydrogen diesel ICE solutions for Fife Council as part of the Levenmouth Community Energy Project.
The cost of engine retrofit is expected to be ~£40,000 if produced at scale.
The dual-fuel vehicles require refuelling at 350 bar, and perform dual-fuel injection of hydrogen and diesel into a combustion engine.
CO2 emissions reductions are up to 70% lower when operating in dual fuel mode than a comparable diesel vehicle.
E-Trucks E-Trucks have converted a standard refuse vehicle to run on a hydrogen fuel cell.
This is currently under trial in the European Life ‘N Grab Hy where the vehicle will be deployed in a number of European cities.
E-trucks are the main partners in a consortium which has recently secured permission to deploy 15 new fuel cell vehicles in cities across Europe.
These vehicles are at a pre-commercial scale and have a cost of >€650k (£580k).
Project/ Vehicle Supplier Country Technology Vehicle SizeNumber of trucks in operation
ULEMCo UKH2ICE (100%H2)
44t TBC
HVSystems UK Fuel cell 44t TBC
Coop FC truck demo / MAN Switzerland Fuel cell 34t 1
ASKO FC truck demo / Scania Norway Fuel cell 27t 4
H2-Share / VDLBelgium, Germany, France, The Netherlands
Fuel cell 28t 1
Hyundai Switzerland Fuel cell 18-34t 1,000 planned
Nikola Motor Company USA, Norway Fuel cell Class 8 2021 launch
Toyota USA Fuel cell 28t 1
Kenworth USA Fuel cell Class 8 1
Table 3-3: Current Status of Hydrogen RCV Market.
Table 3-4: Current Status of Hydrogen HGV Market.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
16 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
3.1.5 Ferries
3.1.6 Trains
Project Key players Country Summary
HyDIME, Orkney Ferguson Marine Engineering Ltd, ULEMCo, HSSMI
UK Aims to design, integrate and trial an innovative hydrogen / diesel dual fuel conversion system for a 50kW diesel auxiliary power unit on a car ferry operating between Shapinsay and Kirkwall in Orkney. The project began in August 2018.
HySeas III, Orkney Ferguson Marine Engineering Ltd, McPhy, Ballard
UK July 2018: €12.6M project commissioned in Orkney, Scotland to build a car and passenger ferry using hydrogen and fuel cells. TRL 6. Began May 2018.
Zemships FCS Alsterwasser Germany Between 2008 and 2013 this vessel combined two 48 kW PEM fuel cells and a battery pack to transport up to 100 passengers across Lake Alster.
Project MARANDA Powercell, ABB Scandinavia Testing 2x85 kW fuel cells as APUs for a large research vessel (2017-2021).
Viking Cruises Norway Planning to operate an ocean-going cruise ship with liquid hydrogen fueled PEM cells (announced in 2017).
Powercell Sweden 3MW PEM system for FC propulsion or APU on ships.
Project Key players
Coradia iLint HFC train (Germany)
Alstom’s HFC commuter train has now entered into commercial service in Germany. Two pre-series trains are running, fuelled by a mobile refuelling station. Fleet operation (14 further trains) is scheduled to commence in 2021. Alstom has signed letters of intent for 60 hydrogen trains with several German states.
Alstom + Eversholt Refitting class 321s
Alstom is working with Eversholt Rail (British rolling stock leasing company) to refit electric commuter trains (class 321s) with fuel cells and hydrogen tanks. The conversions will take place at Alstom’s Widnes facility, and the first trains could be ready by 2021.
Peterbrook & University of Birmingham Refit of class 319
Peterbrook (British rolling stock leasing company) and the University of Birmingham’s Centre for Railway Research & Education are working together to demonstrate a hydrogen fuel cell train based on a refit of an electric commuter rain. The aim is that the train is ready for demonstration in mid-2019.
Vivarail UK train designers and manufacturers have developed a modular design based on adaptation of old London overground trains. Class 230 hydrogen tanks and fuel cell will be housed beneath the train so seats and interior passenger spaces are not compromised.
Table 3-5: Current Status of Hydrogen Ferry Market.
Table 3-6: Current Status of Hydrogen Rail Market.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices17
3.1.7 Vans and distribution trucks.
3.1.8 Materials handling units
Key Players Country Summary
HVSystems UK HVSystems are developing the H2Van, the prototype will demo in the summer of 2019. It will come in range of sizes to cover applications from 3-8 tonnes. They will also produce 3 ranges of truck which will cover applications between 7.5 – 44 tonnes. These will have a range of up to 800 miles.
ULEMCo UK ULEMCO convert diesel vans to diesel-hydrogen hybrids which run on a dual-fuel system with hydrogen supplied directly to the internal combustion engine. In July 2018, ULEMCO delivered their first hydrogen dual-fuel van to Ocado (previous conversions had been under Revolve).
Hyundai South Korea H350 Fuel Cell Concept was revealed at the IAA in Hannover (2016), a FC van offering c.260 mile range. Not yet available for purchase.
Volkswagen Germany VW Crafter HyMotion is a concept vehicle based on the e-Crafter (launched by VW in 2016) that offers a range of c.300 miles (compared to c.100 miles for the electric only version). Not yet available for purchase.
StreetScooter Germany DHL-owned company building c.100 Work Light Fuel Cell vans by 2020.
Renault Trucks France Low hundreds of Range Extended Renault Kangoo e-vans have been deployed under funded projects across Europe, but only a few have been made available to the UK market to date.
In 2015, Renault developed hydrogen-electric hybrid 4.5 tonne Maxity Electric HDV with a range from c. 100 km to c. 300 km; first models are expected to be deployed in 2019-2020.
Project/key stakeholder
Description Status
Don Quichote Funded by the Don Quichote project, Colruyt Group warehouse are demonstrating 200 forklift vehicles, connecting 1.5MW wind turbine and 800kW PV with 130 kg/day capacity hydrogen HRS.
Due to finish 2018
HAWL Demonstration of 200 fuel cell powered forklifts and HRS. Due to finish 2017
HyLIFT HyLift DEMO/HyLift EUROPE: Demonstration of 200 hydrogen fuel cell forklifts and HRS across 10-20 sites.
Due to finish 2017
IKEA 20 hydrogen forklifts in operation in France, supplied by Air Liquide and PlugPower.
2014
Table 3-7: Current Status of Hydrogen Van / Distribution Truck Market.
Table 3-8: Current Status of Hydrogen Materials Handling Unit Market.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
18 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Figure 3-1: Projected future reduction in fuel cell system costs.
1,000 10,000 100,000
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
$0
Fuel
Cel
l Sys
tem
Cos
t ($/
kWe
net)
Annual Production Rate (systems/year)
2016 Auto System
2017 Auto System
2020 Auto System
2025 Auto System
3.2 Projected future reduction in fuel cell system costs.
2016 System 2017 System 2020 System 2025 System
1,000 systems/year $203/kWe $180/kWe $175/kWe $155/kWe
10,000 systems/year $90/kWe $80/kWe $75/kWe $65/kWe
100,000 system/year $60/kWe $50/kWe $50/kWe $40/kWe
Source: Strategic Analysis Inc (2018), 2018 Cost Projections of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Automobiles and Medium-Duty Vehicles, April 2018. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f51/fcto_webinarslides_2018_costs_pem_fc_autos_trucks_042518.pdf
Table 3-9: Future project reduction in fuel cell system costs.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices19
Figure 4-1: Comparison of hydrogen distribution costs.
500 kg/day tube trailer
delivery
500 kg/day pipeline delivery
2,000 kg/day pipeline delivery
Opex
Capex
2,000 kg/day tube trailer
delivery
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
£/Kg
0.5
0.3
0.9
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.40.3
4.0 FCEVS as a cost competitive solution
4.1 Hydrogen distribution costs.
Assumption Units Pipeline distribution Tube trailer distribution
Tractor capex £ - 90,000
Tractor life Years - 8
Trailer capex £ - 250,000
Trailer life Years - 15
Trailers required # - 2 for 500 kg/day or 6 for 2,000 kg/day
Maintenance as % of capex % - 5
Overheads as % of driver costs % - 50
Number of full-time drivers required # - 1 for 500 kg/day or 3 for 2,000 kg/day
Driver salary £/annum - 40,000
Return on capital % 8 8
Distance to filling station km 1 32 (20 miles)
Dedicated pipeline cost £/km 1,000,000 -
Pipeline depreciation period Years 45 -
Table 4-1: Assumptions used for calculation of hydrogen distribution cost.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
20 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
4.2 Hydrogen production costsFigure 4-2: Comparison of costs of production of transport hydrogen.
Electricity @14p/kWh
Electricity @5p/kWh
Production capex
Other production opex
Production cost (includes capex and opex)
Tube trailer delivery
Pipeline distribution cost
Purification cost
HRS Capex
HRS Fixed Opex
HRS Electricity
15
10
5
0
£/Kg
Onsite electrolysis
(grid electricity)
Offsite electrolysis (renewable electricity)
HyNet (grid gas,
CCS, pipeline)
1.4 1.00.1
0.90.9
0.9 0.40.9 0.9
11.4
7.4
3.61.6
6.4
2.8
Assumption Units Onsite Electrolysis Offsite Electrolysis1 HyNet (ATR)
Capex (installed) £ 8,500,000 23,670,000 -
Demand per station Kg/day 2,000 2,000 2,000
Utilisation % 88 75
Electrolyser stack life Hours 52,000 52,000 -
Electrolyser efficiency kWh/kg 53 53 -
Cost of hydrogen produced £/kg - - £1.6
Distribution cost £/kg - 0.9 -
Electricity price £/kWh 0.14 0.05 0.14
Gas price £/kWh n/a n/a 0.03
H2 purification cost £/kg - - 0.42
HRS capex £5,400,000 for a 2t/day station2
HRS fixed opex £/year 104,000 104,000 104,000
HRS Lifetime Years 15 15 15
Notes:1. Production capacity serving more than just one refuelling station.2. Could be up to £10 million (dependent on dispensing pressure and the number of dispensers and compressors
required for redundancy).
Table 4-2: Assumptions used for calculation of hydrogen production cost.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices21
4.3 Total cost of ownership.4.3.1 Car.
Figure 4-3: Car total cost of ownership.
Assumption Units Diesel BEV (future) FCEV (future)
Vehicle capex £ 30,000 40,000 35,000
Annual maintenance costs £ 1,250 500 500
Diesel consumption L/100km 5.2 - -
Hydrogen consumption kg/100 km - - 1
Vehicle fuel consumption kWh/100km 70 18 33
Hydrogen cost £/kg - - 3.6
Diesel cost £/L 1.1 - -
Electricity cost £/kWh - 0.18 -
Vehicle lifetime Years 4 4 4
Residual value % of capex 30% 30% 30%
Annual mileage km 30,000 30,000 30,000
Table 4-2: Assumptions used for calculation of car total cost of ownership.
Diesel Battery electric - Future Fuel cell - Future
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
£/km
Hydrogen
Electricity
Fuel duty
Diesel
Maintenance
Vehicle capex
0.31 0.33 0.30
0.210.28 0.25
0.04
0.020.020.03
0.030.040.03
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
22 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
4.3.2 Bus.
Figure 4-4: Bus total cost of ownership.
Assumption Units Diesel bus BEV bus (future) FCEV bus (future)
Vehicle capex £/bus 290,000 350,000 350,000
Vehicle maintenance £/year.bus 16,000 12,000 12,000
Hydrogen consumption kg/100km - - 8
Diesel consumption l/100km 37.5 - -
Energy consumption kWh/100km 375 160 266
Hydrogen price £/kg - - 3.6
Diesel price £/l 1 - -
Electricity price £/kWh - 0.14 -
Annual mileage km 65,000 65,000 65,000
Vehicle lifetime years 14 14 14
Table 4-4: Assumptions used for calculation of bus cost of ownership.
Diesel BEV - Future FCEV - Future
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
£/km
1.16 1.06 1.13
0.54 0.65 0.65
0.250.18 0.18
0.16
0.220.22 0.29
Hydrogen
Electricity
Fuel duty
Diesel
Maintenance
Vehicle capex
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices23
4.3.3 25 Tonne HGV
Figure 4 5: HGV total cost of ownership.
Assumption Units Diesel BEV (future) FCEV (future)
Vehicle capex £ 72,000 100,000 150,000
Annual maintenance costs £ 2,750 1,830 2,000
Diesel consumption L/100km 21.1 - -
Hydrogen consumption Kg/100km - - 3.3
Vehicle energy consumption
kWh/100km 211 71 110
Hydrogen cost £/kg - - 3.6
Diesel cost £/L 1 - -
Electricity cost £/kWh - 0.14 -
Vehicle lifetime Years 7 7 7
Annual mileage km 80,000 80,000 80,000
Table 4-5: Assumptions behind calculation of 25t HGV cost of ownership.
Hydrogen
Electricity
Fuel duty
Diesel
Maintenance
Vehicle capex
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
£/km
Diesel BEV - Future FCEV - Potential
0.420.36 0.38
0.170.24 0.24
0.03
0.02 0.030.09
0.120.10 0.12
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
24 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
5.0 Meeting climate and clean air goals.
5.1 Deployment scenarios.
Figure 5-1: Estimates of Hydrogen demand from FCEVs in the North West in 2030.
Cars
Vans
Buses
Rigid HGVs
Articulated HGVs
Trains
0.5
0.10.1
(Potential demand from maritime applications excluded).
1 TWh per annum = 80 tonnes H2 per day
Low Medium High
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
TWh/
annu
m
0.2
0.30.4
0.2
0.91.1
0.32.4
0.40.7
Figure 5-2: Estimates of FCEV deployment in the North West in 2030.
Vehicles deployed
% of total vehicle stock
16,000
15,500
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Num
ber o
f Hyd
roge
n ve
hicl
es d
eplo
yed
% o
f tot
al v
ehic
le s
tock
Car Vans Buses Rigid HGVs
Articulated HGVs
Trains
15,4072,570
787
232392
990%
8%9%
3%0%1%
23%
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices25
Sources: Fleet data from Element Energy consultation with bus operators in the region.
Department for Transport (2019), Motor vehicle traffic (vehicle miles) by local authority in GB, Table TRA8901, April 2019 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/all-vehicles-veh01
Department for Transport (2019), Licensed vehicles at the end of the quarter by body type and region, Table VEH0104, April 2019 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/all-vehicles-veh01
Department for Transport (2019), Cars registered for the first time by region, Table VEH0254, April 2019 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/veh02-licensed-cars
Department for Transport (2019), Licensed heavy goods vehicles by region: Great Britain and United Kingdom, Table VEH0504, April 2019 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/veh05-licensed-heavy-goods-vehicles
Rail delivery group (2018), Long Term Passenger Rolling Stock Strategy for the Rail Industry, March 2018 https://www.raildeliverygroup.com/files/Publications/2018-03_long_term_passenger_rolling_stock_strategy_6th_ed.pdf
Assumptions Cars Vans Buses Rigid trucks
Articulated trucks
Trains
Total baseline petrol/diesel fleet size
2,751,000 394,000 2,500 34,100 15,200 440
Table 5-1: Estimated baseline fleet size in the HyNet region.
26 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
5.1.1 Low uptake scenario.
Sales of hydrogen vehicles
Units 2020 2025 2030
Cars Sales per year 28 825 7,703
Vans Sales per year - 59 590
Buses % of total sales per year 3% 10% 15%
Rigid trucks % of total sales per year 0% 1% 3%
Articulated trucks % of total sales per year 0% 1% 1%
Trains % of total sales per year 2% 2% 2%
Sales of hydrogen vehicles
2020 2025 2030 2050
Cars 28 825 7,703 40,000
Vans - 59 590 2,500
Buses 6 68 187 750
Rigid trucks 10 167 523 5,000
Articulated trucks - 31 108 1,000
Trains 3 31 61 200
Table 5-2: Assumptions for sales of hydrogen vehicles in the HyNet region.
Table 5-3: Stock of hydrogen vehicles in the HyNet region.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices27
5.1.2 Medium uptake scenario.
Sales of hydrogen vehicles
Units 2020 2025 2030
Cars Sales per year 55 1,651 15,407
Vans Sales per year 39 295 787
Buses % of total sales per year 3% 15% 15%
Rigid trucks % of total sales per year 1% 5% 12%
Articulated trucks % of total sales per year 0% 1% 5%
Trains % of total sales per year 2% 5% 10%
Sales of hydrogen vehicles
2020 2025 2030 2035
Cars 55 1,651 15,407 50,000
Vans 39 295 787 4,000
Buses 6 97 232 1,000
Rigid trucks 24 761 2,570 10,000
Articulated trucks - 61 392 2,000
Trains 4 39 99 500
Table 5-4: Assumptions for sales of hydrogen vehicles in the HyNet region.
Table 5-5: Stock of hydrogen vehicles in the HyNet region.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
28 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
5.1.3 High uptake scenario.
Sales of hydrogen vehicles
Units 2020 2025 2030
Cars Sales per year 110 3,301 27,512
Vans Sales per year 59 590 1,968
Buses % of total sales per year 3% 20% 30%
Rigid trucks % of total sales per year 1% 12% 30%
Articulated trucks % of total sales per year 0% 5% 15%
Trains % of total sales per year 15% 10% 30%
Sales of hydrogen vehicles
2020 2025 2030 2050
Cars 110 3,301 27,512 120,000
Vans 59 590 1,968 7,000
Buses 6 126 364 1,500
Rigid trucks 37 1,768 6,389 25,000
Articulated trucks - 313 1,359 5,000
Trains 9 69 182 400
Table 5-6: Assumptions for sales of hydrogen vehicles in the HyNet region.
Table 5-7: Stock of hydrogen vehicles in the HyNet region.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices29
5.2 Climate change benefits.5.2.1 Emissions factors for different fuels.
5.2.2 Cars.
Assumption Units Value
Long-run marginal electricity emissions factor in 2019 (commercial/public sector) kg CO2e/kWh 0.3
Long-run marginal electricity emissions factor in 2030 (commercial/public sector) kg CO2e/kWh 0.1
Diesel tank-to-wheel emissions factor kg CO2e/L 2.6
Diesel well-to-tank emissions factor kg CO2e/L 0.7
Hydrogen production emissions (from ATR, including CCS) kg CO2e/kg H2 3.7
Assumption Units Value
Diesel car fuel consumption L/100km 5.2
Hydrogen car fuel consumption kg/100 km 1.0
Electric car fuel consumption kWh/100km 18.0
Table 5-8: Assumptions used to calculate GHG emissions of different fuels.
5.2.3 Figure 5-3: Estimated well-to-wheel emissions from different types of cars.
Table 5-9: Assumptions behind calculation of greenhouse gas emissions benefits of hydrogen cars.
Sources: HM Treasury (2019), Valuation of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas, April 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/valuation-of-energy-use-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-for-appraisal
BEIS (2018), Conversion factors 2018 - Full set (for advanced users), July 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2018
Cadent (2018), Hynet Project Report, 2018. https://hynet.co.uk/documents/
Powertrain
Diesel
Battery electric (current grid electricity)
Battery electric (potential ‘future’ grid electricity)
FCEV (HyNet hydrogen)
Emissions from different types of cars
171
54 3723
200
150
100
50
0
gCO
2 e/k
m
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
30 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
5.2.4 Buses.
5.2.5 Trucks.
Assumption Units Value
Diesel bus fuel consumption L/100km 37.5
Hydrogen bus fuel consumption kg/100 km 8
Electric bus fuel consumption kWh/100km 160
Assumption Units Value
Diesel truck fuel consumption L/100km 21
Hydrogen truck fuel consumption kg/100 km 3.3
Electric truck consumption kWh/100km 71
Figure 5-4: Estimated well-to-wheel emissions from different types of buses.
Figure 5-5: Estimated well-to-wheel emissions from different types of trucks.
Table 5-10: Assumptions behind calculation of greenhouse gas emissions benefits of hydrogen buses.
Table 5-11: Assumptions behind calculation of GHG emissions benefits of hydrogen trucks.
Powertrain
Diesel
Battery electric (current grid electricity)
Battery electric (‘future’ grid electricity)
FCEV (HyNet hydrogen)
Powertrain
Diesel
Battery electric (current grid electricity)
Battery electric (‘future’ grid electricity)
FCEV (HyNet hydrogen)
gCO
2 e/k
m
Emissions from different types of buses
1,4001,2001,000
800600400200
0
1,215
483 296202
Emissions from different types of trucks
694
214 12090
200
150
100
50
0
gCO
2 e/k
m
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices31
5.2.6 Trains.
Assumption Units Value
Diesel train fuel consumption L/100km 120
Hydrogen train fuel consumption kg/100 km 28
Figure 5-6: Estimated well-to-wheel emissions from different types of trains.
Table 5-12: Assumptions behind calculation of greenhouse gas emissions benefits of hydrogen trains.
Powertrain
Diesel
FCEV (HyNet hydrogen)
Emissions from different types of trains
3,900
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
gCO
2 e/k
m
5.2.7 Total climate change benefit.Figure 5-7: Potential total CO2 reduction from FCEVs in North West (medium scenario).
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Cars
Vans
Buses
Rigid HGVs
Articulated HGVs
Trains
7
100
346
2020 2025 2030
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
kt C
O2 e
q/ye
ar
32 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Assumptions Cars Vans Buses Rigid trucks
Articulated trucks
Trains
Fuel consumption (kWh/km) 0.33 0.67 2.7 2.4 2.6 10.0
Fuel consumption (kg/km) 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.3
Average annual mileage per vehicle – approx. (km)
30,000 30,000 65,000 80,000 120,000 360,000
Average daily hydrogen demand per vehicle (kg H2/day)
1 2 13 11 24 300
Total baseline petrol/diesel fleet size 2,751,000 394,000 2,500 34,100 15,200 440
Table 5-13: Assumptions informing calculation of hydrogen demand and emissions benefits.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Annual emissions savings in 2030 (tonnes CO2eq) Estimated baseline annual emissions (tonnes CO2eq)
Low Medium High Diesel fleet
Cars 30,967 61,935 110,598 14,113,621
Vans 4,747 6,330 15,824 4,038,734
Buses 11,170 13,859 21,744 197,438
Rigid trucks 24,016 118,014 293,383 1,895,091
Articulated trucks 8,059 29,251 101,409 1,371,725
Trains 72,000 116,792 214,709 624,254
Total 150,923 346,181 757,666 22,240,863
Table 5-14: Estimated annual emissions savings under different hydrogen vehicle uptake scenarios in 2030.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices33
5.3 Cost of carbon abatement.Figure 5-8: Cost of carbon abatement for BEV and FCEVs.
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
£/to
nne
CO
2 eq
abat
ed
BEV Now
BEV Future
Car
FCEV Future
BEV Now
BEV Future
Bus
FCEV Future
BEV Now
BEV Future
Truck
FCEV Future
Source: Based on data presented in Sections 4.3 and 5.2.
Car
BEV Now BEV Future FCEV Future
Cost carbon abatement (£/tonne CO2eq) 427 338 149
Addition cost versus diesel (£/km) 0.05 0.05 0.02
CO2 savings versus diesel (gCO2eq/km) 117 148 134
Bus
BEV Now BEV Future FCEV Future
Cost carbon abatement (£/tonne CO2eq) 164 118 207
Addition cost versus diesel (£/km) 0.12 0.12 0.19
CO2 savings versus diesel (gCO2eq/km) 732 1,013 919
Truck
BEV Now BEV Future FCEV Future
Cost carbon abatement (£/tonne CO2eq) 125 99 139
Addition cost versus diesel (£/km) 0.06 0.06 0.08
CO2 savings versus diesel (gCO2eq/km) 480 604 574
Table 5-15: Assumptions relating to cost of carbon abatement.
34 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
5.4 Air quality impact.Figure 5-9: Potential total NOx reduction from FCEVs in North West (medium scenario).
Cars
Vans
Buses
Rigid HGVs
Articulated HGVs
Trains2020 2025 2030
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
t NO
x/ye
ar
70
1,000
3,000
Assumptions Cars Vans Buses Rigid trucks
Articulated trucks
Trains
Diesel emissions (g NOX/km) 0.18 0.28 6.0 36.4
Basis for assumption Euro 5 limit
Euro 5 limit
Conservative estimate assuming a mix of vehicle ages and speeds in the overall fleet (see emissions functions below)
Based on scale-up of assumed bus and truck emissions factors in line with relative fuel demand per km
Table 5-16: Diesel emissions factors applied for high-level estimation of emissions benefits.
Sources: Dieselnet (2019), EU: Cars and Light Trucks, April 2019. https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php
National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2018), Fleet Weighted Road Transport Emission Factor 2016, March 2018. http://naei.beis.gov.uk/data/ef-transport
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices35
Emissions savings (tonnes NOx/year)
2020 2025 2030
Cars 0 9 83
Vans 0 2 7
Buses 2 38 90
Rigid HGVs 12 365 1,234
Articulated HGVs - 44 282
Trains 52 511 1,296
Emissions savings (% saving compared to diesel baseline)
2020 2025 2030
Cars 0.00% 0.06% 0.56%
Vans 0.01% 0.08% 0.20%
Buses 0.24% 3.88% 9.28%
Rigid HGVs 0.07% 2.23% 7.53%
Articulated HGVs 0.00% 0.40% 2.58%
Trains 0.91% 8.86% 22.50%
Total 0.13% 1.86% 5.73%
Table 5-17: Estimated annual NOx emissions savings vs a diesel baseline fleet in the medium uptake scenario.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
36 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Table 6-1: Potential demand for public hydrogen refuelling stations.
6.0 Roadmap to deployment
6.1 Public HRSs
Demand scenario Number of vehicles
Hydrogen demand (tonnes/day)
Estimated number of public hydrogen stations required
Scenario Year Cars & vans
Long haul trucks1
Cars & vans
Long haul trucks1
Number of public refuelling stations
Approx. demand per refuelling station
Low hydrogen demand
2025 900 30 0.9 0.7 8 (2 of which can refuel trucks)
0.2 tonnes/day
2030 8,300 100 8.9 2.4 15 (3 of which can refuel trucks)
0.8 tonnes/day
2050 42,000 1,000 45.0 24.0 35 (5 of which can refuel trucks)
2.0 tonnes/day
High hydrogen demand
2025 3,900 300 4.5 7.4 15 (4 of which can refuel trucks)
0.8 tonnes/day
2030 29,500 1,300 31.5 32.5 30 (5 of which can refuel trucks)
1.5 tonnes/day
2050 127,000 5,000 134.0 120.0 50 (6 of which can refuel trucks)
5.0 tonnes/day
Note: 1.The number of long-haul trucks is based on the number of articulated trucks in a given deployment scenario.
Source: Element Energy analysis.
Figure 6-1: Long haul HGVs based in depots in postcode sectors near the proposed HyNet pipeline.
Total number of HGVs based on depots within postcode sector Sectors shown within blue are outside the HyNet area, or have no HGV depots
HyNet pipeline schematic
Key truck depots close to the pipeline
1 - 100
100 - 275
275 - 750
750 - 1250
1250 - 2772
Legend
Source: Driver Vehicle and Standards Agency (2019), Vehicle Operator Licensing Database, April 2019. https://www.vehicle-operator-licensing.service.gov.uk/search/find-lorry-bus-operators/
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices37
Operating centre Company Vehicles Trailers Industry Experience of alternative fuels?
Co-op Distribution Centre, St Helens
Wincanton Group 267 230 Logistics Yes (gas)
Omega South, Warrington Asda Stores 218 441 Supermarket Yes (gas)
Stretton Green Distribution Centre, Warrington
Eddie Stobart 200 200 Logistics Yes (gas)
Warrington Distribution Centre
Royal Mail Group 186 197 Logistics Yes (electric vans)
Widnes Intermodal Rail Depot
Eddie Stobart 150 220 Logistics Yes (gas)
Stobart Ports, Widnes Eddie Stobart 150 175 Logistics Yes (gas)
Haydock Industrial Estate, St Helens
Sainsburys Supermarkets
140 200 Supermarket Yes (gas, liquid nitrogen)
Liverpool International Business Park
B & M Retail 125 250 Supermarket
Middlewich B & M Retail 125 180 Supermarket
Ocean Estates, Trafford Park, Manchester
Wincanton Group 121 129 Logistics Yes (gas)
Ocean Estates, Trafford Park, Manchester
Kuehne + Nagel 121 129 Logistics Yes (smaller electric vehicles, liquid nitrogen)
Table6-2: Operating centres with long-haul HGVs.
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
38 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Figure 6-2: Potential locations for public HRS in 2025.
Figure 6-3: Public refuelling stations: potential locations in 2030-2050.
Truck depots
Existing petrol station
HyNet pipeline schematic
Proposed HRS locations - low uptake scenario
Additional proposed HRS locations - high uptake scenario
Truck depots
Existing petrol station
HyNet pipeline schematic
Proposed HRS locations - low uptake scenario
Legend
Legend
Source: Element Energy analysis.
Source: Element Energy analysis.
Low scenario: 900 cars and vans, 30 trucks High scenario: 2,900 cars and vans, 300 trucks
2030: 15-30 stations, up to 5 for trucksLow scenario: 8,300 cars and vans, 100 trucks High scenario: 29,500 cars and vans, 1,300 trucks
2050: 35-50 stations, up to 6 for trucksLow scenario: 42,000 cars and vans, 1,000 trucks High scenario: 127,000 cars and vans, 5,300 trucks
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices39
Table 6-3: Potential demand for in-depot hydrogen refuelling stations.
Demand scenario
Number of vehicles Total hydrogen demand (tonnes/day)
Estimated number of in-depot hydrogen stations required
Scenario Year Buses Back-to-base trucks1
Trains Buses Back-to-base trucks1
Trains Number of in-depot refuelling stations
Approx. demand per refuelling station
Low hydrogen demand
2025 70 170 30 0.9 1.9 4.7 6-8 (+1 train depot)
0.5 tonnes/day
2030 190 500 60 2.4 5.7 9.2 15-20 (+2 train depots)
0.5 tonnes/day
2050 750 5,000 200 9.8 55.0 30.0 50-60 (+3 train depots)
1.3 tonnes/day
High hydrogen demand
2025 130 1,800 70 1.6 20.0 10.4 30-40 (+2 train depots)
0.7 tonnes/day
2030 360 6,400 180 4.7 70.3 27.3 60-100 (+3 train depots)
1.0 tonnes/day
2050 1,500 25,000 400 20.0 275.0 60.0 200+ (+4 train depots)
1.5 tonnes/day
Note: 1.The number of back-to-base trucks is based on the number of rigid trucks in a given deployment scenario.
Source: Element Energy analysis.
6.2 Depot-based private HRSs.
Figure 6-4: Numbers of licensed HGVs based in depots in postcode sectors near the proposed HyNet pipeline.
Total number of HGVs based on depots within postcode sector Sectors shown within blue are outside the HyNet area, or have no HGV depots
HyNet pipeline schematic
Key back-to-back truck depots close to the pipeline
1 - 100
100 - 275
275 - 750
750 - 1250
1250 - 2772
Legend
40 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
Source: Element Energy consultation with suppliers.
Figure 6-5: Numbers of buses and coaches based in depots in postcode sectors near the proposed HyNet pipeline.
Total number of HGVs based on depots within postcode sector Sectors shown within blue are outside the HyNet area, or have no HGV depots
HyNet pipeline schematic
Large bus depots close to the pipeline
1 - 100
100 - 275
275 - 750
750 - 1250
1250 - 2772
Legend
Operating centre Company Vehicles Trailers Industry Experience of alternative fuels?
Ellesmere Port DHL Supply Chain 60 60 Distribution Yes (gas)
Boulevard Industry Park, Liverpool
DHL Supply Chain 40 50 Distribution
Speke, Halewood DHL Supply Chain 40 60 Distribution
Speke, Halewood DHL Supply Chain 40 55 Distribution
Trafford Park DHL Supply Chain 35 62 Distribution
Carrington DHL Supply Chain 35 35 Distribution
Northbank Industrial Estate
DPDGroup UK 60 60 Distribution Yes (electric vans)
Trafford Park Kuehne + Nagel 50 25 Distribution Yes (smaller electric vehicles, liquid nitrogen)
Monsall Road, Manchester
Kuehne + Nagel 46 42 Distribution
Speke TNT UK 60 30 Distribution Yes (electric vehicles)Trafford Park TNT UK 40 25 Distribution
Table 6-4: Operating centres with back-to-base HGVs.
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices41
Figure 6-6: Potential train refuelling locations near the proposed HyNet pipeline.
Figure 6-7: ‘In-depot’ refuelling hotspots near the proposed HyNet pipeline.
Northern rail depots (diesel refuelling)
Alstom train refuelling station
Birkenhead - North Wales trainline
Potential HyNet Pipeline Route
Legend
Northern rail depots
Alstom train refuelling station
Bus depots with >100 vehicles
Back-to-base HGV depots
HyNet pipeline schematic
Cluster of potential demand
Legend
42 HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices
HyMotion Project Report Technical Appendices43
hynet.co.uk/transport
Cadent Gas Ltd, Ashbrook Court, Central Blvd, Coventry, CV7 8PEwww.cadentgas.com
Progressive Energy LtdSwan House, Bonds Mill, Stonehouse GL10 3RF+44 (0)1453 822444www.progressive-energy.com
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