HYPER TECH Magazine

Issue No

Emerging Technology

Featuring: Cognitive Computing

Wearable Technology

Smart Robots

3D Bioprinting

INFOTECH S05

Layout by Rebekah Melencio

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword………………………………………4

Cognitive Computing…………………...6

Wearable Technology………………….12

Smart Robots……………………………...20

3D Bioprinting…………………………….32

Solar Energy………………………………..42

Credits………………………………………...53

References…………………………………..56

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FOREWORD

B P of. Ga A. G e

This issue of Hypertech E-magazine features emerging technologies:

Cognitive Computing Wearable Computing Smart Robots D Bioprinting Solar Energy

The field of Cognitive Computing is one of the domains of Artificial Intelligence that is evolving in leaps and bounds. In his book, How to Create a Mind, Ray Kurtzweil arguably the world’s most influential futurist explores the reverse-engineering of the human brain so that man can create even more in-telligent machines. This has led some of the giants in technology like Bill Gates and Elon Musk to beware of the risks of reaching Su-perintelligence a state when machine intelligence has overtaken hu-man intelligence as propounded in the book of Nick Bostrom.

Wearable Computing as manifested in Google Glass and Apple watch is among the next wave of computing with vast applications especially in the field of healthcare and fitness and mobile computing capabilities of the smartphone like e-payments and collaboration-on-the-go.

Aligned with the trend on cognitive computing is the emergence of smart robots. This disruptive technology will force a rethinking of the way smart robots can work side-by-side with humans in the work-place as well as at home. Again the risk of these smart robots over-taking human intelligence which could trigger the

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Rise of the Machines leading to human extinction is a concern which should be addressed through proper controls by the community of scientists and management working in the domain of artificial intel-ligence.

The emergence of D Bioprinting offers fresh hope to the multitudes of people needing organ replacement, e.g. kidney and heart trans-plants. Scientists at the University of Louisville have D printed parts of a working human heart. Imagine your beating, pumping heart, working hard right this moment to keep you alive. Now think of a fu-ture where, if your heart failed or has a defect, you could get one that works better and lasts longer. Once this technology reaches mainstream, this will push the lifespan of the human race beyond cur-rent limits.

In the McKinsey Quarterly report of July 0 , McKinsey predicts so-lar power will grow fast but remain small compared with conventional sources. Crashing prices in solar may be the key to bringing power to the more than . billion people who currently do without. A future of distributed generation would allow countries to leapfrog the cost and complexity of building reliable grids.

Hypertech Magazine

Issue Infote S0 September-December 0

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Cognitive Computing What is Cog ii e Co pui g?

A o di g to hais. o , og ii e o pu-i g a e dei ed as the si ulaio of hu a thought p o esses i a o pute ized odel.

“i pl put, og ii e o pui g is a o -pute p o esso that has ee pate ed ate ou o hu a og ii e p o esses – p o esses that a e a le to a al ze oth st u tu ed a d u st u tu ed data a d e e ts.

IBM ade og ii e o pute popula i t odu i g Watso , the Jeopa d pla i g supe o pute that as a le to a al ze hu a la guage

a d s a ast a ou ts of data to fo ulate a -s e s; eai g e e hu a Jeopa d ha pio pla e s hile ithout ei g o e ted to the i te -

et. This as a ig feat, as Jeopa d is a o ple ga e sho he e uesio s a e ot just ased o fa ts, ut a e ui e ou to i fe ou a s e elai g uliple s ippets of fa ts ade o e o -

ple hu a la guage.

What akes og ii e o pui g so u i ue is that, a o di g to hais. o , it i ol es a self lea i g s ste that use data i i g, pate e og-

iio a d atu al la guage p o essi g to i i the a the hu a ai o ks. . Whais. o fu the

ela o ates that the goal of og ii e o pui g is to eate auto ated IT s ste s that a e apa le of

sol i g p o le s ithout e ui i g hu a assis-ta e .

A o di g to IBM Resea h, the tea hi h de eloped Watso : Big Data g o th is a ele ai g as o e of the o ld’s a i it is e p essed digitall . Not o l is it i easi g i olu e, ut also i speed,

a iet , a d u e tai t . Most data o o e i u st u tu ed fo s su h as ideo, i ages, s ols, a d atu al la guage- a e o pui g odel is

eeded i o de fo usi esses to p o ess a d ake se se of it, a d e ha e a d e te d the e pe ise of hu a s. Rathe tha ei g p og a ed to a i i-pate e e possi le a s e o a io eeded to pe -fo a fu io o set of tasks, og ii e o pui g s ste s a e t ai ed usi g A ii ial i tellige e AI

a d a hi e lea i g algo ith s to se se, p edi t, a d i fe a d, i so e a s, thi k .

This is hat akes og ii e o pui g so u i ue a d e ii g. Cog ii e o pui g e po e s o pute s ste s, a hi es, ith the hu a fa -

to . The a ilit to a al ze situaio s ased o se se, a d e pe ie e; elded

ith the alue of al ulated logi .

The Histo of Cog ii e

Co pui g

A o di g to

Cha les Roe, i his a i le:

A B ief Histo of Cog ii e

Co pui g o datadi e sit . et,

og ii e o pui g a

t a e its oots to the th

e tu he Mathe ai ia

Geo ge Boole ote The La s of

Though; a d the p oposiio s of

Cha les Ba age o eai g hat as

te ed a a al i al e gi e .

The te A ii ial I tellige e AI as oi ed i the s, as the s ie e a d e gi ee i g of aki g i tellige t a hi es Roe, A B ief Histo of Cog ii e Co pui g .

Late , i the id- s, IBM’s supe o pute – Deep Blue , eat the o ld hess ha pio Ga Kaspa-o . Late , i the ea l s, a “ta fo d uilt o ot i s

the DARPA G a d Challe ge Roe, A B ief Histo of Cog-ii e Co pui g .

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While IBM’s pla i g o pute did just that – pla hess; it as sill a e e ope e fo so iet . It sig iied

that o pute s ould e eated o taught do thi gs ete tha e e the est of us.

The ig step i og ii e o pui g as i , he IBM’s supe o pute Watso , eat ha pio

Jeopa d ! Pla e s o li e tele isio . Watso , had a ess to ast a ou ts of data – ut as ot o e ted to the i te et hile pla i g.

Cog ii e Co pui g s. A ii ial

I tellige e

A o di g to A kita Gupta of IBM, the e is a dife e e et ee og ii e o pui g a d a ii ial i tellige e.

To u de sta d the dife e e, she des i es that ith AI, hu a s a e ot pa t of ho the s ste s p o ess

i fo aio . I AI, it is the o pute thi ki g o its o . This is i o t ast to og ii e o pui g he e hu a s a d o pute s o k togethe . Cog ii e o pu-i g, a o di g to Gupta, suppo ts the hu a e pe ise

a al zi g a d p ese i g e o e daio s to hu-a s i a a a hu a a u de sta d.

Ho Cog ii e Co pui g E ha es the Hu a E pe ise

A o di g to IBM. o , og ii e o pui g e -ha es, s ales a d a ele ates the hu a e pe ise.

The easo fo that is, og ii e o pui g op-ies the hu a lea i g p o ess that i ol es o se aio , i te p etaio , e aluaio , p io to aki g a de isio .

This of ou se sou ds e s ie e-i io . But a o di g to IBM, the Watso “upe Co pute is a le to o se e data f o uliple sou es Data i i g – fo

e a ple, sea hi g the i te et, t eets, esea h e-po ts – esse iall a thi g a aila le i the o ld ide

e . Be ause it is a lea i g s ste , it is ot ou d the ha d a e he e the data is sto ed- it has the a ilit to go out a d look fo data o e the pu li l a aila le

et o ks.

Ne t, Watso the i te p ets the data looki g fo pate s, o e io s a d i sight A al i s ; a d de-pe di g o ho it is o igu ed as the o pute a e o igu ed to a fu io s , it ill look fo dife e t

thi gs – esse iall eha e o ho it as t ai ed to e-ha e.

A d this is the alue that this t pe of o pui g i gs. Be ause it is ot pulled do hu a iases,

p e o epio s, o e e li ited to sleep. This t pe of o pute ope s e doo s a d possi iliies i pate e og iio —pate s that e e the ightest hu a

ight o e look.

What is Watso ? IBM’s Watso is the supe o pute ho i

eat the o ld ha pio s of the ga e sho Jeopa d ! At the i e, Watso had a ess to ast a ou ts of data-

ut had o a ess to the i te et hile the ga e sho as goi g o . What ade the feat so g ou d eaki g as that Watso , a o pute , as a le to u de sta d

hu a la guage- e e e that i the ga e sho Jeop-a d the e is a pla i o ds i ho the uesio s a d a s e s a e fo ulated a d p ese ted. Watso as also a le to a s e a ide a a of uesio s et ie i g data f o dife e t sou es sto ed i te all

a d p o ess a a s e faste tha his hu a o peito s ould.

Of ou se IBM’s Watso ade istakes also hile a s e -

i g, ut this as a a azi g i st step i the ield of og ii e o pu-i g.

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Toda IBM’s Watso te h olog is applied i a u e of dife e t ields. A fe e a -ples i lude:

Watso ’s a ilit to a al ze ast a ou ts of data that is oth st u tu ed a d u st u tu ed a d e-late it all togethe helps Do to s diag ose ill esses

oth a e a d o o i se o ds.

Toda Watso te h olog o ks ith the li -i al e pe ise of Me o ial “loa Kete i g e ie -i g ast a ou ts of edi al lite atu e, a d e t a ts ke i fo aio f o ea h paie t’s health e o d to e su e that the t eat e t opio s a e g ou ded o fa ts, e ide e, a d desig ed fo the paie t ei g t eated IBM. o

Healthcare

Business:

Watso o ks ith hefs to o e up ith i g edie t o i aio s that ake se se f o a taste a d ole -

ula le el – stud i g ast a ou ts of detail a d data. U like o al hu a s, Watso is ot li ited ultu -

al iases – food pai i gs a d

i g edie ts that a pe so ight g o up ith i a e -tai ultu e. Watso e ie s i g edie ts a d i ds

at hes outside hat a o al pe so ight e a le to o e up ith.

Food:

Watso helps sot a e de elope s desig appli aio s p o idi g deepe u de sta di g of pe so alit i -

sights, usto e ha a te isi s, a d alues. Watso also helps de elope s e plo e i fo aio ased o o epts ehi d the i put i stead of aii g fo i d-

i gs IBM. o

F o a usto e se i e pe spe i e, Watso helps all e te age ts o tai a d o u i ate i fo -

aio faste to usto e s. Fo o pa ies that ha e p odu ts a d se i es that ha ge ui kl , this is i -

po ta t to keep usto e s happ .

I etail, a la ge etail hai i the U“ has used a Watso ased appli aio to help usto e s hile the shop. A e a ple is he a usto e alks i to the i e se io of the sto e, he a o u i ate

ith Watso o hat to u . Watso ill p o e ith uesio s like – hat ill ou pai it ith? What is ou udget? Will ou ook ith it? A d ill o e up ith

spe ii e o e daio s – ot li ks to sea h esults.

What akes Watso so u i ue f o egu-la o pute s is that Watso a :

. U de sta d hu a la guage. I fa t, he has lea ed Japa ese. Hu a la guage is o ple a d

akes use of to s of u st u tu ed data hi h akes up o e % of the o ld’s data toda .

. Watso uses ad a ed a al i s to o e up ith h pothesis a d e aluates the eight of ea h h poth-esis ased o the i fo aio e ie ed. We sa this applied i the ga e sho Jeopa d .

. Fle i le a ilit to lea e thi gs; to uild e pe -ise i uliple ields. I iiall Watso o l pla ed Jeopa d . No Watso is lea i g usi , is helpi g do to s t eat a e , a d is e e a al zi g o ies.

Now Watson is learning music, is

helping doctors treat cancer, and is

even analyzing movies

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SWOT A al sis

St e gths:

. Watso ’s sou e of data used is u li ited

. Watso a e upg aded, updated, a d o i uousl i te a t ith e pe ts th ough lea i g a d sou i g data

. Adapta le a d ad a ed te h olog

. Ke p oje t of IBM

Weak esses:

. To ta kle ields that eed e pe ise, Watso ill eed t ai i g f o e pe ts

. Needs to olle t data i st efo e a al zi g usi g O -se e, I te p et, E aluate, De ide p o ess

Oppo tu iies:

. Watso ’s apa iliies ate to a ious ields a d se -i es, oth p i ate a d pu li

. Watso is suppo ted lo al a d fo eig go e e ts

. Gea to uilize loud te h olog i the futu e

Th eats:

. Co peito s ith a aila le te h olog like Google, Fa e ook a d Apple a

. Pu li igu es agai st A ii ial I tellige e

. I esto t e d i fu di g te h sta tups fo A ii ial I tellige e a d a hi e lea i g

St e gth

. Watso ’s sou e of data used is u li -ited

. Watso a e upg aded, updated, a d o i uousl i te a t ith e pe ts th ough

lea i g a d sou i g data

. Adapta le a d ad a ed te h olog

. Ke p oje t of IBM

Weak ess

. To ta kle ields that eed e pe -ise, Watso ill eed t ai i g f o e pe ts

. Needs to olle t data i st e-fo e a al zi g usi g O se e, I -te p et, E aluate, De ide p o ess

“O WO

Oppo tu iies

. Watso ’s apa iliies ate to a ious ields a d se i es, oth

p i ate a d pu li

. Watso is suppo ted lo al a d fo eig go e e ts

. Gea to uilize loud te h olog i the futu e

“ O : Ofe Watso to a ious ields a d se i es usi g a aila le data

“ O : I ol e o e e pe ts i t ai i g Wat-so to tap o e ields a d se i es

“ O : Upg ade s ste to adapt a d uilize loud te h olog

“ O : Ofe Watso to go e e t age -ies a d glo al i situio s fo a al zi g

glo al issues su h as e i e a d te o -is

W O : T ai i g Watso should e use f ie d to a o odate o e e pe ts i a ious ields a d se -

i es

W O : B idge gap i loud te h-olog fo o i uous a al zi g

“T WT

Th eats

. Co peito s ith a aila le te h-olog like Google, Fa e ook a d

Apple a

. Pu li igu es agai st A ii ial I tellige e

. I esto t e d i fu di g te h sta tups fo A ii ial I tellige e a d a hi e lea i g

“ T : Mai tai f ee a ess to i te et data a d p e e t est i io s o e lusi it to a ess

“ T : I p o e te h olog of Watso to e ahead of o peiio

“ T : Esta lish t a spa e i p oto ols agai st th eat to hu a s

“ T : At a t i esto s fo appli aio s ade fo spe ii ields a d se i es su h as

health o la that uilize Watso

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Cog ii e Co pui g a d the O -De a d Co su pio Model

Cog ii e “ ale, a o pa fou ded a fe of the fo e e e s of the IBM Watso Tea , ha e de-

eloped loud ased ofe i gs that use og ii e o pu-i g – all ased o IBM’s Watso supe o pute .

B usi g Cloud as a deli e odel, Cog ii e “ ale is a le to ofe Watso like se i es to a la ge a ge of o pa ies o -de a d.

A o di g to Da l Tat, ate just eeks of de elop e t, Cog ii e “ ale as a le to de elop a og-

ii e loud plafo , fou i dust appli aio s, a d pate ts.

Mo e a azi g sill is that the o pa as a le to fo ge pa t e ships ith e usto e s a d te h olo-g o pa ies. The e pe ted e e ue of the o pa is i the uli- illio -dolla a ge. A a azi g feat fo a sta t-up.

While the o pa ’s leade ship is la gel fo ed the fo e e e s of the IBM Watso Tea , thei

o pa oats e pe ie ed p ofessio als f o Dell, O a-le, Pe ot “ ste s, a d MIT.

A o di g to fou de Mat “a hez: The e a e th ee ja d oppi g fa ts that li it the apa iliies of ig data: Fi st – pe e t of ig data i iiai es fail. “e o d – to pe e t of the o lds data is t apped silos

ithi a d outside the o pa alls ith o se u e a d elia le a to a ess it. Thi d- alua le i sights a e lost e ause pe e t of data is ot a hi e – eada le;

that is o o l efe ed to as da k data . We add ess these gaps th ough og ii e o pui g to help usto -e s i p o e de isio - aki g, pe so alize usto e e pe-ie es a d eate o e p oita le elaio ships .

Deloite Co suli g elie es that the og ii e o pui g a ket i the U ited “tates ill g o f o

the u e t Billio U“D to o e tha Billio U“D Tat .

Cog ii e “ ale’s lagship p odu t is alled I sights Fa i – a i sights-as-a-se i e p odu t that

helps o pa ies uild og ii e appli aio s i health a e, etail, t a el, a d i a ial se i es.

The alue that I sights Fa i i gs is that it is a le to a al ze da k data sou es that a e u e tl ot looked at o pa ies. This da k data i ludes i fo -

aio f o logs, e ails, a d so ial edia.

The fou de s ha e ot ut thei ies ith IBM though. I fa t, the o pa is pa t e i g ith IBM “ot-

la e IBM’s Pu li Cloud to ea h usto e s. The o -pa also pa t e s ith othe o pa ies su h as Deloite, a d A azo .

Cost a d Be eit of Watso

I Ja ua IBM a ou ed the e e spe di g $ illio to lau h the Watso G oup, i lud-i g a $ illio e tu e fu d to suppo t sta t-ups a d

usi esses that a e uildi g Watso -po e ed apps usi g the Watso De elope s Cloud . This has ade a ad a e e ts a d pu lished esea h toui g the ise of

og ii e o pui g .

The iggest appli aio of Watso has ee i health a e. Watso e els i situaio s he e ou eed to idge et ee assi e a ou ts of d a i a d o ple te t i fo aio su h as the o sta tl ha g-

i g od of edi al lite atu e a d a othe ass of d -a i a d o ple te t i fo aio su h as paie t e -

o ds o ge o i data , to ge e ate a d e aluate h poth-eses. With t ai i g, Watso a p o ide e o e da-io s fo t eat e ts fo spe ii paie ts. The sa i gs has

ot ee a ou ted fo si e it is sill i the test phase, ho e e , o e the p oje t has ee i ple e ted the ei ie it ill ought to ou health ad ise s ill e t e e dous a d ill ge e ate huge a ou t of sa i gs.

Watso has also helped i pe so alizi g e pe i-e e of usto e i the i a ial se i es spa e a digital i tual age t that e a les a ks a d i su a e o pa ies to e gage thei usto e s i a e , pe so al-

ized a , se o d, a ealth ad iso that e a les i a -ial pla i g a d ealth a age e t, eithe fo self-

se i e o i o i aio ith a i a ial ad iso , a d thi d is isk a d o plia e a age e t to a e a fe appli aio s that i a ial se i es o pa used to p o-

ide ete usto e se i e ith thei lie ts a d i tu ill p o ide the highe e e ues.

O e e a ple is the U ited “e i es Auto o ile Asso iaio U“AA , a Te as- ased Fo tu e di e si-ied i a ial se i es g oup of o pa ies ith $ Bil-lio of Assets u de Ma age e t.

Thei usi esses i lude a Te as Depa t e t of I su a e egulated e ip o al i te -i su a e e ha ge a d su sidia ies ofe i g a ki g, i esi g, a d i su -a e to people a d fa ilies that se e, o se ed, i the U ited “tates ilita . Watso to help thei e e s t a siio f o the ilita to i ilia life a agi g a d helpi g , + people lea i g i the ilita e e-

ea i a agi g thei i a es usi g i tual age t po e ed Watso .

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The E ha ed Vi tual Assista t, o E a, e a les e e s to do t a sa io s just talki g, i ludi g t a sfe -i g o e a d pa i g ills. It akes sea h ete a d

a s e s i a “i i-like oi e hi h the sa es the o pa f o FTE Resou es eeded to ate d to the eeds of thei usto e s. “ou e: Ha a d Busi ess Re ie

Ethi al I pli aio s

O e aspe t of Watso ’s desig that aises se ious ethi al o side aio s is the fa t that Watso as de-sig ed to su eed at Jeopa d ithout his desig e s ei g a le to p edi t his eha io . I pla i g Jeopa d , Watso e ei ed the uesio s the pe fo ed a o ple set of

algo ith s, hi h i luded I te et sea hes a d ata-logui g o d asso iaio s, i o de to glea the

ea i g f o the uesio a d fo ulate a set of pos-si le a s e s.

Watso ’s i put is all the a aila le i fo aio out the e , hi h ea s that the i put is o sta tl ha gi g i a u p edi ta le a e . Of ou se, if the

i put is o sta tl ha gi g, so too ould the output.

To assig Watso the task of aki g se se of it all, aises uesio s a out the e te t to hi h e ought to t ust

Watso , the a ou t of espo si ilit e ought to ha d o e to Watso , a d the ki d of elaio ship that ought to

e st u k et ee Watso , ph si ia s a d thei paie ts i te s of the health a e spa e.

A e e illi g to a ept hat Watso has suggested? “i e at this poi t, the li itaio of AI Ma hi e is to ake de isio s o thei o , the e ill al a s e a eed to ha e a hu a i te e io . At the sa e i e, o pute e pe ts ho de eloped these ki ds of A ii ial I telli-ge e ould also eed to take i to a ou t ho it ill i o po ate hu a alues that a e e ui ed to foste t ust o th elaio ships et ee hu a s a d a-hi es. Othe ise, the ight eate a hi es that ill iolate hu a o s a d uli atel i g ha to hu-a s.

Naio Buildi g I pli aio s

The te h ologi al apa ilit of Watso a o -t i ute to aio uildi g helpi g ide if t e ds a d soluio s i it a age e t, health a d ell ess, k o ledge a age e t, a d pu li se i es.

Cit Ma age e t: Watso a e di e tl i ol ed i the ope aio s

of a agi g a it , a el i e p e e io , e e ge espo se, th eat p e e io a d espo se, a d t ai

a age e t. IBM’s te h olog is u e tl ei g uilize Da ao Cit fo the e io ed pilla s of pu li safet .

With Watso ’s apa iliies, it a fu the e ha e the se i es of the go e e t o the lo al a d aio al le -el.

Health a d Well ess: Watso a e di e tl i ol ed i paie t a e

a age e t a d de isio aki g. It a also help ide i-f t e ds i epide i s su h as ala ia a d de gue that is

ot et k o to o o p a i e. It a also help i ide if i g t e ds i soo -to- e u o t olla le diseases i the ou t su h as AID“.

K o ledge Ma age e t: Both the pu li a d the p i ate se to i the

ou t ha e a ess to st u tu ed a d u st u tu ed data that a e uilized Watso fo deepe i sights a d soluio s. O e a aila le, it ill help oth se to s i i -p o i g pe fo a e a d p odu i it to o t i ute i the g o th of ou ou t .

Pu li Se i es: To e ha e pu li se i es su h as ide ii aio

a d do u e ts p o essi g, go e e t li e si g a d ta aio , Watso a e uilized to i ease se i e uali-t a d ei ie as ell as data p o essi g.

The e a e a a s that Watso a o t i ute to ou aio ’s p og ess. Th ough appli aio de elop-

e t a d i ol e e t of ke i situio s a d se to s i ou ou t , IBM a speed up pla ed de elop e ts a d pe fo a e apa iliies.

Co lusio : Ad a e e ts i og ii e o pui g take us i to a e e a of IT. IBM has du ed this a ea the e a of Cog ii e . What e ai s to e see is ho this e te h olog ill e le e aged to help o pa ies a d o -su e s i p o e the a the o k a d li e. As ith all

e te h ologies, the e is a lot of h pe a d i io . It ill a e ii g e t fe ea s as o e a d o e i io tu s i to fa t.

12

Wearable Technology

Google Glass Te h olog Des ipio

oogle Glass is p a i all the ost popula a d o t o e sial pie e of ea a le te h olog to-

date. It ai s to p o ide a aug e ted ealit to its ea e s li ki g audio, isual, a d lo aio -

ased i puts ith A d oid appli aio s. The de i e looks like a o al pai of glasses ut the ight side o tai s the ha d a e that akes this e e ea eall spe ial. It has a

MP a e a, a uto to p ess fo pi tu es, a uilt-i ate , speake , i opho es, o pass, i o U“B ha ge po t, a d

se e al g os opes a d a ele o ete s. It u s o a O“ si i-la to A d oid a d has GB of i te al sto age. It a e o e ted to oth

iO“ a d A d oid u de i es. I fo aio is displa ed ight i f o t of the use ’s ield of isio a d a

e a essed th ough oi e o a ds a d the uto o the ight side. It’s also

got Bluetooth a d Wi-Fi o e i it fo e ha ed usa il-it .

As fo aesthei s, Google has i iiall thought of pa t e i g ith fashio desig e s to ake it see like a o di a

pai of glasses ut the ight side odule has p o e to e uite oi ea le to o looke s.

What e a tl a o e e pe t f o a pai of this high te h ea a le? These a e so e of the a aila le a d supposedl

possi le uses.

. Me u – sho s the a ge of apps a aila le like fo photo sha i g, ideos, a d o e

. Re i de s – otes a pop up o the s ee to e i d ou of i po ta t tasks

. Weathe – displa s the u e t te pe atu e a d eath-e o diio s

. Co pose sho t essages – th ough oi e o a ds, the ea e a di tate essages ased o Google's loud-

ased spee h e og iio , i eless o e io , a d the uilt-i i opho e

. T a el ale ts – k o if pu li t a spo taio a ess poi ts a e losed. Though this featu e is ot et a aila le, Google a ha e the apa ilit of aki g it so

. Maps – sho s ou ho to get f o poi t A to B

. Tu - -Tu Di e io s – a e p a i al featu e that sho s ou the di e io ou ha e to take plus the a e of the st eet

. Re i de s – li ks e i de s to a li e

e e t; like a o e t a d a i ket sale

. I te io Maps – a i-gate ou a th ough a all o sto e

. Che k I – he k i at ou u e t lo aio

. Photos – take sills of e a tl hat ou’ e seei g

. Ha gout – hat ith a f ie d a d let the see hat ou’ e looki g at at the o e t

. Photos i ki g – fa e- ased o a d that lets ou take a sill photo ith as litle as a i k

. Ga es – a p o isi g ga i g plafo ith u i ue spa-ial p ope ies

. Google Co pass – guides ou displa i g a asi o pass

. Li est ea – oad ast hat ou’ e at hi g usi g the Li est ea app

Te h i al E i o e t

While the ass a ket a e ogli g at the Google Glass, p ofessio als ha e ee e jo i g the use of Vuzi p od-u ts fo ea s o . I i fa t, the e ei ed the Best Te h olog i the Wi eless Ha dset A esso atego du i g the CE“ Co su e Ele t o i s “ho . Vuzi ’s “ a t Glasses asi all tu the o pute i to a ha ds-f ee,

ea a le o o ula displa .

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13

Wea e s e jo a hole host of featu es like taki g HD photos a d ideos, so i g th ough ou data, a d a ag-i g ou ale da . It also has Bluetooth . a d Wi-Fi o -

e i it to the i te et. Its GP“ s ste sho s the ea e e e the a gle of his/he u e t ie hi h ould o e i ha d fo e gi ee s.

Glass ea a les a e e tai l oi ea le ut the ea a les a ket is dei itel do i ated health-o ie ted de i es

su h as Fit it a d the Apple Wat h. These ist- o gadgets e e desig ed to look like sleek, ode at hes

ut a it ess t a ke s that ou a li k ith apps o ou pho e to o ito ou p og ess to ou health goal.

These de i es ha e illed i the gap et ee the t e d of ha i g a healthie lifest le a d the o e ie e a d e e-its of ea a le te h. Co e i it to ou s a tpho e also allo s these de i es to displa sho t essages a d

oif ou of oi e alls. The digital displa a e usto -ized to a pa i ula ou like hile a ds a a ge f o et o etalli li ks to sea less sili o e pie es.

T e ds i the

Te h olog

The i st ediio of Google Glass

as i st a -ou ed to the

pu li th ough P oje t Glass o Ap il i a a i le i the NY Ti es. The i Ju e of the sa e ea , E -plo e s e e

allo ed to ese e Google Glass fo $ , . E plo e s a e sele t pa i ipa ts ho ate ded the I/O o fe e e.

No , Google ai s to ake the te h less fo o su e s a d o e ta geted to spe ii i dust ies like e gi ee i g a d edi i e. The e, Google Glass ai s to p o ide e i dust -o ie ted apps that ill e eit the use i his/he dail ope aio s ithout ha i g to use his/he ha ds a d i stead el o the Google Glass. Uses i lude taki g pho-tos a d e ie i g do u e ts hile o ield o k that ould eall o e i ha d fo te h i ia s. The set date

fo elease fo Google Glass . is “epte e .

SWOT A al sis

Google has eated the ost sought-ate s i-i-looki g gadget that e e o e a ts to ea at least o e. But its uses a e u e tl li ited a d a Google Glass o su e ediio is due out this ea . Not e e o e ill get thei

o e 's o th ith this o e-of-a-ki d o elt .

P os

“li k, o fo ta le desig

Eas -to-take ha ds-f ee photos

Google No o ks

Head-t a ki g a igaio is su eal

Co e saio sta te

A ess to i fo aio hile sill o e ted to e e da life

Co s

Out ageousl e pe si e

Bate life is e poo

MP photos eed good lighi g

Li ited u e of apps

Mi ed e ie s a out desig

St e gths

Te h olog Google Glass

“upe io te h olog allo s Google Glass to ete eet the eeds of thei usto e s i a s that o -

peito a ’t i itate

Custo e Lo alt Google Glass

Whe gi e a hoi e, usto e s a e lo al to Google Glass. I stead of ta gei g all usto e s, Google ta get

e usto e s i o de to g o thei usi ess

I o ai e Cultu e Google Glass

A i o ai e ultu e helps Google Glass to p odu e u i ue p odu ts a d se i es that eet thei usto -e ’s eeds

U i ue P odu ts Google Glass

U i ue p odu ts help disi guish Google Glass f o o peito s. Google Glass a ha ge highe p i es fo

thei p odu ts e ause usto e s a ’t get thei p od-u ts else he e

B a d Na e Google Glass

14

How Google Glass Works

15

eak esses

La k of “ ale Google

A la k of s ale ea s Google Glass’s ost pe u it of output is e high. I easi g olu e,

hile ai tai i g ualit , ould help edu e osts.

Weak “uppl Chai Google Glass

A eak suppl hai a dela the a i al of p odu ts to Google Glass’s usto e s. U e essa dela s ould hu t i the lo g u as usto e s ould a el

o de s.

Cost “t u tu e Google Glass

A eak ost st u tu e ea s Google Glass’s osts a e high i o pa iso to thei o peito

Oppo tu iies

I o aio Google Glass

G eate i o aio a help Google Glass to p odu e u i ue p odu ts a d se i es that eet usto e

eeds.

Ne Ma kets Google Glass

Ne a kets allo Google Glass to e pa d thei usi-ess a d di e sif thei usi ess po folio of p odu ts

a d se i es.

Th eats

Cha ge i Tastes Google Glass

Co su e s a ha ge thei tastes e ui kl . Google Glass depe ds o k o i g hi h goods a d se i es usto e s a t.

Go e e t Regulaio s Google Glass

Cha ges to go e e t ules a d egulaio s a egai el afe t

Google Glass de eas-i g its alue.

Busi ess/ I dust ies/ Edu aio Appli aio

Busi ess

Custo e “e i e - o e i dust ies e ga ged i us-to e se i e a o use this e ea a le te h to ea h usto e s eal i e.

A d si e this is loud sup-

po ted de i e, futu e appli aio s that ai to a i ize ei ie a oss i dust ies

“ales – sales people a e e o ile i atu e. Taki g this i to o side aio , sales people a o e o e ei ie t i ha dli g lie t ate s a i e si e the a o e ea hed just a out a he e. The ill o lo ge ha e

the hassle of pulli g out se e al de i es to get updates f o lie ts a d tea e e s.

Ma kei g - e e i dust elies o the i ease of thei p oit ith the su ess of thei a kei g st ateg . To o -side ha i g this gadget to e pa t of thei a kei g st ateg is a ig ad a tage.

I dust

Wea a le te h olog e tails the p o ise of a tuall i -p o i g o kpla e p odu i it a d the o e all ei ie of a o ga izaio s. A i e e a ple of this ould e o pa ies i the ield se i e i dust that ha e see the

i pa t of ea a le te h olog , ith te h i ia s aki g use of ea a le a e as hile doi g ield o k. A gadget like Google Glass a also allo a of toda 's leadi g ield o pa ies to sol e issues faste , thus sa i g illio s.

Edu aio

Field T ip app – k o o e a out lo al histo alki g ight past the ! As ou alk a ou d ou it , i fo aio ill pop up o ou pho e a out the histo of the pla e, he e est to eat, a d hidde ge s ou ight ot k o a out. It’s like doi g a guided tou a d a g eat a to lea o e a out ou it .

“k Map app – e e o de ed hi h sta a d o stellaio ou e e looki g at? Wo de o o e e ause th ough “k Map,

use s a put o thei Google Glass look up at the sk a d i fo -aio a out the sta s a d the o stellaio ill auto ai all

pop up o the s ee . Co stellaio s ill e displa ed ith

Picture Below: Screenshot of the Sky Map app

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o e i g dots so ou k o hi h sta s fo hi h o stellaio s.

Duoli go – a fu a to lea a e la guage tha ks to its ga e-like s ste . Use s a p a i e speak-i g i a ious la guages like “pa ish, F e h, Ge a , a d Po tugese he the ’ e ea i g thei Google Glass. Wo ds a d thei e ui ale t i othe la guages a e sho o the s ee . Use s a look up to sa if the t a slated

o d is o e t o look do to sig if that the o d is o g.

Cost – Be eit A al sis: If o e pla s to u a spe ii gadget, a thi gs should

e o side ed. The alue of the gadget that a o su e a e eit f o it a d the e e the possi le det i e t

that a o u . What is it ith google glass that a e dee as a o th u i g gadget. The i st thi g ou ill o side he u i g is the ost, es, google glass is e -

pe si e ut hat akes up the gadget that it o e u s the said i iial fa to .

Total Cost of o e ship

“i e the elease of the gadget i the a ket a d ith the upg ade ade ith the GB RAM, it as sill p i ed at $ , . Google Glass is a p i gadget espe iall fo the

iddle lass o u it . The easo fo the e pe si e ost of this ea a le gadget is to eli i ate the pote ial

Google Glass ad i e s so that the o l usto e ho ill spe d o e a e those ge ui el at a ted i ea a les a d o ile te h olog . Google glass is sill i the phase e aluaio , taki g ote of the u e t odel as pa t of the

E plo e “e ies.

“o fo the u e t ta get a ket, hi h is the te h -sa people the ost is dei itel easo a le. Ne e theless, ate all the i o aio s e e do e a d o side ed, this gadget a ea h the o su e a ket a d a ost as lo as $ o side i g the ost of the o po e ts i Google Glass, a o di g to Topolog Resea h’s Jaso

Tsai.

Google a ’t afo d ot to lo e the p i e of the gadget espe iall he do e ith the e plo aio phase e ause

ea a le gadget a ket is sta i g to i ease a d this ea s a o peii e p i e fo the Google Glass should

al ead e o side ed.

A good o su e is ot a i pulsi e u e , o e ust take o side aio of othe osts. Costs that akes addi-io al e pe ses due to u see dile as o a ide tal o se ue es, o o l k o as hidde osts. Google

glass is ot dife e t ith othe p odu t o ha i g hidde ost, su h as the so ial pa iah a d o i uous isio i te -

fe e e.

The ai dii ult ith Google Glass is the espo se of people a ou d the ea e . Most of the i e it feels so ial-l i p ope ot o l fo the ea e ut also fo the spe -tato s. People o ada s a e o s ious ith thei su -ou di gs a d he e e the see u fa ilia de elop-

e t o p odu t the get a , a d fo the Google Glass the e is this idea that the ea e ould e e o di g ideo a i e ithout the k o ledge of the su je t thus e-ai g a dile a.

O e the ea a le is p o oted a d sold to the g eate a ket, esta lishi g the se u it of the people su ou d-

i g a d e lighte i g the i ds of all o - o su e to gadget’s apa iliies ight e a ig help i esol i g this issue. With the Google glass, it is possi le to e o d a id-eo ut the efe t ill d ai the ate , taki g photos a d

ideo also e its hi e, so the e ill sill e sou d a d supp esses se e .

The s ee ha gs i the top ight side of ou isio , ap-pea i g as a s all displa p oje ted i f o t of the ea e . Most a io s a e a o plished eithe usi g oi e, tap-pi g, o s ipi g, this a lead to o i uous isio i te -fe e e fo the ea e . Head a d e e- o e e t gestu es a a ake o tu of Google Glass, ake oii aio s

appea i the s ee he the o e i o a o e ted s a tpho e o take photos ith a i k.

This ight eate a dile a he the ea e is a i-gai g e ause the e is a di isio of the ea e ’s ate -io . Taki g i to o side aio fo the safet of the ea -e , o e o the i te fe e e ust e take i to ate -io .

Di e t a d I di e t St ategi Be eits

Ha i g a Google glass is ot a joke. The te h gia t e-leased the E plo e e sio hi h is a p otot pe he e-i the use s a a tuall use the gadget hile ha i g the li e t to suggest ha ges a d addiio s that the o pa-

...after all the innovations were done and considered, this gadget may reach the con-sumer market and may cost as low as $299...

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St ategi Be eits

A te h glass that is o th o e tha a egula s a t pho e a e ha d to pu hase a o o i di idual. He e, e ill see hat a e the easo to o side h su h gadget a e o e a i est e t a d ot just a

aste of o e :

Di e t St ategi Be eits

Ei ie – If ou a e i the o po ate set up a d ou a ’t just lea e ou o k, the ou a o i g it ith ou. It is s all a d sli a d o l eighs pou ds .

Kg . It’s head ou ted so ou ha ds a e f ee to do othe i po ta t tasks. You a took a ha ds f ee photo a d upload it o so ial edia sites ith apio ith just ou

oi e i st u io , he k out eathe o diio s, d i i g outes, pla es to dis o e , a d all he thi gs that ou a

do ithout pulli g out ou s a t pho e. This a e of g eat help fo p ofessio als like do to s a d e gi ee s

ho a e e ig o ulitaski g.

I fo aio a essi ilit – toda , e sa s a t pho es as a a s e ed p a e i ou ai to a ess i fo -

aio a he e, a i e. Google ho e e has ade it e e o e possi le ith the glass. If o e’s s a t de i es a e po e ed a A d oid O“, he a i sta tl ead a d espo d th ough essages th ough oi e i st u io s. It

also tells ou i fo aio like light s hedules; it tells ou ou light i fo aio a da efo e ou a tual depa -

tu e, eathe o diio s i the ou t of ou desi a-io , t ai ad iso ies a d a o e.

I di e t St ategi Be eit

Ph si al Featu e – The Google glass is e light-eight, ou a go to pla es ea i g it. Also, e e thi g

i the glass is out of the use s e es the efo e o e ight fo get that he is ea i g it. Although the e a e sill la s that a e at i uted to the desig like the huge ate o pa t e t ehi d the ight ea a o g othe thi gs, it

is sill o e ie t to just ea it a i e. U like a s a t pho e, ou a do asi tasks usi g the glass ithout

e essa il uilizi g ou ha ds.

Data “to age – Google glass a late o e a ea s i sto i g data fo futu e use the efo e gai i g o e ei-ie i the e te p ise. Vital i fo aio a e sto ed

a d t a s ited ithi ea h di isio i eal i e so that ei ie t o u i aio is a hie ed. The glass a sto e

i o iles e ause it has a sto age apa it of GB, hi h a hold a fe sp eadsheet o k iles. The glass

a also ease up o u i aio th ough ideo hats, he ei the use a let the othe pe so see hat the

use is a le to see.

Fi a ial A al sis

Befo e pu hasi g this ea a le te h, e ust i st o -side its ost a d a s e the uesio of hethe this ill

e o th it if ought. I this a ea, e ill see hethe this p odu t’s e eit a out eigh is i he e t ost. As see o the igu e elo , o e ill eed to ha e addiio -al p oit of Php , . i o de to ha e a pa a k pe iod of o ths. This is a hie ed di idi g the ost of the de i e upo pu hase i to ou desi ed pa a k pe iod, i this ase, o ths, addi g addiio al ost to ope ate the p odu t hi h is the i te et o e io that is as-su ed at $ pe o th to get the total ost of ope ai g

the p odu t. The u e should ha e at least the total ost to a hie e eake e .

This a ou t of ost to e o e is ot a ad thi g ho e -e , e a al ead see he e ho a e the eal ta get a -ket of this p odu t. If o e is o ki g ith a e good sal-a of sa , Php , pe o th a afo d to u this a d just sa e the said a ou t i o de to e o e his i -

est e t. Ho e e , fo those ho a ot afo d, he e a e so e st ategies the e p opose o e should do:

If the p odu t is uilized i a o po ate set up, e ould suggest this p odu t to e used as the p i a ea s of o u i aio to sa e o su s ipio a d li-

e si g fees fo e ails.

P ofessio like e gi ee s a d se u it pe so el a i est i this ea a le fo the a keep thei ha ds f ee a d ot othe to use a gadget ha d to do thei e-spo si iliies, thus, the gadget a add alue to the dail ope aio of these p ofessio .

If the p odu t is used i a etail i dust , like i a la ge a ehouse he e it a e used fo sea hi g p odu t

a d a agi g i e to , thus a lesse ost fo addi-io al a po e o othe p o ess i p o e e t osts.

De i e Cost $ ,

Useful life i o ths o ths

Mo thl E pe se .

Add: I te et Co e io

Total Cost i $ .

Total Cost i Php , .

Co e sio ate Php . 9 to $

18

thi al I pli aio s We ha e al ead dis ussed the dife e t fa ets of

ea a les i te s of usi ess a d uilit . Ho -e e , the e is al a s a side to e e thi g o e i g eth-i s. Espe iall o , the e is a highe de a d fo ethi al

usi esses. Aside f o looki g at p oita ilit , o po a-io s a e ei g pushed to o t i ute a d sustai to a safe a d o de l so iet .

The tea has do e so e esea h o the possi le p os a d o s of this e te h olog i this eal . Let us look at the dife e t se to s of the so iet a d ie the a ious possi iliies of ea a le te h olog .

Cou t

The Philippi e so iet adapts i ediatel he it o es to te h olog . This is al ost al a s appa e t to the fa t that e a e k o fo ei g a i e i so ial et o ki g sites o pa ed to othe ou t ies. As a ou t , this a

e see i to ou ad a tage si e ou ou t e easil lea te h olog a d e ould e a le to adapt s ste s that a fu the e po e poli e po e a d go e a e. With this ki d of te h olog , e e o e has eas a ess to i fo aio a d use this to ha e a s oothe lo i the p o esses; although, the e’s a othe side to it.

This ki d of i o aio a ause ha if it la ds o the

ha ds of the o g people. With this, the e should e p ope se u it a d la that ould p ope l i ple e t it. Cu e tl , ou ou t la ks la s that a e o e i g the te h ologi al spa e. It eeds to e e su ed that the ad-

a e e t it e tails is p ope l a a ted ith e fo i g ules. The p os a d o s p ese ted a se e t uth as ell

to othe ou t ies – hile it helps i the p o esses of the so iet , the e should e p ope o t ol.

Busi ess

Co u i aio is ke he it o es to usi ess. This te h olog ill e a le to help e plo e s a d e plo ees

idge the gap a d lesse the a ie s of o u i aio .

The i edia that it i gs takes o fe e i g a d eei gs to a othe le el. People a e ea hed efo t-

lessl . “a e thi g ith the p e ious se to , this p o ides o po aio s i ediate a ess to all i fo aio that is eeded. You a easil get i fo aio a d sha e it fast as ell.

Gi e the p os, the o s to this ould e the p i a of the e plo ees. Also, e e o e a easil aptu e o i-de ial i fo aio ith thei ea a le te h olog . It a

e easil sha ed just ho thei lo aio is e edded to a so ial et o ki g site. Fo the e plo e side, the ould

e a le to aptu e a lot of o ide ial i fo aio f o thei e plo ees that a e steppi g o thei ights.

S hool

“i ila to the t o p e ious poi ts fo dis ussio , the ai the e ould e i fo aio sha i g. This a e uilized

ith the tea he s a d stude ts. The a easil sha e ho e o k o pass assig e ts to thei tea he . Also, this

ould also assist the tea he if the e is a u ge t eed to look fo a si ple i fo aio . The good side to it is also the ad. “tude ts a ot al a s e see o e pe ted to al a s ea this ki d of te h olog . A sa ple of a s e a -io ould e e a s. The a e e pe ted to lea a d u de -stood the lesso , athe tha k o ho to sea h it i the i te et. It is also a i ipated that heai g a e p e-

do i a t if stude ts ould e allo ed to use this te h-olog all of the i e. Lea i g ill e ha d.

Fa il

We do ’t a t to fo get the s allest u it of the so iet . This ki d of te h olog i sta tl o e ts dife e t fa il

e e s. Also, it p o ides a a e ue to e te tai the if the joi i a a i it togethe . This a also help the fu the st e gthe the o d ith ea h othe . But, it is also o se a le that this ki d of te h olog a also di ide the fa il . The fa il should e spe di g so e i e ith ea h othe . It is al a s e pe ted that the fa il should e the g ou d of oldi g o e pe so . If the e is a la k of i e fo ea h othe , it ould e ha d to pass o alues a d e i h the hild e of toda fo the futu e.

Self

The e a e e e a so iet ithout the e iste e of ea h a d e e i di idual. Looki g at this ase, the p os a e si ila to the othe dis ussed ite s ut u h o e i a s alle s ale. A pe so a get i sta ta eous i fo -

aio a out hi self o othe s i a ate of a tap o a spoke o d. This also a gi e the ad a tage a o gst othe s a d the a help othe people too. Ho e e , this te h olog a also sepa ate the f o people. P i a a also e a issue si e o e a shoot a pi tu e o ideo

of so eo e else ithout pe issio . Also, ou a ot el

E

19

The list pe pa t of the so iet a d its p os a d o s to the so iet goes o . It ould e ha d to possi l list the all he e. The u i g the e is o e o p i a , i fo -

aio sha i g, p ope o t ol, a d i pa ts to the so ie-t . The ai idea is to fo us o the salie t poi ts a d hoose the est opio fo ou. Whethe it a e ethi al

o ot, ou a also look at dife e t pe spe i es su h as uilita ia is , jusi e, duies, a d a e. If the test ould

e u o the dife e t s ales a d ou i d that a othe opio is ostl ia le i ajo it of the ideologies, it is p o a l the est opio fo ou. Just like the p e ious se io , a ost- e eit a al sis should e do e ut i the light of ethi s.

Naio -Buildi g I pli aio s Wea a le Te h olog has ee dis ussed i the p e ious se io e io i g its ethi al i pli aio s. I this pa t,

e ill o dis uss the a ious possi iliies it a help uild a aio . I o de to ha e a a k o e, e ill e

usi g the f a e o k of “i o a d “ huste . The ha e ide iied the i e ii al p i iples fo su essful aio -

uildi g. We ill e usi g thei i sights a d i se t the oles that this e i o aio a p o a l o t i ute to

the so iet .

. Pa t e s: Naio - uildi g al a s e ui es pa t-e s; the e ust e o u i aio et ee people o

the g ou d a d people i dista t go e e t oi es.

It is e e ide t that all th oughout it has ee st essed that ea a le te h olog a la gel help i the o u-

i aio ield. It p o ides a p a i al a to o e t ith othe people. Cha es a e, ou a talk to so eo e fast a d ela a u ge t ate ui kl . This i o aio a also fu the o d people i o e ou t . I i es of

eed, a othe pe so a help othe s a ease of a -ess to all the i e staio o the poli e staio . O if

the e’s a efugee, ou a easil ask fo aid f o the ea est o ta t. Also, ou a talk a d egoiate ith

othe ep ese tai es i ediatel athe tha aii g fo a pho e all.

. P o ess: Hu a so ieies do ot follo fo ulas. Na-io - uildi g is a p o ess hi h does ot p odu e lea ,

ui k esults.

Wea a le te h olog a help i p o e the p o ess i a spe ii aio ia auto aio . With the e e ge e of this te h olog , it a e e pe ted that so e p o essi g i e a e lesse ed. The e ould e lesse eed fo pape o k a d i ease the a ou t of p odu i it . A good e a ple of this ould e the elease of elief goods. I stead of aii g fo the pape s to e sig ed, a

ep ese tai e a p o ide a ele t o i sig atu e that a e e iied.

. P o le -sol i g: Leade ship ust sta t s all, add ess-i g asi p o le s. Pu li t ust du i g a pe iod of o u-paio e e ges f o the fulill e t of asi eeds.

I aio - uildi g, i fo aio is ital. I o de to p o-g ess, e e o e should ha e a ess to all the data that he

eeds to fu the de elop. With ea a le te h olog , people a ha e ui k a ess to these a d othe tools that a aid the i sol i g the p o le s of so iet . Not o l that the ould ha e sou d de isio s, the a also

e helped ith tools a aila le o li e. I the p a i al se se, a pe so ho does ot k o i st aid a lea it i a li k, gi e that the e is a a se e of t ai i g. Also, it a aid ou la ake s to a ess all the possi le alte -

ai es i othe ou t ies a d ite a good e a ple du i g hea i gs.

. Pu pose: “ all egi i gs ust se e la ge pu poses. Ciize s ust see the alue i hat the ' e doi g.

“ha i g a idea that is e o ple usi g ea a le te h-olog ight e ha d to o p ehe d. No etheless, this

is sill possi le. We a d i e people a d fu the oi ate the to follo the isio ui kl . “ha e it i et ee dife e t ea a le plafo s. This a e ega ded as fa is ut it is sill efe i e if ou a t to ake ou poi t o e a oss.

. People: Naio - uildi g is a out people. La ge fo es do ot o e histo . People o e histo .

“a e ith the p e ious p i iple, e a o i ue to oi ate the people ith the pu pose th u te h olog .

Weea a le te h olog a also gi e a se se to people that the ha e a ig pa t i aio - uildi g. The ould feel less dista t si e the a help ight the e a d the . With this, the ould feel o e oi ated si e e e -o e ould se se that the a e o e o e ted to thei ou t e .

Wea a le te h olog dei itel has it pe ks he it o es to aio - uildi g. It p o ides a a e ue to peo-

ple that is o e a essi le. O e a help o e a othe ut it should e p ope l e e uted the ad i ist aio . Te h olog a o l help so u h. It sill elies o ou leade s o ho these ad a es a e put i to the ight di e io . Also, it is also e i i g to look at the e eits of ha i g these i o aio s. We ight also eed to look at the osts of sei g the up – ot just o e ut also the la s a d egulaio s that should e i pla e.

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Smart Robots

One of the most popular smart robots in sci-ence fiction is Data from Star Trek, the Next Genera-tion series. Data is built with artificial intelligence by Dr. Noonien Song and, as such, it is self- aware and fully-functioning just like an ordinary human. Throughout the series, one can observe data becom-ing more human through learning, adaptation, and constant interaction with humans and other life forms.

Similar to Data, a smart or intelligent robot is a robot that can think, sense, move, and manipu-late materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motion to achieve its purpose. Its ability to think and decide autonomous-ly is what differentiates it from a regular robot. The thinking process is executed through algorithm which now becomes the domain of artificial intelli-gence. Sensing and manipulation are body functions which are based on physics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science. Smart robots have been in existence for a while now but developments to make them more intelligent than before are making big progress although no one is close to creating an ultimate smart robot like Data yet. Nevertheless, the

contribution of this emerging technology to science, business, and even in our everyday lives looks prom-ising. A. Technical Environment

Smart Robots can be used practically any-where. People will always find a way to alleviate both simple and grave problem. We have seen how we have advanced with the help of simple machines. And during the industry age where more complex utilities became available, our technological advanc-es have evolved exponentially. If everyone would be able to do what they need to do with less effort, then everyone would have more time to do other im-portant things.

21

Belo is the list of e i o e ts s a t o ots a e u e tl ei g used i . Co pa ies ha e egu deplo i g thei s a t o ots i dife e t ields fo fu the tesi g. This e posu e ill

help apitalize itself as people ill egi to see the huge help if e pe i e t e e ot failu es i

e e da life.

o Ai o e

o Ag i ultu e

o Co st u io & Buildi g o Co su e & Household o Edu a-io & Resea h

o E e ge Respo se

o E e g

o E gi ee i g

o Health a e

o Hospitalit

o I dust ial Auto aio

o Ma ii e

o Medi al & Assisi e

o Milita & Defe se

o Mi i g & E plo aio

o “e u it

o “uppl Chai & Retail

o T a spo taio

This list ill o i ue to g o as o e dis o e ies i o oi s a e ade. E e a hi e the a e i e-tu ed to e o e s a t o ots.

B. Trends in the Technology

Hu a oid

A Hu a oid o ot is a a hi e ith a od st u tu e si ila to hu a . It usuall has a to so, a head, a pai of a s a d legs. The ai pu pose of these is to ese le the apa iliies of hu a s gi e the li itaio of ha i g a hu a fo . Cu -e t esea he s o e lo o oio e pe i e ts to help o -

t i ute to the de elop e t of o gs a d a d oids i the futu e, hile so e si pl a t to epli ate fa ial e p essio s.

I dust ial

I dust ial o ots a e p og a a le a hi es used fo the auto aio i a ufa tu i g. Thei desig a a f o e-i g o ile, i pla e ith li ited o ilit , o i ed ith a ou-ple of a es fo li ea o ota o e e t. These a hi es fo us ai l o au ilia fu io that a e ha ged ith-out a ha d a e epla e e t. Its s a t sot a e allo s it to adjust its o o e e ts a d gestu es that ould allo opi-

u p odu io esults. If a a ufa tu i g p o ess is add-ed, e o ed, o alte ed, it ill auto ai all u si ulaio s a d hoose the est o e ith a i u p odu i it .

Ma ipulato

The a ipulato is a o e sophisi ated t pe of I dust ial o ot. While ge e al i -dust ial a hi es ha dle the hea ol-u e a d hea o k, the a ipulato deals ith p e isio ats a ship. The

od t pe usuall o sists a o oi a ou ted o a i ed a ea. It a pi k up,

d op, t ist ith the help of its a a es a d joi ts. It is si ila to a hu a a , f o the ip of the i ge s g ips i this ase to the shoulde a ea pla ed o a ta-le. Depe di g o the t pe of o k eed-

ed, it a adjust its deg ee of f eedo a d a ou t of p essu e ith the help of isual a d p essu e se so s.

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E plo aio

The o ile fu io of “ a t Ro ots fo E plo aio a d Auto o ous Vehi les is the sa e - to o e f o o e pla e to the othe ithout a d i e to guide it. A lot of p essu e, isual, a d p o i it se so s a e eeded fo the

ehi le to k o he to d i e a d he to stop. Ho e -e , the ai pu pose of these t o e e gi g te h ologies a e dife e t. While auto o ous ehi les a e usuall used

he e a is usuall p ese t, “ a t Ro ots fo E plo a-io a e used to ea h pla es that a a ot. He e, the

iggest halle ge is fo the “ a t Ro ot to ide if da -ge s k o hat to do e t ate it has ee deplo ed i the u k o e i o e t.

Mo ile

Mo ile “ a t Ro ots a e ge e al t pe of a hi es that a e apa le of lo o oio . A of the othe t pes of “ a t Ro ots a fall u de he e, e ept fo Ma ipula-to s a d so e Telep ese e. Mo ile Ro ots a e ot li -ited to o i g o g ou d. The e a e o oi s that a l o t a el o e a d u de ate .

These a e the atego ies o o ile o ots:

. U a ed G ou d Vehi les UGVs

. U a ed Ae ial Vehi les UAVs

. Auto o ous U de ate Vehi les AUVs

Se i e

“ a t se i e o ots pe fo tasks that full assists hu-a s. Depe di g o the t pe a d o k-

load, se i e o ots a oss the I dus-t ial o oi s t pe. O e i po ta t ote o “e i e Ro ots is that the do ot au-to ate p o ess. Rathe , the eed hu-

a i put i st efo e the pe fo the task.

Telep ese e

Telep ese e “ a t Ro ots a t as e te -sio s of tele o fe e es. The last ge e -

aio of ideo alls e ui e o ito s that should e ha dheld i o de to o i ue the o e saio . At ou u e t age, ha dsf ee telep ese e i o possi le; A o ito is ou ted o a o ile s a t o ot ith a i e-

less et o k o tethe ed o e io . The de i e ill fol-lo ho the pe so o the othe li e is talki g to. Co se-

ue tl , the pe so also does ot eed to d i e the o-ile o ot hile talki g. If the alle a ts to talk to a -

othe pe so , he a si pl di e t the o ile o ot to fa e a d follo the e t e ei e .

II. Applications of Smart Robots for Exploration

The i st o e , “ojou e lau hed i , as se t to Ma s ith the asi o je i e of si pl seei g hat the pla et’s ust looked like. With i fe io te h olog the , the o e as si pl e uipped ith a e as a d o -t olled a d i e o ea th usi g a jo si k as its e ote o t ol. It as othi g spe ta ula as it ope ated like a e ote o t olled to a . The “ojou e as ope aio al

o l fo th ee o ths.

The d ge e aio o e s Oppo tu it a d “pi it had sot a es that allo ed it to e plo e Ma s auto o ousl . Both o e s do ot eed / o t olle s to help it oa a ou d the pla et’s su fa e. Thei o e p og a allo ed the to do the follo i g s a t fu io s :

ge e aio s of o e s se t to Ma s : “ojou e f o t , Oppo tu it /“pi it let , a d Cu iosit ight .

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. C eate D aps f o its su ou di g aptu -i g the dista e, steep ess of the

slopes, a d ough ess of the g ou d.

. Lo ate the di e io a d pi poi t its e a t lo a-io f o the ap it has uilt.

. Asses a d de ide hi h outes a it take usi g haza d a oida e sot a e.

Both o e s e e lau hed i . “pi it eased to fu io he it got stu k i . Oppo tu it o the othe ha d o i ued to jou e a oss se e al ate s u il pa t of its e o alfu io ed i ea l .

I , the d ge e aio o fou th o e , Cu iosit , as lau hed to Ma s. It has adapted so e of its s a t

o ot o e desig s f o its p ede esso s, “pi it a d Oppo tu it . The iggest o e he se di g a a -

sized o e i a s ould e: i st, fo it la d su ess-full , a d se o d, its o talit ith the a se e of pa ed oads a d u e tai te ai . The i st phase as a o plete su ess as Cu iosit la ded ithout sustai -i g a da age. The se o d phase is o o goi g ith the sa e issio of e plo i g the su fa e of the ed pla et ith the addiio of gathe i g sui ie t data that ould help s ie ists o lude if Ma s is ha ita le

hu a s o ot.

Cu iosit as eated ith fa o e o ple apa ili-ies to fulill its o je i e of uli ai g o ks, easu i g adiaio le els, a d u de sta di g a hole othe u h of pla eta p o esses. With the addiio of ete ha d a e fo t a el – igge heels, adjusta le

height, a d suppo i g a s it a o t a e se o e dii ult paths ate it has assessed a d o puted the dii ult of the te ai e sus its apa iliies. Co pa ed to the p e ious ge e aio s, o e s the ould si pl a oid the path if it’s u sta le.

Ma s o e s a e asi all o p ised of the follo i g i st u e ts :

Pa o a i Ca e a Pa a : fo dete i i g the i e alog , te tu e, a d st u tu e of the lo al te -

ai .

Mi iatu e The al E issio Spe t o ete Mi i-TES : fo ide if i g p o isi g o ks a d soils fo

lose e a i aio a d fo dete i i g the p o-esses that fo ed Ma ia o ks. The i st u e t is

desig ed to look sk a d to p o ide te pe atu e p oiles of the Ma ia at osphe e.

Möss aue Spe t o ete MB : fo lose-up i es-igaio s of the i e alog of i o - ea i g o ks a d soils.

Alpha Pa i le X-Ra “pe t o ete APX“ : fo lose-

up a al sis of the a u da es of ele e ts that ake up o ks a d soils.

Mag ets: fo olle i g ag ei dust pa i les. The Möss aue “pe t o ete a d the Alpha Pa i le X-

a “pe t o ete a e desig ed to a al ze the pa i-les olle ted a d help dete i e the aio of ag-ei pa i les to o - ag ei pa i les. The a

also a al ze the o posiio of ag ei i e als i ai o e dust a d o ks that ha e ee g ou d

the Ro k A asio Tool.

Mi os opi I age MI : fo o tai i g lose-up, high- esoluio i ages of o ks a d soils.

Ro k A asio Tool RAT : fo e o i g dust a d eathe ed o k su fa es a d e posi g f esh ate i-

al fo e a i aio i st u e ts o oa d.

But these ha d a e a e ot e ough. It eeds to e i -tellige t e ough to a igate o its o a d to e og-

ize hi h pie es of i fo aio a e eeded to e se t a k to Ea th fo a al sis. These appli aio s a e dis-ussed i detail u de “WOT A al sis.

III. SWOT A alysis

The e a e a t pes of s a t o ots that a e used fo pe so al a d p ofessio al use. Ho e e , this pape ill fo us o s a t o e s su h as hat as used fo the Ma s e plo aio

St e gths

“ a t e plo e o ots ha e sot a e that lags the he the e a e u e pe ted o sta les o da ge s alo g

its path. Fo e a ple, Ma s e plo aio o e s use Haz a haza d a oida e a e a i ages to see as fa as feet.

24

Thei haza d a oida e sot a e stops thei o e e t e e se o ds to eassess the situaio a d the al-ulate its o es fo the e t - se o ds, i ludi g

the dista e f o ta get desi aio a d the ou da ies of a epta le dista e f o the ta get usi g the go to

a poi t o a d. The sot a e also tells the o ot so ethi g ould e o g he it took lo ge tha the al ulated i e to ea h the ta get. Be ause of this feat,

e e o e of the s a t e plo e o ots eed ot e o t olled a d u i g it ould e ui e elai el less

supe isio .

Algo ith is a o ot’s fo of adaptaio a d s a t o-ots a e sophisi ated e ough to lea o thei o . I

the ase of A ua, the s a t o ot e plo i g u de ate , it takes hu d eds of thousa ds of pi tu es ut sits th ough the ith the use of pate e og iio . The o ot sta ts ith o i fo aio the the algo ith uilds a data ase f o hat it sees a d akes a pate

out of it. It the p o eeds to p io iize the u usual ite s f o its olle io a d dis o e thi gs o its

o .

[A ua] as fa o e i te ested i e a i i g a o al head tha the sa d that as a ou d it, e e

though the sa d as piled up. We e e told it he it sta ted hat to look fo . It had o idea of

a thi g u de ate , o idea hat sa d is o o k is o hat dife e t o als a e, [Yogesh] Gi dha

o t i uto to the ai s of A ua said. E e o e i te esi g as that the o ot e e tuall oi ed Gi dha a d follo ed hi — hi h is

e ou agi g fo a esea he s o the hu t fo o i g, e t ate est ial life i so e fo eig sea.

“i ila l , the Ma s e plo aio o e a ed Oppo tu it also has a sot a e alled AEGI“ Auto o ous E plo a-io fo Gathe i g I eased “ ie e that allo s it to

ake its o de isio s as to hethe it should ake ad-diio al o se aio s fo its ta get. The sot a e i st e -og izes

o ks that eet the spe iied ite ia a d zoo s i o the to take uliple i ages fo a al sis.

The ha d a e of s a t o ots is also desig ed to ith-sta d e i o e t o diio s that a e too e t e e fo

hu a s, aki g it suita le fo e plo aio . Thus, o oi e plo aio is o e fa ou ed tha a ed spa elight o hu a e plo aio espe iall i spa e. “ a t o ots a also pe fo tasks that a e e o d hu a apa iliies su h as doi g ui k, o ple al ulaio s. The te h olo-g is also ot su je t to hu a f ailies su h as faigue a d si k ess a d a e e pe ted to o k o i uousl .

Weak esses

“ a t o ots a ot e % auto o ous si e it a -ot % epli ate the a a hu a ai o ks. While

s a t o ots a u dou tedl outpe fo the hu a ai i so e aspe ts like aki g o ple al ulaio s, it

la ks o s ious ess a d i si ts, o hat e all o -o se se, that help hu a s do thi gs auto ai all ithout pe issio o k o ledge. It ill al a s el o

algo ith , logi , a d pate e og iio a d ot o o -o se se fo the ai easo that the e a e a u -

p og a a le la s of o o se se. “ a t o ots a e p og a ed fo spe ii pu poses a d, hile it is s a t e ough to i i e oluio the a a a lea s, it is ot desig ed fo su i al the a a hu a ai is.

25

It eeds hu a s fo ope aio al suppo t e.g. epai a d o ito i g , a d it dei itel sill eeds hu a s to i te -

p et a d a al ze the data the o tai ed. I Mi hio Kaku ’s o ds Ro ots a see u h ete tha e a

ut the do ’t u de sta d hat the see. Ro ots a also hea u h ete tha e a , ut the do ’t u de -sta d hat the hea .

The s a t o ot te h olog at this stage is ot a aila le fo use e e o e. Fo o e thi g, the te h olog is e e pe si e a d e’ e talki g a out illio s of U“ dolla s. A d e ause it is e pe si e, the e i o e t is apped out e.g. ta get, t pe of e i o e t i its sot a e e-fo e it is eleased i to a io e ause the a ’t afo d fo a illio -dolla o ot to si pl fall of a lif. It is ot as si ple as eai g the o ot a d eleasi g it i to the

ild like a i als ith uilt-i atu al i si ts.

Co posed of a pa ts, s a t o e s a e also e f ag-ile. U fo tu atel , it is ot s a t e ough to i itself

he a a e a falls of o he it eaks of a leg.

Usi g it ould also e ui e p oi ie t te h i al k o ledge a d o e ould ha e to go th ough a lot of t ai i g a d a good tea to ope ate it.

A othe eak ess of the s a t o ot is that, at this stage of de elop e t, it a o l i te a t i sophisi at-ed a hi e la guage athe tha i hu a la guage; thus, it a o l do thi gs it is p og a ed to do. Mo e-o e , si e it is used fo e plo aio he e use s a e as fa

as light ea s a a , data t a s-issio is hea il elia t o a es a d satellite de i es.

Without these, the fu io alit of s a t o e s is g eatl di i -ished.

Oppo tu iies

“ a t e plo aio o e s a e p i a il desig ed to e plo e othe pla ets a d satellites. “pi it, Oppo tu it a d Cu iosit a e so e of the o e s i

NA“A’s o goi g o oi spa e issio to ha a te ize the e i o e t a d to look fo e ide e of life i Ma s. Ho e e , the s a t o e te h olog a also e used to e plo e Ea th. The e a e sill a a eas i ou pla et,

oth i la d a d i ate , that a e sill u e plo ed. “o e of these pla es i lude the G ee la d i e sheet, the A a-zo ai fo est, No theast “i e ia, deep a es, a d de-se ts. “ a t o e s ha e the oppo tu it to e plo e these a eas fo fu the s ie ii studies a d dis o e thei e-sou e pote ial.

The te h olog also has fu the appli aio s i the othe i dust ial se to s su h as i the ilita a d e t a io se to s to e plo e esou es i a eas too fa to ea h hu a s. This p ese ts pote ial ost sa i gs i iiai es fo i situio s.

The t e d is also lea i g to a ds auto aio so e a e e pe i g to see g o th i the s a t o ots i dust as a

hole. I the futu e, the e is also a oppo tu it fo s a t o ots i te ded fo e plo aio to e o e iall a aila le gi e the p og ess i Moo e’s La though e do ’t e pe t it to happe ithi this de ade.

Th eats

Gi e that the te h olog is e pe si e, futu e p o-g ess is th eate ed la ge apital

e ui e e t a d eed fo pa t e ships a oss the alue hai .

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IV. Cost-Be eit A alysis

Ge e al S a t Ro ots Ma ket

To gi e a a kg ou d, the s a t o ots a ket is esi at-ed to ea h $ . illio , a CAGR of . % e-t ee a d Ma ketsA dMa kets. o , . We elie e that this u e e ludes s a t o ots fo pla eta e plo aio . This g o th is ai l d i e isi g auto aio ostl o i g f o the health a e a d

i dust ial se to s Gaik ad, . If the e’s a thi g o lusi e e’ e gathe ed f o this is that the e is a lea oppo tu it i the s a t o ots a ket.

No th A e i a, pa i ula l U“, a d Eu ope a e the do i-a t s a t o ot a kets due to apid i dust ializaio

a d g o th of the a ufa tu i g i dust . Ho e e , Asia Pa ii is e pe ted to lead the glo al a ket g o th i s a t o ots due to te h ologi al de elop e ts i “outh Ko ea a d Japa a d i easi g de a d fo se i e o-

ots i Chi a a d I dia Gaik ad, ; ABNe s-Wi e. o , .

S a t Ro ots fo E plo aio

The e is a o goi g de ate as to hethe o oi spa e e plo aio is o th e e dolla of i est e t. D . Ia C a fo d, a p ofesso of pla eta s ie es at Bi e k College, Lo do , a gues that hu a s a e faste a d sig-

ii a tl o e e saile, a d the efo e o e apa le fo spa e e plo aio tha the s a test of the s a t o -e s. He poi ts out that

. Hu a s a ake spu of the o e t de isio s a d ea t ell to sudde ha ges;

. Hu a s a t a el o e ui kl o e u e e te ai . Apollo ast o auts o e ed o e dista e i th ee

da s tha the Ma s E plo aio Ro e Oppo tu it has o e ed i eight ea s ;

. Hu a s a e ete at sele i g di e se sa ples a d a a ed issio is auto ai all a sa ple etu issio ;

. Hu a s a e ete suited to o du i g o ple tasks like d illi g; a d

. Hu a spa elight has e a led spa e- ased ast o o-.

The Apollo p og a osi g $ illio i dolla s is fa g eate tha the ost of a o oi issio s to the

oo a d Ma s. Fo efe e e, the e e t Ma s e plo a-io issio i usi g NA“A’s Cu iosit o e o l osts o e $ . illio , a out % of the Apollo issio ,

also esi ated i dolla s. Costs of othe o oi is-sio s a e sho i Figu e . As studies e ui e g eate

a hi e i tellige e to a o plish o e o pli ated tasks, C a fo d a gues that the ost of these o oi is-sio s ould di e tl i ease ith highe a hi e i telli-ge e a d outst ip the s ie ii udget. The uesio the e ai s – a the osts of these o oi issio s jusif a gai s?

To a s e this uesio , e ust i st ide if hat these gai s a e. E o o ist “tephe J. Du e o piled i his log F eako o i s. o the jusii aio s of spa e au-tho iies. A o g the espo ses, G. “ ot Hu a d, p ofes-so of Ae o aui s at “ta fo d U i e sit a d fo e di-e to of NA“A A es Resea h Ce te aptu ed the e e-

its so ell:

To allo hu a s to esta lish hu a i ilizaio o a othe o ld a d hedge agai st the atast ophe that iped out di osau s o Ea th

To a s e this uesio , e ust i st ide if hat these gai s a e. E o o ist “tephe J. Du e o -piled i his log F eako o i s. o the jusii aio s of spa e autho iies. A o g the espo ses, G. “ ot Hu a d, p ofesso of Ae o aui s at “ta fo d U i-

e sit a d fo e di e to of NA“A A es Resea h Ce te aptu ed the e eits so ell:

To allo hu a s to esta lish hu a i ilizaio o a othe o ld a d hedge agai st the atast ophe that iped out di osau s o Ea th

27

Figu e . Esi ated Missio Costs fo Ro oi Ma s La de s E p essed i Co sta t Dolla s.

These e eits a e dii ult to ua if so ou a al sis e-lo a e ou o esi ates ased o ou est judg e t a d esea h. “i e s a t e plo aio o ots e e i iiall

ade fo spa e e plo aio , e ill i st ate pt to ua -if the e eit of pu sui g spa e e plo aio a d the

ualitai el dis uss the e eits of the te h olog assu -i g the sa e a e applied fo othe pu poses o Ea th. Ou ost- e eit a al sis ill o l fo us o the i st t o poi ts a o e si e the thi d o e is a i di e t o se-

ue e of the te h olog hile the fou th o e is o e philosophi al i atu e a d out of the s ope of this pape .

. To allo hu a s to esta lish hu a i ilizaio o a other orld a d hedge agai st the atastrophe that

iped out di osaurs o Earth

If e a e thi ki g a out Ma s as a othe Ea th he e e a elo ate hu a s a d sta t a othe i ilizaio , a all-

pa k esi ate of this is the ost of a othe Ea th. The e a e dife e t ethods to alue Ea th: esi ate the al-ue of life of e e thi g that li es i it, a d al ulate the epla e e t ost of the Ea th. Usi g ethod is t i k

si e it is dii ult to alue life ut ethod is plausi le fo ou pu poses.

The Wo ld Ba k esi ates the Wo ld GDP at $ , il-

lio i , ut GDP alo e a ot aptu e the e i e o th of ou pla et. We sill ha e to thi k a out the osts

that ought us to he e e a e o plus the alue of Ea th’s esou es a d a ufe fo li i g i a othe te es-t ial e i o e t to a i e at the ost of sei g up a oth-e i ilizaio i Ma s. Fo tu atel fo us, ast oph si ist G eg Laughli ate pted i to al ulate the o th of the Ea th a d ata hed a alue of £ , t illio dail ail. o.uk, , o $ , t illio . If NA“A a o -

plishes its e plo aio issio s usi g s a t o e s a d o lude that Ma s’ e i o e t is apa le of u tu i g

hu a life, the e a sa that ou est esi ate of the e eit of elo ai g hu a s f o Ea th to Ma s is a ou d

$ t illio i dolla s .

. To reate te h ology that ill ad a e our e o o y

The e a e a te h olog ofshoots f o spa e e plo a-io that o t i uted to the ad a e e t of ou e o o-

. No e ha e the GP“, o pute s fo eteo ologi al fo e ast, a d su eilla e i tellige e to a e a fe . “at-ellite o u i aio s has also ha ged the a e do

usi ess th ough the use of o ile pho es, TV, a d e e o li e a ki g. “i ila l , the sot a e i s a t o e s fo spa e e plo aio a e used fo othe ea thl pu poses a d e e fo da -to-da p o le s e pe ie ed hu-

a s. The ost- e eit a al sis dis ussed i this se io ,

28

e te s o hu a safet , is la gel ualitai e i atu e e ause it is p a i all i possi le to put a dolla al-

ue o li es sa ed a d e ause the fai alue of this te h olog applied fo these pu poses is sill i dete i-

ate gi e that it is ot et o e iall a aila le.

D i e less Ca s

Like satellite o u i aio , s a t o e s a also ha ge the a e li e ou li es. D i e less, o s a t a s, a use the haza d a e a a d the haza d a oid-

a e sot a e of s a t o e s to a oid isk situaio s e.g. eathe a d o sta les e.g. potholes o the oad

a d e al ulate its e t o es to ea h the passe ge ’s desi aio . As of the ii g of this pape , this featu e is

ot et a aila le i the self-d i i g a that Google is u -e tl de elopi g. Google’s s a t a is o l ap- ased.

It k o s hi h tu s to take ased o the ap ut it sill a ot e og ize the haza ds alo g the oad Ja es, M.,

. I the futu e, the se so s, haza d a e a, a d haza d a oida e sot a e of s a t o e s ould e i -stalled i Google’s d i e less a , a d this ould gua a -t passe ge s to ea h thei desi aio safel .

Milita

“ a t e plo aio o ots a also e used the ilita i so a a s. Fo i sta e, usi g pate e og iio ,

ilita eapo s ould use the sot a e of s a t e plo-aio o ots to ide if th eats i its ada a d auto o-

ousl de ide the a io s to take agai st su h th eats ased o its p og a ed p io iies. The te h olog

should also e a le to lo k a o i g ta get, al ulate he to i e, a d the i e auto o ousl . This te h olo-

g alled Goalkeepe is o i use as of

.

Daksh a d MARC ot a e also ilita o ots used i pla e of hu a soldie s to ide if suspi ious a d da -ge ous o je ts o the g ou d. The a ot e lassiied as s a t o ots ight o e ause the a e e el e-

ote o t olled a d sill la ks auto o to o e o its o . Ho e e , usi g the sot a e fo e plo aio o-

ots, Daksh a d MARC ot a sill e i p o ed p o-g a i g it to e plo e f eel o g ou d hile looki g fo suspi ious a d da ge ous o je t a d t ai i g the to dispose it p ope l . Cou t ies a e eit th ough s a t

ilita o ots th ough o e supe io ilita apa ili-ies hile e og izi g sa i gs th ough ope aio al ei-ie .

Mi i g, Oil, & Gas

Ro ots i ge e al a e e ide tl t a sfo i g a d ill o i ue to t a sfo the i dust se to . We elie e

that s a t e plo aio o ots ill e ost e ei ial i the e t a io i dust he e the e is a la ge isk i hu-

a safet . I the U ited “tates alo e, the e is a a e -age of ases of fatal i ju ies a uall i the e t a -io i dust ies see Figu e . With s a t e plo aio o ots, o pa ies i the i i g, oil, a d gas se to s ould e a le to i d a s to o k i haza dous

e i o e ts a d ha e the oppo tu it to ap, e plo e, a d o ito la ge spa es to

p o ide e i fo aio i a ost efe i e a . This ill ot o l sa e li es ut ill also o t i ute to the ope -

ai g pe fo a e of these o pa ies.

A e s a t o ots o th the i est e t?

While the e is a poi t that s a t o ots a e ot as s a t as hu a s he it o es to aki g de isio s, s a t o ots a e sill p o e to e i alua le to hu a s. “ a t o ots ha e ig i pli aio s to hu a safet ; it sa es

li es. A d ot o l that ut o i uous de elop e t i this e e gi g te h olog helps i ad a i g ou e o o-

a d so iet . Gai s fo a ki d e te d to the fa fu-tu e, thus aki g it dii ult to ua if at this poi t i i e. Be eits a e ot li ited to spa e e plo aio ut athe the spill-o e to othe se to s su h as i auto o-

i es, ilita , a d i e al e t a io . It ill e too sho t-sighted of us to o side the e eits o l fo toda . Based o ou ualitai e assess e t, e o lude that gai s i s a t e plo aio o ots fa out eigh the ost.

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V. Ethi s

To ide if the ethi al i pli aio s of s a t o ots i e -plo aio s he e safet of a is at stake, e ill e e plo i g the app oa hes to ethi s: uilita ia is , the ights app oa h, the fai ess a d jusi e app oa h, ethi s

of a e, a d the i tue app oa h.

Uilita ia is is dei ed as the do t i e that a a io is ight if it e eits the ajo it . It is a theo i o ai e

ethi s holdi g that the est o al a io is the o e that a i izes uilit . Uilit is dei ed i a ious a s, ut is

usuall elated to the ell- ei g of se ie t e iies. Us-i g this app oa h e a sho that he s a t o ots a e e plo ed a i e plo aio s, less haza d is i -posed to a o pa ed to hu a s doi g e e thi g. A e a ple of the da ge is i oil a d gas e plo aio s. Du -i g – , the u e of o k- elated fataliies i the oil a d gas e t a io i dust i eased . %, ith a total of , deaths. Hu a s a asi all guide the s a t o ots i to a a ea he e hu a s a e at isk a d o e ide the o ots e otel if the s e a io e o es too o ple . A othe issue is ost ut u e tl the te h ol-

og is ei g used i edi i e, spa e e plo aio , a d i a s. It’s just a ate of i e efo e e o o ies of s ale ill p e ail.

The se o d app oa h is the o al ights app oa h. It sa s that all a io s a e o al a d ethi al if the do ot o

e e a d do ot i te fe e ith othe s' ights. Co pa i g agai the t o s e a ios he e s a t o ots a e e plo ed hu a s e sus the opposite, e a see

that the p e ious s e a io sup-po ts ight to life a d ight to safet . Fataliies ill e less. I te s of jo oppo tu iies ight to o k , s a t o ots a e ot o pletel auto o ous he e hu a

i te e io is e essa . This ea s the e is sill a eed fo hu a e pe ts a d te h i ia s.

The a gu e ts a o e also suppo t the thi d a d fou th app oa hes hi h a e fai ess a d jusi e a d ethi s of a e. Jusi e is used ith efe e e to a sta da d of ight-ess; fai ess ote has ee used ith ega d to a a il-

it to judge ithout efe e e to o e's feeli gs o i te -ests. The ethi s of a e i plies that the e is o al sig ii-a e i the fu da e tal ele e ts of elaio ships a d

depe de ies i hu a life. The use of the s a t o-ots i e plo aio ill sho a e fo hu a e plo e s.

The opio to se d the o ots is a aila le athe tha taki g the isks of e tu i g i to the u k o the sel es.

Lastl , e plo i g s a t o ots i haza dous e plo aio s ill suppo t the i tues of e elle e a d o passio .

Vi tue ethi s is a app oa h that dee phasizes ules, o se ue es a d pa i ula a ts a d fo uses i stead o

the ki d of pe so ho is a i g. E elle e is sho i te s of the s e g he a a d a hi e o k to-gethe . Mo e g ou d is o e ed the efo e o e i fo -

aio is atai ed leadi g to ete de isio s. Co -passio is sho e ause of it upholds the ight to life a d safet .

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VI. Naio Buildi g

“ ie e a d te h olog pla s a i po ta t ole i e o-o i de elop e t as see i ost de elopi g ou -

t ies. Resea h & De elop e t helps to i ease glo al o peii e ess ei g the e h a k fo i o aio

a d te h ologi al ad a e e t. This also helps the so iet to p ospe eai g usi ess a d i est e t oppo tu iies hi h i the lo g u , ould p o ote

sta ilit a d se u it fo the aio . Ho e e , e ause of e pe si e su sidizi g, it has p e e ted othe u de de el-oped a d de elopi g ou t ies to fu the i est o it. “o e sh a a f o the idea of eapi g g eat e eits

e ause of ostl failu e that a o u .

As e app oa h the ea he e glo al te h ologies a e o e o i g o e a d o e ad a ed, it is ot a -o e su p isi g that o ots a e o ei g eated to ake life easie , f o si ple house ho es a d othe pe -

so al stuf, to a o e o ple a i it like edi al, ili-ta a d spa e e plo aio .

O Ea th, s a t o ots a e ei g de eloped to e tu e i to a i e ol a oes, di e deep i to the o ea s, sea h fo la d i es let f o a s, a d help poli e disa te -o ist o s. E plo aio s o du ted o Ea th p o ide

useful i fo aio fo edu aio al pu poses, se u it , a d to a oid asualies. The e a e sill a lot of u e plo ed pa ts o Ea th that a e ui e s a t o ots due to the

e t e e eathe a d u sustai a le o diio s of these pla es. “pa e e plo aio su h as the Cu iosit Ma s Ro -e p o es to e e ei ial ot o l fo s ie ists a d spa e e plo e s ut glo all as it takes o to e plo e Ma s fo esou es i po ta t to hu a e iste e. Othe a eas he e e a see pote ial use of s a t o ots i lude pe so al o ot su h as the i h tall hu a oid o ot a ed Ki o o. This o ot as eated to e a o -

pa io fo the elde l a d hild e ho does ’t ha e so eo e to talk o liste to the . It as de eloped th ough the olla o aio of De tsu, U i e sit of Tok o Resea h Ce te fo Ad a ed “ ie e a d Te h olog ,

Ro o Ga age, a d To ota. I oope aio ith Japa Ae -ospa e E plo aio Age JAXA , it has ee the i st talki g o ot lau hed i spa e to a o pa a ast o-

aut. A o di g to BBC e s, the e pe i e t as do e to stud ho a hi es a le d e oio al suppo t to people isolated o e lo g pe iods. No ada s, people spe d ost of thei i e ith thei o ile de i es athe tha i te a i g ith thei lo ed o es. He e the i e -io of Ki o o a e a good a to ight te po a lo e-li ess hi h ould esult to se ious health p o le s o e e death. “ a t o ot has also o t i uted to the ed-i al se to ith the de elop e t of da Vi i “ ste

hi h e a les su geo s to see o e lea l ith the help of a ag iied D high-dei iio isio s ste a d i

isted i st u e ts hi h akes thei ope aio p e ise a d o t olled. This te h olog also helps the paie ts to e o e ui kl e ause of fe s all i isio s ade du -

i g su ge . If these s a t o ots su eeded o thei p i-a issio a d a e fu the

de eloped, it a e a tool used fo i p o i g e o o i o diio .

31

“ a t o ots e e ei g de eloped fo spe ii pu poses o l ut it ould e ete if it ill e de eloped as a all-i o e o ot he e people a o u i ate a e uest to these o ots ithout issues. A i sta e ould e a o-

ot apa le of doi g household ho es like lea i g, should also e a le to do g o e ies, pa i g of ills, ooki g, a d se u it elated tasks. Ha i g a o ot apa le of ei e i g itself a o di g to the situaio sa es i e, edu es st ess, a d help

o ot o e s to fo us o e i po ta t thi gs like fa il a d o k. It ould also take us to a hole e pe spe i e if these o ots e e also uilt to aptu e a d lea hu a e oio s hi h ould p o ide o fo t a d e path . The de elop e t of this ki d of hu a oid ill e o e efe i e i te s of uildi g so ial elaio ship ith hu a s. Most hu a oid o ots that a e ei g de eloped toda e e o l desig ed to pe fo tasks a d o u i ate ased o the data ase i pla ted to thei ai .

As e ei ial as it a see , the e a e also uite a u e of disad a tages to a ds a ii ial i tellige e. Fi st of all, p odu t is ot eadil a aila le as ass p odu io is ot et possi le e ause of its high ost. Co pa ies

a a t to o side the a ket de a d fo thei p odu t efo e hii g the a hi es. Fu the o e, o ots el too u h o ate ies to o k that s all defe t a t igge da ages i the hole p o ess. It is also ul e a le to ha ki g a d a pose a th eat to the aio . Just i agi e if a ou t p odu es p otot pe o ots fo ilita pu pos-es a d its p og a e e o p o ised ha ke s. A d e ause the la k e oio s, the ill e doi g hat the a e p og a ed to do, thus a esult to a assi e da age i the so iet .

No etheless, it is o dou t that de elop e t a d uilizaio of s a t o ots a e asso iated to uildi g a ete so iet .

32

3D Bioprinting

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

Th ee-di e sio al D P i i g, also k o as Addii e Ma ufa tu i g, has ee used the a ufa -tu i g i dust fo a ea s. It as dis o e ed Cha les Hull i the ’s, a d as the alled ste eolithog aph . Its ai fu io is to eate o p o-

du e p odu t p otot pes f o a digital ile. It is a p o ess of la e i g dife e t ate ials su h as plasi , po de s, li uids, e a i s, a d e e li i g ells to p odu e D o -je ts. It is o ei g used dife e t i dust ies like auto-

o ile i dust , ae ospa e i dust , ilita i dust , edi al i dust , et .

D P i i g sta ts ith hoosi g o eai g a digi-tal desig of the o je t that ou ill eate. The digital desig is eithe ade usi g a D odelli g p og a alled CAD Co pute Aided Desig o ith a D s a e . The desig ill the e t a sfo ed i to a th ee di e sio al o je t usi g a D p i te .

With Hull’s o k a d the studies ade othe esea he s, D P i i g has ee e pa di g apidl a d is

e pe ted to e oluio ize ot o l the a ufa tu i g i -dust , ut also the io edi al i dust . Ve tola, C. L.,

F o de tal i pla ts i the ea l ’s, the use of D P i i g i the edi al i dust has e ol ed. “o e

of the a tual a d pote ial uses of D p i i g i the ed-i al i dust a e issue a d o ga fa i aio o i-op i i g, usto ized p osthei s, i pla ts a d a ato i-al odels, a d pha a eui al esea h ega di g d ug

dosage fo s, deli e a d dis o e . Ve tola, C. L.,

A o g these ad a e e ts i the ield of edi-i e, D iop i i g has e o e o e the ost p o isi g

a d e ii g. A o di g to a a i le .i o ateus. et What is Biop i i g, .d. :

Biop i i g is a e e e gi g te h olog , that ai s at a hie i g to de elop e issues a d e e tuall o ga s. It is i the esea h phase as ith a te h olog that takes i e to o pletel de elop. Cu e tl , the e is a lot of e-sea h ei g do e o iop i te s. I iop i i g, de i es a e p i ted feedi g iologi al ate ials as deposits. With a i k jet p i te i stead of i k, ells a e p i ted o deposited o a su fa e la e la e . A d i this a a full o ga a e p odu ed. Biop i i g is a huge shit f o the t adiio al app oa hes adopted so fa i issue e gi-

ee i g. It does ot ai at seedi g ells o a iodeg ada-le s afold. It ai s at o ga izi g the ele e ts of the is-

sue du i g the fa i aio step i di iduall th ough the p o ess of deposii g la e s of iologi all i po ta t o po-

e ts. see .i o ateus. et/health/ hat- iop i i g

33

Fo a esea he s, this ould e the a s e to dife -e t edi al p o le s like o ga failu e due to diseases o a ide ts. The a e also o side i g it as a pote ial solu-io to the sho tage of o ga t a spla ts a d a e plafo i edi al esea h.

A o di g to Health Resou es a d “e i es Ad-i ist aio HR“A , as of “epte e , ith o e

tha , people ho a e i eed of a o ga t a s-pla t, the e a e o l , do o s. htp://opt .t a spla t.h sa.go . This ea s that a lot of peo-ple ill die hile aii g fo a o ga t a spla t.

Ho e e , despite the eakth ough of iop i i g i the edi al i dust , eai g a o ga ith a et o k of lood essels is sill a halle ge. Also, its i pa t e-

ai s s all a d is ot et full a epted i the ai -st ea edi al ield.

TRENDS IN THE TECHNOLOGY

. Lo alized P odu io Fo Co su e A d I dust ial Goods

D p i i g ill e ade o e a aila le to the pu li i the ea futu e. Household e ui e e ts ill e

o e o e ie t, o e ei ie t a d heape e ause of the p odu io of ou o goods.

. Custo P odu io Mate ials

D p i i g ill gi e the opio to usto ize a p odu t. It is o ei g used do to s to ake usto -ized k ee epla e e ts. Visio a ’s like D . Da iel “tol -a o a e e pe i e i g ith D p i i g usi g G aphe e, a su sta e that is uite le i le, t a spa e t, a d et is

i es st o ge tha steel .

. Na o-P i i g

Je ife Le is a d he tea at Ha a d U i e sit ade a D-p i ted lithiu -io ate . The size of it is

just like the size of a g ai of sa d a d it o ks like a o al ate . D a o-p i i g allo s fo ap-id p otot pi g of i o a d a o st u tu es. Ap-pl i g D p i i g o epts to a ote h olog ill

ake a ofa i aio faste a d o e ei ie t, a d the efo e e o o i all ia le u h soo e tha ost futu ists e e e isio ed .

. Goal-Di e ted Desig

The pu pose of goal-di e ted desig is to sta t ith ou spe ii o je i es fo fa to s like st e gth, eight a d du a ilit , a d the o pute ge e ates hu d eds of desig possi iliies, e alu-

ai g a d e o e di g the est desig s fo dife e t o je i es . D p i i g o i ed ith this fa to s ill

eate a la less a d pe fe t p odu t desig .

. D P i i g

“k la Ti its at MIT is sta i g the D p i i g te h olog . This te h olog allo s the D o je t to ad-just to the ha gi g su ou di gs. D o je t o i ed

ith its a ilit to adapt to the ha ge o the e i o e t esults to D p i i g.

SWOT ANALYSIS

With the i easi g popula it a d pote ial appli a-io s of D iop i i g apa iliies, it ould e o th i esi-gai g the feasi ilit a d ele a e of this te h ologi al ad-a e e t i the i dust ithi othe usi esses:

STRENGTHS

Custo izaio - D iop i i g allo s ph si ia s to usto ize the desig of the o ga depe di g o hat

is eeded fo the su ge o the paie t;

Helps eli i ate sho tage of hu a o ga s a aila le fo t a spla t;

“t u tu all a u ate o p e ise si e the o ga o od pa ts to e ep odu ed ill e ased o a digital

ile. It edu es hu a e o i p odu io ;

E ha ed p odu i it , i te s of speed a d a u a-, o pa ed to t adiio al a of aki g p osthei s

a d i pla ts;

Used to eate a ato i al odels that a e used ph si ia s to stud o p epa e fo a edi al su -

ge ;

Alte ai e to a i al use i esea h; a d

E ha ed olla o aio a o g esea he s he e the a sha e thei iles to epli ate desig s fo fu -the studies.

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WEAKNESSES

E pe si e i te s of the te h olog to e used a d pe so el t ai i g;

I eased egulaio ;

Te h olog sho t o i gs- D iop i i g is e u h depe de t o te h olog a d ill e li ited to hate e it ould ofe ;

“ill i the p e- atu e stage si e the o ga s p o-du ed a e s all a d elai el si ple; a d

“ho tage of tale t ith D iop i i g apa iliies.

OPPORTUNITIES

High Ma ket Pote ial si e a lot of su essful su ge -ies usi g D iop i i g e e al ed pu lished. Mo e

ate ials a d te h i ues a e a aila le i the a ket that ill hopefull i g D iop i i g i the ai -st ea ;

Ne plafo i edi al esea h e ause of the eakth oughs i esea h a d de elop e t; a d

Possi le soluio to sho tage of o ga do o s.

THREATS

“ ie ii halle ges – si e D iop i i g is sill i its i fa , the uesio of hethe it ould eall e su essful i te s of epli ai g fu io al ital o -ga s e ai s. Othe s a e also uesio i g the lo g te efe t/s of the D iop i ted o ga s i the hu-

a od ;

Regulato halle ges – su je t to edi al a d te h-i al egulato e ui e e ts that ould dela fu -

the studies a d i ple e taio of D iop i i g; a d

Ethi al Issues o hethe it is ethi al to epli ate hu-a o ga s a d if these epli ated o a ii ial o ga s

ould eall sa e li es.

BUSINESS/INDUSTRY/EDUCATION APPLI-CATIONS

O e of the te h ologi al ad a es of D p i i g is io-p i i g. Bio-p i i g is the a ilit to p i t li i g issues hi h edi al p ofessio als use to aptu e spe ii data. It helps pe so alize a t eat-

e t to a u i ue paie t. This also edu es the t au-a, i e, heali g pe iod a d ost hi h e eits

oth pa ies. D io p i i g also e a les oppo tu iies fo p osthei s, de tal i pla ts, hea i g aids, o ta t le ses, hips i pla t, usto ade k ee a d et . that a e usto ized a d pe so alized a o di g to a i di idual.

De tal La o ato ies

D p i i g as used de tal la o ato ies to speed up the diag osi i fo aio of paie ts a d de-

ease its lead i e. It as also used i the a ufa tu e of edi al a hi es to i p o e p e isio a d p odu io ei ie .

Hea i g Aids

The hea i g aid i dust oasts pe haps the highest i stalled ase of usto ized i al o su e de i es that e e p odu ed usi g D p i te s . As a o -su e , the e a e a lot of olo hoi es, t a spa e t a d opa ue alte ai es a e also a aila le, a d ate ials

e e ade to esist ate a d pe spi aio . This ide a iet of ate ials allo s the hea i g aid a ufa tu e

to ofe a usto paie t soluio i te s of oth it a d ski olo aio .

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

O ga sho tage is e o i g a g o i g o e o ld ide. A o di g to D . Ma k “iegle , o ga t a s-

pla taio toda has e o e so efe i e a d safe that is h o e a d o e paie ts a ts to e a e ipie t of

o ga do aio . The p o le is that the aii g list fo o ga t a spla t is g o i g so fast that the u e of o ga do o s has failed to keep pa e Jia g, .

I the U ited “tates, , people a e i the aii g list ea h ea to e ei e a o ga do aio a d

sadl , a of the die aii g. O ga t a spla taio ould ha e p e e ted o dela ed the death of a out

, A e i a s hi h is e ui ale t to % of U.“. death. Fo kid e s alo e, o e , people die i the U“ e e ea aii g fo a kid e t a spla t D o sk ,

. A o di g to a ase stud B a Ko ie zka, the lo g p o ess of kid e t a spla t i ludes:

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… i di g a pe fe t at h fo o ga t pe, lood t pe, a d size of the o ga as ell as add essi g issues like dista e f o the do o , se e it of thei edi al e e ge a d i e o the aii g list. O e a do o is fou d, the e is a se ies of p e-li i a tests that ust e do e to e su e that the o ga is a at h fo the e ipie t. The , the o ga ust e t a spo ted to the e ipie t ui k-l ; o ga s ha e a i ite a ou t of i e that the a e kept fu io al ate ei g ha ested.

O e all, the iggest issues su ou di g t a spla t o ga s that the e a e too a e ipie ts a d ot e ough do o s, i e o the aii g list, a d the possi ilit of failu e i side the pa-ie t Ko ie zka, .

This o ga sho tage has ee o e of the goal of D iop i i g. The o je i e of D iop i i g is to eate

li i g hu a issues that fu io like the ai e issues i the od . The e a e phases i iop i i g: the p e-

p o essi g, hi h uses ioi agi g a d o pute -aided desig to eate the luep i t, se o d is the p o essi g,

he ei ioi k a d iopape a e used the iop i te to p i t the issues, a d lastl the post-p o essi g, he e-i a io ea to is use to suppl ut ie ts fo fu the ell g o th a d help i issue atu aio “aji,

The th ee i po ta t o po e ts eeded i i-op i i g a e the ioi k ade f o the ells, the iopa-pe o h d ogels a d the iop i te . A o di g to a stud

“ig a-Ald i h, edu io o p i es of ells a d h d o-gels has ee o se ed fo the past ea s a d this t e d is assu ed to o i ue i the o i g ea s. I fa t, the ost of l ells fo , a d a ou ts to $ , $ a d $ , espe i el , hile p i es of ollage s a d pol ap ola to e hi h a e oth h d ogels a e also i

TABLE . DAVIDE “HER’“ LI“T OF TOP BIOPRINTER“ A“ OF AUGU“T

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de easi g t e d si e . The ost edu io as o side ed due to the i easi g u e of a u-

fa tu e s to suppl the also i easi g de a ds fo io-ate ials, the i e io of e ate ials o su situtes ith lesse osts a d the ulifu io alit of ate ials

Fu k, .

Just e e tl , i Ju e , Celli k Co pa lau hes the o ld’s i st u i e sal ioi k i the a ket. It is o a aila le fo pu hase, sta i g at $ fo l o $ fo l. This ioi k has a opi al io o pai il-it , p i i g idelit a d suita le fo a la ge a iet of i-op i i g appli aio s Ale , .

Mo e a d o e iop i te s a e a aila le i the a ket toda although so e a e sill ot fo sale a d a e

o l used to p odu e ioi ial issues fo sale. As posted Da id “he o the e site

. dp i i gi dust . o , elo a e the top iop i t-e s as of August : Although the ost of io ate ials a d iop i te s ha e ee de li i g, the ost of iop i t-ed o ga is sill highe tha t a spla t o ga . The easo of the high ost of iop i ted o ga is due to the o -ple it of p i i g the . The a ou t of i e a d a e, the ea s of t ial a d e o a d the fa t that ea h o ga

ust e p i ted ith the p ope ells all o t i utes to the ost Ko ie zka, .

I the ase of kid e o ga , the ost of kid e t a spla t p e-t a spla t a d p o u e e t phase alo e

a ou ts to $ , , hi h as o pa ed to $ , ost of iop i ted kid e o situte addiio al ost of

$ , . I a i ediate o putaio , o e ould easi-l sa that iop i ted kid e is o e ostl tha t a s-pla t kid e ut e should also o side the ost of dial-

sis t eat e t hi h aii g list paie ts u de go. Dial -sis t eat e t osts a ou ts to $ , -$ , pe pa-ie t pe ea . B the ea , as the de a d fo i-op i ted kid e is p oje ted to i ease, its ost is p o-je ted to e less tha $ , the efo e a o i g the gap et ee the osts of kid e t a spla t a d iop i t-ed kid e Fu k, .

A o g the e eits of iop i ted o ga a e: a a u ate desig the e edu i g the possi ilit of o ga eje io si e o ga is g o f o patei t’s o ells, edu ed e ui e e t fo life suppo i g i te e io

su h as dial sis t eat e t osts e io ed a o e, e-du ed eed fo lifelo g edi aio to sup ess the i -

u e s ste , d ea lie t a spla t he the paie t is healthie ieldi g ete out o es, a d; e eli i aio o lesse i g of o ga do aio IDTe hE , .

As to the i pa t of iop i i g to i dust ies, so e a e elie ed to e posii el -i pa ted hile othe s a e egai el -i pa ted. As ited i Fu g Te h i al Re-po t No. . . , elo a e the i dust ies afe ted

iop i i g Coat e , :

With all the osts a d e eits of iop i i g, paie ts ho ill e eit f o this te h olog ill sill e the uli ate i e .

TABLE . FUNG TECHNICAL REPORT NO. . . - INDU“TRIE“ AFFECTED BY BIOPRINTING

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FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

With the st e gths, eak esses, th eats a d pos-si iliies i pla , it ould also e e ei ial to he k o so e i a ial i fo aio i the D iop i i g i dust . Ho e e , due to the li ited i fo aio that a e a -

ui ed fo D iop i i g o pa ies, the g oup has de-ided to look at the i a ial state e ts a d its o e-

spo di g aios of O ga o o Holdi gs, I ., o e of the iggest o pa ies e gaged i D iop i i g a d is solel

listed u de a sto k e ha ge i.e. NY“E .

O ga o o Holdi gs, I . as fou ded a d i o -po ated i i Dela a e hi h fo uses o de elop-i g a d o e ializi g fu io al hu a issues that ould e e plo ed i d ug dis o e a d de elop e t, iologi al esea h, a d as the apeui i pla ts fo the

t eat e t of da aged o dege e ai g issues a d o -ga s. It has uilized a d i te ds to uilize its iop i i g te h olog to de elop fu io al hu a issues that ould e e plo ed i d ug dis o e a d de elop e t, iologi al esea h a d as the apeui i pla ts.

I , the o pa lau hed its i st o e -ial issue, e Vi e D Hu a Li e Tissue, hi h is de-

sig ed to e used fo p edi i e p e li i al tesi g of d ug o pou ds. I the sa e ea , the o pa ega to

ofe D Hu a Li e se i es a d egu to sig o -t a ts ith pha a eui al a d iote h olog o pa ies fo to i it esea h se i es usi g its D Hu a Li e

Tissue.

O ga o o Holdi gs, I . has see thei oto li e sh i k f o a loss of $ . M U“D to a e e la ge loss of $ . M U“D despite a i ease i e e ues f o $ . K U“D to $ . K U“D i is al ea FY e ded

Ma h a d , espe i el .

The o pa ’s i ed a d total assets tu o e e e elai el lo i di ai g that the o pa is ot

a le to o e t its assets a d tu the i to sales at this poi t. Also, looki g i to its u e t, ui k, a d ash ai-os, the o pa is highl li uid as it ould e a le to pa of its u e t lia iliies ith its u e t assets.

“i e the o pa is sill i esea h a d de el-op e t stage, these e pe ses o p ise ajo it of its e pe ditu es ost espe iall i FY he it sta ted

o ki g o o t a ts adapi g its te h olog to the spe-ii eeds of its lie ts. Fu the , a upsu ge of e pe ses a also e at i uted to its FY “ales, Ge e al a d

Ad i e pe ses he ei the o pa is agg essi el p o oi g its e te h olog to a ide a a of i dus-t ies to e h a k o its o peii e ad a tage a o g its o peito s.

Lastl , the o pa ’s le e agi g o lo g-te sol e aios sa that the o pa is i a iall sta le as ost of its i a i g e e f o i esto s.

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TABLE . ORGANOVO HOLDING“, INC.’s COMPARATIVE INCOME “TATEMENT

39

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TABLE . ORGANOVO HOLDING“, INC.’s COMPARATIVE BALANCE “HEET

ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

The i e io of D iop i i g has eated a a e of e ite e t fo a people ut at the sa e

i e spa ked de ates a o g othe s. With the e eits the te h olog ofe s, a fe ethi al issues e e aised.

I te s of the p i iple of jusi e a d fai ess, the philosophe I a uel Ka t a d othe s ha e stated that hu a s a e all e ual ith ega d to dig it . This i -tue of dig it i di ates that all hu a s dese e to e t eated e uall . Whe e e people a e t eated u e uall o the asis of thi gs that a e i ele a t, it is k o that the hu a dig it see s to e iolated. A p o le e-ga di g ho dese es to e ei e the ad a i g te h o-logi al t eat e t ill a ise. The e ill o e a poi t

he ei e ill e i a situaio he e people ha e to de ide hethe to sill gi e a a ii ial kid e to a

ea old ho has fe ea s to li e.

O the othe ha d, the p i iple of uilita ia is states that a a t is ight if it ould i g a out the g eat-est et e eits to so iet o e the ha s had ee tak-e i to a ou t. Be tha . With the de elop e t a d ad a e e t of edi al te h olog , o es the e pe di-tu e. The e ill o e a i e he ei the ost asso iated

ith the t eat e t ill e p ohi ii e fo so e. D i-op i i g oasts a pe so alized edi i e fo its paie ts eli i ai g the isks asso iated ith it. Ho e e , it is k o that pe so alized edi i e is ote e pe si e. Paie ts ho a ot afo d to spe d su h idi ulous a ou t of o e ill fail to e ei e the u h eeded

t eat e t. A o di g to Ki si Mathe s, Fello i “ i-e e a d Te h olog Poli at Ri e U i e sit ’s Bake I -situte, so e of the e p odu ts ould e o e heape a d o e a essi le alte ai es to u e t te h olog ,

ut othe p odu ts, su h as fu io i g o ga s, hi h ill e e t e el o ple to uild o p i t, ill likel e o l

a essi le to those illi g to pa fo pe so alized t eat-e ts. The ostl t eat e t ill ot usuall e o e ed health a e p o ide s thus aki g it a aila le o l fo

the elite a d e pa di g the di ide et ee the i h a d poo .

It as fea ed that D p i i g a hi e ill e easil pu hased o di a iize s thus e de i g the apa le of p i i g a thi g the ha e set thei i d i -

to. The issue of I telle tual P ope t as aised as ell as the dis ussio s a out o odiizaio of thi gs i ludi g hu a o ga s e e e io ed. It has oi ed out so e people that ith D iop i i g, hu a s ha e the f eedo to eate supe hu a o ga s gi i g a fo e a iliies that o al people does ot o di a il possess.

This ate has ee a ded as a fo of heai g fo athletes a d ea s e dless a fo othe ou t ies fo so e soldie s of opposi g pa ies ill ha e

lo ge li es due to the addiio al st e gth the ill e-ei e f o these supe hu a o ga s. “o e has also dis-ussed the p o a ilit of gi i g hu a God like a iliies

to eate a othe hu a ei g the a e a t the to e thus alte i g the lo of U i e se at so e poi t. “o e

people a a gue that the ha e the ight to pu hase the a hi e if the ha e the ea s a d use it the a the a ted to.

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Ho e e , e should ot fo get that ou ights a e o e ted ith the ights of othe people as ell. We a o l p ote t ou ights fo so lo g if e a e ot iolai g the ights of othe s.

Ma people ill sill pose app ehe -sio fo the ad a e e t of toda ’s te h ol-og . But ith the egai e thi gs it ight

i g to othe s, D iop i i g ill sill see g eate eed a d use i the futu e ahead.

NATION-BUILDING IMPLICATIONS

Go e e e the da s he people ould thi k that tele isio ha a te s a e the

o l o es ho possess i des i a le a ou t of st e gth. With the i e io of D iop i i g a d aki g it a es-si le to hu a s ho has the apa ilit to pu hase it a d has the eai e i agi aio to desig hate e the ha e put thei i d o , people ill ha e eas a ess to the ate ials the eed o a t. O e of the do -sides of this apid i p o e e t is the o odiizaio of goods thus o i g usi ess e of the pote ial to i e t e p odu ts a d eate o e jo s. Whe e e -thi g is ithi ou ea h, ould e sill a t to get it pu hase it f o a othe pe so ? e ill dei itel e-ate thi gs ithi the o i e e ts of ou ho es a d do

hate e that pleases us.

Fu the o e, the a ilit to eate supe hu a s a d eai g supe hu a o ga s that see s as if ost of ou o ga s ould e epla ea le if e feel like it,

ould se iousl pose th eat to othe i di iduals a d to the aio al se u it as ell. What if te o ists o ad people alike pu hase this p ized i e io to o l use it to ad a e thei ai s? If this ould happe , haos ill e sue a d life as e k o it ould al ead e d. The o -ept of fai ess ill lo g e go e e ause people ould

st i e to a hie e uli ate pe fe io . It is ith the atu e of hu a s to e g eate tha his o he pee .

Addiio all , he e talk a out D iop i i g, e talk a out the fo ulaio of ells that a e de i ed

f o ot o l o e sou e ut f o othe li i g eatu es as ell. We ight a ui e the ells of a othe a i al that is fa supe io f o us, thus pe fe i g the i e io

e eed to a o plish. It as stated Agatha Hai es of Ro al College of A t i Lo do that the sali a gla d f o lee h is a le to elease lood thi i g a i oagu-la t hi udi that a help p e e t st okes. If all people

ould a t this thi g e edded i thei s ste , ould it e ight fo hu a s to kill all lee hes fo the ete -

e t of people a d si pl fo the ie that lee hes a e o side ed to e pests? If e do this, a e e ot af aid

to distu the e ologi al s ste a d a othe g oup of a i als ight e e i t i the p o ess dis upi g ou food hai ?

O the othe ha d if e t to look at a othe pe spe i e, D iop i i g also i gs lots of e eits to hu a ki d. O e of this is the eli i aio of illegal t ad-i g of hu a o ga s as ell as de easi g the ate of i di iduals ho a e d i g due to the li ited a ou t of hu a o ga do o s to eet the i easi g de a d. The e a e thousa ds of people d i g due to ei g o the

oto list of people eedi g a e li e , e kid e o lu gs to e te d thei life. D iop i i g a possi l sa e the paie ts the ha dships the eed to e du e a d gi e the a se o d ha e i life. Addiio all , o pa-

ies a sa e illio s of o e a d edu e the i e to de elop e d ugs e ause these d ugs a al ead e tested o fu io all p i ted hu a o ga s. The e ill

e less ase of sufe i g fo hu a s olu tee i g to test the edi i e due to ast side efe ts o e l i e ted

edi i es a d as ell as lesse the a use sufe ed a i als i la o ato ies he so e d ugs p o ed to e isk at i st fo hu a o su pio .

As a kid, e e e e ou aged to e plo e a d dis o e e thi gs to ake ou li es easie . The u e t te h ologies e a e e jo i g toda ha e g eatl helped us to p olo g life a d ake it possi le fo ou lo ed o es to sta ith us lo ge . Ho e e , as i e to s, e plo e s a d dis o e e s of this ge e aio , e should also k o ou li its. Whe the o se ue es a e al ead g eate tha the e eits, e should a efull thi k efo e p o-eedi g ith it. Fo he a a io has al ead ee a -ied out, it is al ead ha d to a kpedal a d take it all

a a .

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Solar

Technology Description

Technical Environment

Solar Power: How does it work?

Solar energy is energy sourced from the sun. Generating power through solar energy is relatively simple. The illustration below from Alternative Ener-gy News’ website shows how a solar panel system works.

Solar Panels, made up of individual solar cells, capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into electricity. These panels are connected to a Bat-tery System through a Charge Controller, which reg-ulates the power flowing from the solar panels into the battery preventing it from overcharging and

thereby preserving the life of the battery. The solar panels produce Direct Current (DC) power, which are directly fed, without conversion, to the batteries for storage. Energy stored in the batteries is de-signed to provide reliable power over a period of time. In cases when Alternating Current (AC) power is needed, an Inverter is used to convert DC to AC. This makes it ready for use for appliances and/or equipment.

Since the primary source of power is sunlight, the longer and the higher the solar irradiation, the better. Solar irradiation, simply put, is exposure to the sun. Aside from the duration of sun exposure, the total amount of power produced by a solar panel per day also depends on factors such as the position and angle of the panels towards the sun, cloud cov-er, and other factors affecting the intensity and quali-ty of available sunlight.

Energy

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The amount of solar energy is measured and commonly expressed in units of watt-hours (i.e., Energy = Power x Time). A watt is not a unit of energy; it is a measure of power.

1 kilowatt-hour = 1 KWH = 1,000 Watts used in 1 hour

Think of it as ten 100-watt light

bulbs left on for an hour.

Potential of Solar in the Philippines

Solar Energy varies by location and time of the year. The figure below from solarg-is.info shows a map showing solar irradiation values around the world. Warmer colors indi-cate higher solar energy. The Philippines, being situated near the equator in terms of geography, has higher solar insolation and may thus be a very good candidate to tap into solar power.

The Department of Energy estimates the country’s aver-age solar radiation, based on sunshine duration, at 161.7 watts per square meter, with a range of 128 to 203 watts per square meter. Solar mapping studies are currently being undertaken to determine the potential of the country’s solar energy.

As it is, solar energy has not yet been fully tapped in in the Philippines. According to a report from CLSA in 2015, the national fuel mix in the Philippines shows a 35% dependence on Coal, 18% in Natural Gas and 17% in Oil – all of which are non-renewable sources of energy. The country also sources its energy from hy-dro at 19%, a renewable source, but this source has a constant nemesis against the sun during summer months. Another renewable source that we have is ge-othermal at 10% of the mix; however, this source is diffi-cult to expand due to the costly steam exploration activi-ties.

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With oil and natural gas being one of the costly alternatives to renewable energy source, and unreliable hydro during hot summer days and phe-nomena such as El Nino, the electricity market is ex-pected to have higher spot prices translating to a higher power bill that is 100% passed on to consum-ers. Solar energy can be expected to play a crucial role in the future fuel mix of the country since the country enjoys a very tropical climate where sun-shine is abundant. The Department of Energy (DOE) through the Renewable Energy Act (RA 9513) has committed to the expansion of renewable energies by increasing its capacities from 2010 to 2030 to 15,304 MW.

A number of conventional power generation companies have started venturing into solar. Earliest mover into this is Energy Development Corporation (EDC) with its 4MW Burgos solar. Aboitiz Power Cor-poration partnered with US-based SunEdison in No-vember 2014 for its first joint 59MW solar power pro-ject to be located near San Carlos City, Negros Occi-dental. The energy arm of Ayala Corporation, AC En-ergy Holdings, Inc. has also revived its plans for so-lar power plant in Negros Oriental.

While the generation of solar power is slowly inching its way into the fuel mix of the country in re-sponse to commercial needs, a new trend on resi-dential (own-use) solar power has recently been making an introduction.

Trends in the Technology

Going Solar Global information company, IHS Technology,

was accurate to predict growth in the solar industry with China installing solar technology more than Eu-rope, Japan providing higher incentives for the green technology and US to expand. In 2015, it predicts global solar technology demand to grow up by 25% in 2015. Top countries that have the highest installed capacity of solar power as of 2015 are China, Japan and the US.

Residential solar In the US, research gathered in the U.S. So-lar Market Insight shows that residential installa-tions of rooftop solar panels led the solar power market in Q1 of 2015 with an unprecedented 11% growth rate. Residential solar panel systems are now up at 76% with over 1.3 gigawatts (GW) of ca-pacity installed in Q1. The past 6 consecutive quar-ters saw growth of more than 1GW in solar power capacity in the US. It is forecasted to reach 7.9GW in 2015, up by 27% over 2014.

Fortune.com also backs up this data report-

ing that in Q1 of 2015, there were more solar pan-els installed than natural gas plants. This technolo-gy growth is mainly because of good solar panel installation deals offered by solar companies. It’s as easy as installing solar panels on residential roofs with little or no outlay from homeowners and selling generated solar energy to the homeowner for the next 15 to 20 years. With this, homeowners end up paying less for electricity compared to the usual util-ity charges from the conventional power distribu-tion. In addition, Fortune.com also states:

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In the Philippines, since the passage of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008, Meralco has only 100 customers so far that have solar rooftops. This is only 0.002% of its 5.7m customer base. However, the market for solar rooftops is showing potential with more than 100 solar panel providers to choose from in the Philippines versus virtually none six years ago. A few known companies are Solar Phil-ippines, Solenergy Systems Inc., and Solar Sys-tems Philippines.

Solar Philippines pioneered the first large-

scale solar rooftop project in Central Mall Binan with 700KW in September 2014 followed by SM North EDSA in November with 1.5MW. The company installed 5,760 solar panels and 60 inverters cov-ering over 12,000 square meters at the mall's North EDSA parking building.

According to news reported by InterAksy-on, The 1.5-megawatt plant will be able to aug-ment the mall’s power requirements, or the equiv-alent of 2,000 Filipino homes. It is expected to op-erate for over 25 years and offset an estimated 40,000 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), or the equiv-

alent of planting 200,000 trees.

In a policy brief developed by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in cooperation with Renewable Energy Developers Center (REDC) and WWF Philippines, solar power solutions have now been made easier to acquire with solar kits that can readily be used in homes to mitigate the rising cost of electricity.

In fact, companies such as Solar Philippines are also offering installation of residential solar pan-els. Solar installations in a home can take as quick as one day, inclusive of testing and commissioning. With this, homes may no longer need to subscribe to Meralco 24/7 since it can sustain its electricity needs via the installed solar panels during the day. As early as 5am to as late as 6pm (depending on time of sunrise and sunset), residential homes can utilize its solar panels to take in the sunshine and convert it to the necessary power needed to power up its lighting needs, appliances and other electrici-ty-dependent equipment. During the night when sunshine is not available to be converted to solar power, it can hook up to the grid. This will result to a substantial decrease in power consumption from Meralco and higher use of renewable self-sustaining solar energy.

The components of a typical solar deploy-ment as illustrated in Intel Corporation’s paper on Solar Power for PC Deployment are shown below.

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Going Off-Grid with Solar Batteries

It becomes interesting if one can store so-lar by using solar batteries. The basic notion is that end users will use solar panels by day and tap the Meralco grid by night. But with solar batteries, one could totally go off-grid, both day and night. Except for the size/scale, the same components of a typical solar deployment apply to off-grid deploy-ment.

With this technology, there is promising possibility that residential homes may rely on their self-sustaining solar panel and solar batteries to power up their homes, day and night. Talks have been on-going but the timeline for implementing such technology is probably not anytime soon.

Last July, US-based AES (through AES Energy Storage) announced its intent to construct battery storage facilities across the country, pri-marily to act as a grid reserve. It is building a 40MW storage facility in Visayas and 10MW in Central Luzon. It has plans to build up to 200-

250MW of storage capacity. Whether it will scale up this further into the residential and commercial markets is still uncertain.

On the other side of the world, US-based Tesla is building its battery gigafactory that would double world battery production and ultimately lower costs.

Net-metering Program

Aside from storing solar energy for later use, homeowners can also opt to sell their excess capacity to the grid for either a profit or a reduction in electricity expense. With the implementation of the net-metering program, consumers who own renewable energy facilities can receive a peso credit for the excess electricity received equivalent to the distribution utility’s (e.g., Meralco) blended generation cost, excluding other generation adjust-ments. These earned credits are deducted from the consumer’s electric bill.

SWOT Analysis Strengths

S1 – Solar Energy is unlimited. Solar energy is a renewable source of energy. Unlike coal, which may be depleted, harnessing energy from the sun is unlimited.

S2 – Solar Energy is clean energy. Increased use of renewable energy, particularly solar, can help alleviate pollution in the country, climate change as well as the harmful effects of fossil fuel use.

S3 – Solar Energy is supported by the RE Law. Under the RE Law, distribution utilities and quali-fied end users who will be installing a renewable energy system may enter into a net-metering pro-gram, which allows end users to export a ele -t i it ge e ated that is ot o su ed to the DU’s dis-t i uio s ste .

S4 – Solar Energy is the only viable source for household and commercial own-use. Small hy-dro systems are viable for residential and commer-cial units with a nearby water supply. Geothermal energy is not available just anywhere in the coun-try and requires a lot of digging and will eventually get depleted over time. Sunshine, on the other hand, is available. Even when its cloudy, installed solar panels can still as get as much as 10% to 20% as much electricity produced as when the sky is clear and sunny.

S5 – Solar Energy costs is declining over time. Cost of solar power systems have significantly decline. According to Bloomberg New Energy Fi-nance, solar panel system costs have dropped by more than 30% since 2008 and expects the price of solar panels to decline by 55% by 2020. At the rate that solar installations is growing worldwide, experts note that grid parity – or the level at which the price of electricity produced by solar technolo-gies meet prices of electricity currently being in-jected into the grid – is just around the corner.

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Weaknesses

W1 – Solar sunshine is variable. Naturally, sun-shine is only available during the day. In the Philip-pines, this is from around 5am to 6pm depending on the season. During days when the sun is not as “sunny”, less solar energy is sourced.

W2 – Installation of residential solar panel re-quires 100% initial outlay. Installation of solar panel systems requires upfront fees. Most of the expenses in operating a solar rooftop are incurred in the begin-ning of the project, instead of being spread out over the years in terms of fuel and operating costs.

W3 – There is little available financing scheme for commercial use and none for residential use. At the moment, there is no financing scheme availa-ble such as buy now, pay later for residential installa-tion of solar panel systems. Since installation re-quires 100% upfront fees, homeowners find it unaf-fordable.

W4 – Cheaper PV substitutes decreases efficiency of solar generation. There are cheaper solar panel systems available, due to cheaper photovoltaic ma-terials. On the downside, howev-er, these cheaper substitutes ab-sorb less solar energy and pro-duces less solar power.

W5 – Availability of land/roof space. The standard ratio of power to space is 1MW:1-1.5 hectares. This is may be problem for vertically tall buildings with limited space for solar panel in-stallation and high usage require-ments.

Opportunities

O1 – There is growing awareness of solar distri-bution among residential and commercial mar-kets. As evidenced by the increase in demand for solar panel systems and increasing suppliers, the market is now slowly recognizing the potential of so-lar power

O2 – Solar power plants are guaranteed a feed-in-

tariff (FIT). As of June 2015, there are 30 solar pro-jects lined up for FIT approval with total 790MW ca-pacity versus today’s installed 109MW. This was 17MW only as of end-2014. The government has already increased the solar allocation for FIT by 10x from 50MW to 500MW given heightened demand, and this new, increased allocation appears to be up for another round of revision.

O3 – There are ongoing developments for solar energy production and storage. The solar power industry is a growing industry and scientists, econo-mists, engineers and the likes are discovering ways to fully optimize the potential of solar energy.

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Threats

T1 – Installed solar panels may be destroyed in typhoon-prone areas. There are typhoon-prone areas in the Philippines, which makes it danger-ous to install exposed solar panels on rooftops. This may also prove costly if the solar panels are destroyed before its estimated 25-year useful life.

T2 – FIT are subject to first come, first serve basis. New solar project s may not en-joy the same FIT incentives as some pioneers in the industry due to the limited incentives granted by the government.

T3 – Barriers to entry for solar distribution is getting easier to break given declining capital costs. As discussed, solar panel production is get-ting cheaper by the year. With the growing demand for solar system installation, suppliers may face the threat of new entrants that can eat up their market

share.

Below is a SWOT Matrix showing a few strategies that can be affected after analyzing the strengths and weaknesses that this technology has, and external opportunities and threats it should address.

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Business/Industry Implication

At present, the Philippines are facing a power shortage. Given the continuing growth of the country and its population, it needs to ensure that the power demand is met.

Solar energy is a booming business. It is, in fact, the fastest growing industrial sector in Germany. Its government has even gone as far as subsidizing the production of solar farms. Solar suppliers are paid twice as much as conventional power suppliers. The solar power industry is expected to be a gigawatt industry in the next 5 years. In fact, it is expected that solar providers will take over conventional pow-er generators in the next decade.

Looking at the implication of this new technology to the power business/industry, non renewable sources of energy such as coal and oil will be more expensive that solar power in addition to its high pol-lution contribution. If conventional power generators will continue to build coal plants then the country will be locked into producing power from non-renewable and expensive power over the life of the plant, which is usually 30 to 40 years.

With the less expensive and greener renewable energy counterparts, there is also a big possibility that even before the end of its estimated life, non-

renewable energy sourced plants may be scrapped, with not enough return on capital investment.

Consumers, on the other hand, who contract ca-pacity for a long-term period from these convention-al power generators, should take into account solar power prices in the future. Will the supply contracts make sense in the future given the lower solar pric-es?

As to the government, power projects currently in the pipeline for the next decade should be re-viewed for possible white elephants in the future.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

Capital Investment

A 5KW-peak package will cost P500, 000 (or US$11,000, US$2.2/W) on average – inclusive of modules, inverter, mounting system and labor – pretty much in line with US all-in system cost. This is half the P1, 000,000 (or US$22,000, US$4.4/W) cost six years ago.

Sources of panels and inverters are either in Germany or China. Imported panels are a reason (but not the only reason) that solar packages in the Philippines are more expensive than in other coun-tries (China has US$1.1/W – it has cheaper labor and is the world’s largest solar panel manufacturer).

Similar to the downward trend of solar panel prices globally, local cost of solar panel systems in the Philippines has also been dropping by 9.4% per year as reported in the article “Cheapest power source: Solar rooftop” published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer (April 2015). Solar panels that sold for P48 per watt-peak in 2014 sell for P39 today, a price drop of 19 percent.

Available Financing

A key ingredient for this solar technology to be successful is ‘zero money down – third-party fi-nance’ (technically, solar PPA or solar lease). There are no soft payment-terms currently offered in the Philippines and all purchases require full payment upon completion of installment (technically as the day ends).

With a US$11,000 solar equipment cost, one can easily see the difficulty that arises if we compare this amount to the Philippine GDP per capita – just close to US$3,000. Affordability is definitely a con-cern. We see this lack of finance scheme as the ma-jor deterrent to solar investment, particularly for the residential market.

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Zero money down – third-party finance can be the answer. It may come in the form of either (1) a power purchase agreement (PPA) or (2) a solar lease.

A PPA works as a finance lease where the residential lessee pays a fixed monthly fee for a giv-en term wherein the ownership of the installed solar system is turned over to the lessee at the end of the lease term. On the other hand, a solar lease works as an operating lease where the residential lessee pays a variable amount depending on the kWh con-sumed. Either way the residential lessee/homeowner avoids the hefty upfront cost and gets a solar system installed. The fees include an interest charge that accrues to the third-party financer – but both payments would be below what one would pay for the Meralco bill. The result is a win-win scenario for both the homeowner and the financer.

In the Philippines, we lack such a business model/financial innovation. But if and when this fi-nance scheme becomes available, the country can expect a jump in the demand for solar rooftops in both residential and commercial markets similar to the ongoing auto/car boom (and consequently, the traffic bane) in the country – all thanks to cheap fi-nance cost and a comfortable amortization schemes.

Strategic Benefits (Direct/Indirect)

The major significant benefits of this break-through are the lower electricity cost and lesser en-vironmental impact of power generation.

Lower electricity cost for household

To give a picture of how big a solar system a residential house may need - A 5KW-peak pack-age is sufficient for a three-bedroom, two-storey house with roughly 500sqm of rooftop space. It is ideal for households with average monthly con-sumption of at least 1,600kWh, or P15,000 per month (US$330 per month). There are variations in the size (1.5kWp, 3kWp, etc.) depending on power consumption – the lower the consumption, the smaller the size.

If one-time initial investment is Php500,000 and assuming insignificant maintenance costs and a useful life of 25 years (as in the case of SM North Edsa solar panels), residential units are expected to expense Php20,000 annually. The spike in spot market prices due to the costly energy sources will no longer affect consumers since it will sustain its own energy requirements.

In the end, the market will avoid the P9-11/kWh (US$0.20-0.25/kWh) cost of oil and P4.5-5.5/kWh (US$0.10-0.13/kWh) cost of natural gas, creat-ing significant savings.

In an interview in August 2014, former Ener-gy Secretary Carlos Jericho Petilla said: “The cost of electricity from a coal plant can run up to P5.50 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), plus P6.50 for distribution and transmission, which amounts to P12.00. If you install solar panels on your rooftop, you will spend only P9.00 per kWh for generation and no cost for distribution

or transmission. This already saves you up to P3 per kWh.”

Less environmental impact due to renew-able energy source

Taking the partially solar-powered SM North Edsa as an example, Solar Philippines installed 5,760 solar panels and 60 inverters covering over 12,000 square meters at the mall's North Edsa parking building. According to news reported by In-terAksyon, the 1.5-megawatt plant will be able to augment the mall’s power requirements, or the equivalent of 2,000 Filipino homes. It is expected to operate for over 25 years and offset an estimated 40,000 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), or the equiva-lent of planting 200,000 trees.

According to Innovative Power Systems, “Solar energy does not emit any harmful gases or pose any other threats to the environment. Produc-ing 100kwh of electricity from renewable energy prevents 1,200 pounds of coal from being burned and 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide from being re-leased into the air. It has the environmental equiva-lent of planting half acre of trees, whereas produc-ing those 100kwh from a coal plant has the environ-mental equivalent of driving a car for 2400 miles.

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Financial Analysis

Monthly Savings

Assuming 20% utilisation (equivalent to five hours of strong sunshine from 10am to 2pm), the 5kWp package can produce 730kWh per month. If we use the average Meralco retail rate of P8.89/kWh today (US$0.20/kWh – which already factors the drop in oil and natural gas prices), the estimated monthly solar generation translates into P6,500 of monthly saving, or 40% of the original Meralco bill (based on a P15,000 per month utility-residential cost).

A typical kit can displace 4-5 kW of electricity a day, translating to a savings of at least 30 per cent of monthly power bills. While the cost of a 1-kW grid-

tied system amounting to about 200,000 pesos ap-pears expensive today, the electricity offsets for sev-en years allow full recovery of the solar system. On the 8th year, savings generated from the 1-kW sys-tem provides additional money in the pocket of the consumers. By the beginning of the 9th year up to the 25th year, when the lifespan of a solar kit is fully expended, solar electricity provides economic relief.

In Metro Manila, the avoided cost of a 1-kW solar rooftop installation is around P1,500 a month.

Payback Period

This monthly saving, in turn, factors into the pay-back period of six years (against the P500,000 capi-tal cost), or a 17% return on equity (ROE) today.

Internal Rate of Return

With a high base for solar capital cost a few years ago, solar feed-in tariff (FIT) began at P9.68/kWh (US$0.22/kWh) in 2014. In 2015, the FIT was recalculated and the result was a 10% digression to P8.69/kWh (US$0.20/kWh) due to a lower capital cost assumption – but it still re-mains relatively high. Together with that high tariff is the implied project internal rate of return of 15-18% that makes the venture a lucrative one for independent power producers (IPPs), especially as so-

lar power, like other renewables under the FIT scheme, enjoys priority dispatch to the grid.

Ethical Implications

Rights Ethics: Right to choose – clean energy vs. harm-free home

Solar panels are also called photovoltaic panels. One of the barriers to entry in the solar power indus-try is the high cost of producing these solar panels. Most photovoltaic materials are expensive due to its rarity.

To make solar panels available for residential use is to use cheaper materials to use in Solar cells. The downside of this is that cheaper materials have high-er levels of toxicity such as Cadmium Telluride – one of the six most toxic substances and has been banned by the European Union for use in electronic devices. It is a carcinogenic, which causes muscle aches, fever and in extreme cases, renal failure.

Decision makers must give homeowners the right to choose whether to contribute to the global step towards cleaner energy or to maintain their house-holds safe and free from potentially harmful solar panel materials.

Utilitarianism: Less environmental impact weighs more than potential job lay-offs in Distribution Utilities and Power generation companies.

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However, in exchange for these lay offs, the environment will be free of excessive carbon emis-sions from conventional power plants using non-

renewable sources of energy. It will also provide cheaper electricity to the community. Jobs dis-placed from this new technology can be shifter to solar panel manufacturing and installation.

Nation-Building Implications

Solar power contributes to nation building by providing affordable and environmentally friendly electricity to a wider scope of end users.

Environmentally friendly power source

Harnessing power from the sun is free. It is also carbon emission free. According to It’s more sun in the Philippines published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, for every kWh of solar power produced, 0.88 kilograms of carbon dioxide are avoided. For every 1.5 kW of installed solar capacity, as much as 1,576 kilo-grams of carbon emission is prevented. That is equivalent to planting 256 square meters of forests.

The North EDSA solar panels installed by Solar Philippines is reported to augment the mall’s power requirements, or the equivalent of 2,000 Filipino homes and is expected to offset an estimated 40,000 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), or the equiva-lent of planting 200,000 trees.

Affordable electricity for everyone

Solutions to affordable electricity have started to sprout. House Committee on Small Business Chair and Bayan Muna party list Rep. Teddy Casi-no authored House Bill No. 5405, or the One Million Solar Roofs Act. This provides incentives and fi-nancing facilities to household and small commer-cial power users wanting to put up solar power sys-tems. Under this proposed legislation, homeowners and small entrepreneurs will be allowed to borrow loans from the Home Development Mutual Fund (Pag-Ibig Fund), as well as from the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), Social Security System (SSS), and other financial institutions to purchase solar panels. Pag-Ibig Fund (Home De-velopment Mutual Fund) now lends up to P130,000 for a solar PV installation. However, this applies only to new houses. It does not extend to existing houses.

This is in response to the lack of an affordable financing scheme to put up solar panels systems in residential and small-time commercial units. It al-lows amortization for the loan using whatever homeowners can save from their monthly electricity bill with the use of cheaper solar power. Should this bill pass, consumers need only shell out less than P1,500 a month to pay for a 1-kW grid-tied solar power system or a similar rooftop installation. Homeowners can use this system for energy needs during the day and tap on energy from the grid for energy they require during the night.

Greater access to energy

One shortfall of current electricity distribution is the failure to reach far-flung rural areas be-cause the cost of putting up transmission lines outweigh the profits that will be recovered due maybe to a small number of households that will be covered. Opportunities in these areas are small because of this. Many solar projects have actually been tested in these areas. De-ployment of an off-grid solar panel system is a big leap for these communities in terms of job/livelihood and education opportunities. By providing power in these areas, communities can set up stores at night, students can study at night, and individuals have access to com-munication devices. Rural electrification will lead to a more progressive community.

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Credits

“Wacky!”

Group 1

Cognitive

Computing

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Credits

Group 3

Smart

Robots

Group 2

Google

Glass

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Credits

Group 4

3D

Bioprinting

Group 5

Solar

Energy

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