Hormone review

� involved in large scale body changes

� ________________________________________________________________� start new processes

in the body by turning genes on that were lying “dormant”

A. Male Reproductive System

� carries out spermatogenesis; ___________ _____________________________________

� __________________________________________________________________________

I. Gametogenesis

A. Male Reproductive System

� carries out spermatogenesis; the production of 4 haploid sperms from one primary sex cell

� deposits sperm within the female reproductive tract for internal fertilization

I. Gametogenesis

reproductive tract for internal fertilization

1) testes

� produces _______________

� produces _______________� _______________________________ (1º function)

� _____________________________________________________ (2º function): (beard, deeper voice, musculature, sex drive, aggression)

1) testes

� located in the scrotum

� kept outside the internal body cavity to keep 1-2º Celsius cooler for ____________ ________________________________________________________________________

2) glands and tubes

� sperm are stored in a coiled tube called the

__________________

� when ejaculated, they are then carried

through the body via the _____________…

� …which connects with the ____________

2) glands and tubes

� along the way, certain glands add fluids to the sperm, providing nutrients and to protect them from the acidic environment of the woman’s vagina� prostate gland, seminal vesicals, Cowper’s

gland

2) glands and tubes

� these secretions and sperm are referred together as ____________

B. Female Reproductive System

� carries out oogenesis; the production of 1 viable haploid egg and 3 non-viable polar bodies from one primary sex cell

� __________________________________________________________________________

I. Gametogenesis

_____________________________________

� produces many hormones (including __________ and _______________ ) which:

a) __________________________________

b) develops secondary sex characteristics in females� ( ___________________________________ )

B. Female Reproductive System

� carries out oogenesis; the production of 1 viable haploid egg and 3 non-viable polar bodies from one primary sex cell

� responsible for the internal development of offspring

I. Gametogenesis

offspring

� produces many hormones (including estrogen and progesterone) which:

a) control the menstrual cycle

b) develops secondary sex characteristics in females� (mammary glands, broadening of hips)

1) ovaries

� mature eggs are found in small cavitiescalled _____________ (remember FSH!)

� all eggs are present (but not matured yet) by the time the female is born

OVULATION:

2) oviduct

� after ovulation, the egg is transported through this tube (a.k.a. ______________ ) towards the ______________

� if the egg is to be fertilized by a sperm, it normally happens here!

3) uterus

� ________________________________________________________________________

� at the lower end is the cervix, which leads out towards the vagina (the opening between internal and external environment)

II. The Menstrual Cycle

� begins at female _________ (ability to reproduce) and ends at ___________ (which is the permanent cessation—stoppage)

LH

FSH

egg development

0 7 14 21 28days

cessation—stoppage)

� ____________________

� can vary a great deal due to

� age

� illness

� pregancy

� stress

estrogen

progesterone

uterine lining

Female hormones� FSH & LH

� released from ______________

� stimulates _________________________________

� peak release = release of egg (ovulation)

� Estrogen

� released from ______ cells around developing egg� released from ______ cells around developing egg

� stimulates _________________________________

� decreasing levels causes menstruation

� Progesterone

� released from “corpus luteum” in _______

� cells that used to be the follicle

� stimulates _________________________________

� decreasing levels causes menstruation

corpusluteum

(old follicle)ovary

Female reproductive cycle

estrogenegg

matures &is released(ovulation)

builds up uterus lining

FSH & LH

progesterone

fertilized egg

pregnant?

maintainsuterus lining

no

yes

FSH & LH

progesterone

fertilized egg(zygote)

hCG

corpus luteum breaks downprogesterone drops

menstruation

corpusluteum

maintainsuterus lining

GnRH

pituitarygland

hypothalamus

A. follicle stage:

� FSH (follicle stimulating-hormone) is produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates egg development in follicles (ovaries)

� this increases estrogen production from the ovaries to build up the uterine lining

II. The Menstrual Cycle

the ovaries to build up the uterine lining

� ~____________________

as the estrogen levels get higher, the

pituitary inhibits (slows) production of

FSH and stimulates production of LH

(luteinizing hormone), which leads to…

B. ovulation:

� ______________________________________________________

� the high levels of LH (luteinizing hormone)

II. The Menstrual Cycle

(luteinizing hormone) made from the pituitary stimulates the ruptured follicle to transform into the corpus luteum

C. corpus luteum stage:

� the newly formed corpus luteum (old follicle in ovary) now secretes progesterone which will maintain uterine lining for possible implantation of embryo

� ~______________________

II. The Menstrual Cycle

� ~______________________

if implantation occurs, hCG from the

embryo keeps progesterone levels

high… if not, progesterone levels

decrease, triggering…

D. menstruation:

� lower progesterone levels results in the uterine lining breaking down

� this lining is shed along with blood and mucus and passes through the vagina

� ~___________________

II. The Menstrual Cycle

� ~___________________

make sure you know this about each hormone:1. where they are produced

2. what their target tissues are

3. what effect each has

� happens internally

� after ovulation, _______________________ ____________________________________

III. Fertilization in Humans

� happens internally

� after ovulation, fertilization usually occurs in the oviduct (Fallopian tube)

� the egg has about _____________________ _____________________________________ and can no longer be fertilized

III. Fertilization in Humans

and can no longer be fertilized

� cleavage then begins in the oviduct

� __________________________________________________________________________

� __________________________________________________________________________

� if more than one egg is produced, or if a cell completely divides during cleavage, you can have more than one embryo!

III. Fertilization in Humans

FRATERNAL TWINS

•

IDENTICAL TWINS

•

� external fertilization: fusion of gametes OUTSIDE the mother’s reproductive tract:

____________________________

•

•

•

•

� __________________________________________________________________________o in humans, average is 9 months

� at the end of this period, progesteroneproduction decreases and oxytocinproduction from the pituitary increases,

IV. Human Development

production from the pituitary increases, causing labor to start

A. Prenatal Development

� development before birth

� the first 2 months are the most important… this is when the cells become specialized ( ___________________ )

� there is always a 5% chance that the

IV. Human Development

� there is always a 5% chance that the developing embryo (fetus after 2 months) can have some sort of _________________ __________________o this number can go up (never down) depending on

many other factors!

1. genetic problems

� ______________________________________

� ______________________________________

� serious, often results in a miscarriage

2. acquired problems

IV. Human Development

2. acquired problems

� problems that can be prevented!

a) drug, alcohol, and tobacco use• studies show that these lead to ___________

__________ (less than 5 pounds at birth), which is the leading cause of developmental disabilities!

• ex. FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome)

• ex. tobacco linked with increased risk of SIDS

2. acquired problems

� problems that can be prevented!

b) __________________________• pass infection to baby

• premature labor

c) __________________________

IV. Human Development

c) __________________________• mother not fully developed yet; odds of

embryo/fetus developing normally decreased

d) __________________________• use the medical profession!

• bad diet; use of “safe” drugs

7 weeks4 weeks

IV. Human Development

10 weeks

IV. Human Development IV. Human Development

12 weeks 20 weeks

IV. Human Development

Week 20

IntestineIntestine

Placenta

Umbilicalcord

Wall ofuterus

Vagina

Cervix

Bladder

B. Postnatal Development

� development after birth

� happens at different rates until the person is a mature adult, then it slows down, until eventually death…

IV. Human Development …or is it?

or not?

Telomeres are DNA sequences at the end of

chromosomes. They get shorter as cells divide. When

they get too short, the “code” part of DNA gets chopped

up. This makes the cell malfunction and isattributed to

aging. However, cancer cells show activation of an

enzyme that keeps this from happening. When this

enzyme’s DNA code was integrated into mice, they lived

an average of 47% longer. If the average human lives 75

years, this would increase to 110!