Introduction toBiopsychology NINth edItIoN

John P. J. PinelSteven J. Barnes

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Introduction to Biopsychology, Global Edition

Table of Contents

Cover

Brief Contents

Contents

Preface

To the Student

About the Author

Part One: What is Biopsychology? Chapter 1: Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What is Biopsychology, Anyway?

The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time

Four Major Themes of this Text

1.1 What is Biopsychology?

1.2 What is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of

Neuroscience?

1.3 What types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?

Human and Nonhuman Subjects

Experiments and Nonexperiments

Pure and Applied Research

1.4 What are the Divisions of Biopsychology?

Physiological Psychology

Psychopharmacology

Neuropsychology

The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-Damaged Student Who Switched to Architecture

Psychophysiology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Comparative Psychology

1.5 Converging Operations: How do Biopsychologists Work Together?

1.6 Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable

Workings of the Brain?

1.7 Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims

Case 1: José and the Bull

Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and Prefrontal Lobotomy

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Part Two: Foundations of Biopsychology Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology ofBehavior

2.1 Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions

Table of Contents

Is it Physiological, or Is it Psychological?

Is it Inherited, or Is it Learned?

Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional

Dichotomies

The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed

Case of the Chimps with Mirrors

The Case of the Thinking Student

2.2 Human Evolution

Evolution and Behavior

Course of Human Evolution

Thinking about Human Evolution

Evolution of the Human Brain

Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding

Thinking about Evolutionary Psychology

2.3 Fundamental Genetics

Mendelian Genetics

Chromosomes: Reproduction and Recombination

Chromosomes: Structure and Replication

Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits

Genetic Code and Gene Expression

Mitochondrial DNA

Human Genome Project

Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics

2.4 Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and

Experience

Selective Breeding of "Maze-Bright" and "Maze-Dull" Rats

Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder

Development of Birdsong

2.5 Genetics of Human Psychological Differences

Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells ThatMake Up Your Nervous System

3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System

Divisions of the Nervous System

Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

BloodBrain Barrier

3.2 Cells of the Nervous System

Anatomy of Neurons

Glia: The Forgotten Cells

3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions

Table of Contents

Neuroanatomical Techniques

Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System

3.4 Spinal Cord

3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain

3.6 Major Structures of the Brain

Myelencephalon

Metencephalon

Mesencephalon

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send andReceive Signals

The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson's Disease

4.1 Resting Membrane Potential

Recording the Membrane Potential

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials

4.3 Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials

4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials

Ionic Basis of Action Potentials

Refractory Periods

Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials

Conduction in Myelinated Axons

The Velocity of Axonal Conduction

Conduction in Neurons without Axons

The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective

4.5 Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Structure of Synapses

Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules

Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules

Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules

Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling

Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission

4.6 Neurotransmitters

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Monoamine Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

Unconventional Neurotransmitters

Neuropeptides

4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Table of Contents

How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission

Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding WhatBiopsychologists Do

The Ironic Case of Professor P.

Part One: Methods of Studying the Nervous System

5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

Contrast X-Rays

X-Ray Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Positron Emission Tomography

Functional MRI

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

Scalp Electroencephalography

Magnetoencephalography

Muscle Tension

Eye Movement

Skin Conductance

Cardiovascular Activity

5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

Stereotaxic Surgery

Lesion Methods

Electrical Stimulation

Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods

5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

Routes of Drug Administration

Selective Chemical Lesions

Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain

Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain

5.5 Genetic Engineering

Gene Knockout Techniques

Gene Replacement Techniques

Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow

Part Two: Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology

5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing

Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery

Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function

Frontal-Lobe Function

5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

Paradigms for Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors

Traditional Conditioning Paradigms

Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms

Table of Contents

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Part Three: Sensory and Motor Systems Chapter 6: The Visual System: How We See

The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer

6.1 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina

Pupil and the Lens

Eye Position and Binocular Disparity

6.2 The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals

Cone and Rod Vision

Spectral Sensitivity

Eye Movement

Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals

6.3 From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex

Retinotopic Organization

The M and P Channels

6.4 Seeing Edges

Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement

Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons

Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System

Receptive Fields: Simple Cortical Cells

Receptive Fields: Complex Cortical Cells

Organization of Primary Visual Cortex

The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited

Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields: Contextual Influences in Visual

Processing

6.5 Seeing Color

Component and Opponent Processing

Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory

6.6 Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness

Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion

The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear

Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas, Blindsight, and Conscious Awareness

The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight

Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex

Dorsal and Ventral Streams

The Case of D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Conciously See

The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects

that She Saw

Prosopagnosia

R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosic

Akinetopsia

Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia

Table of Contents

Conclusion

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, andAttention: How You Know the World

The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time

7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization

Hierarchical Organization

The Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

Functional Segregation

Parallel Processing

Summary Model of Sensory System Organization

7.2 Auditory System

The Ear

From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex

Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization

Auditory Cortex

Effects of Damage to the Auditory System

7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain

Cutaneous Receptors

Dermatomes

Two Major Somatosensory Pathways

Cortical Areas of Somatosensation

Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Somatosensory System and Association Cortex

The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand

Somatosensory Agnosias

The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body

Rubber-Hand Illusion

Perception of Pain

The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain

Neuropathic Pain

7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Olfactory System

Gustatory System

Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses

Broad Tuning vs. Narrow Tuning

7.5 Selective Attention

Change Blindness

Neural Mechanisms of Attention

Simultanagnosia

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Table of Contents

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System: How You Move The Case of Rhonda, the Dexterous Cashier

8.1 Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function

The Sensorimotor System is Hierarchically Organized

Motor Output is Guided by Sensory Input

The Case of G.O., the Man with too Little Feedback

Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control

General Model of Sensorimotor System Function

8.2 Sensorimotor Association Cortex

Posterior Parietal Association Cortex

The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman who turned in Circles

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex

8.3 Secondary Motor Cortex

Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex

Mirror Neurons

8.4 Primary Motor Cortex

Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind

8.5 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

Basal Ganglia

8.6 Descending Motor Pathways

Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract and Dorsolateral Corticorubrospinal Tract

Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-Brainstem-Spinal

Tract

Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor

Pathways

8.7 Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits

Muscles

Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles

Stretch Reflex

Withdrawal Reflex

Reciprocal Innervation

Recurrent Collateral Inhibition

Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex

8.8 Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning

Central Sensorimotor Programs are Capable of Motor Equivalence

Sensory Information that Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs is not

necessarily Conscious

Central Sensorimotor Programs can develop without Practice

Practice can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs

Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning

The Case of Rhonda, Revisited

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Table of Contents

Key Terms

Quick Review

Part Four: Brain Plasticity Chapter 9: Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to you

The Case of Genie

9.1 Phases of Neurodevelopment

Induction of the Neural Plate

Neural Proliferation

Migration and Aggregation

Axon Growth and Synapse Formation

Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement

9.2 Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants

Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain

Development of the Prefrontal Cortex

9.3 Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development of Neural Circuits

Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment

Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns

Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps

Experience Fine-Tunes Neurodevelopment

9.4 Neuroplasticity in Adults

Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals

Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex

9.5 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism and Williams Syndrome

Autism

The Case of Alex: Are you ready to Rock?

Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities

Williams Syndrome

The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities

Epilogue

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover fromDamage?

The Ironic Case of Professor P.

10.1 Causes of Brain Damage

Brain Tumors

Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes

Closed-Head Injuries

The Case of Jerry Quarry, Ex-Boxer

Infections of the Brain

Neurotoxins

Genetic Factors

Programmed Cell Death

Table of Contents

10.2 Neurological Diseases

Epilepsy

The Subtlety of Complex Partial Seizures: Two Cases

Parkinson's Disease

Huntington's Disease

Multiple Sclerosis

Alzheimer's Disease

10.3 Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases

Kindling Model of Epilepsy

Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease

The Cases of the Frozen Addicts

10.4 Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration,

Reorganization, and Recovery

Neural Degeneration

Neural Regeneration

Neural Reorganization

Recovery of Function after CNS Damage

10.5 Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage

Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for CNS Damage: Early Research

The Case of Roberto Garcia d'Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant

Modern Research on Neurotransplantation

Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training

The Cases of Tom and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran

The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information 11.1 Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy

The Case of H.M., the Man who Changed the Study of Memory

Formal Assessment of H.M.'s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious

Memories

Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.'s Case

Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia

Semantic and Episodic Memories

The Case of K.C., the Man who can't time Travel

The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits

The Case of R.B., Product of aBungled Operation

Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory

11.2 Amnesia of Korsakoff's Syndrome

The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A.

11.3 Amnesia of Alzheimer's Disease

11.4 Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation

Table of Contents

Posttraumatic Amnesia

Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation

Hippocampus and Consolidation

Reconsolidation

11.5 Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Memory

Monkey Model of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to Sample

Test

Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test for Rats

Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Medial

Temporal Lobectomy

11.6 Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory

Two Tests of Rodent Spatial Memory

Hippocampal and Entorhinal Grid Cells

Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory

Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells

11.7 Where are Memories Stored?

Inferotemporal Cortex

Amygdala

Prefrontal Cortex

The Case of the Cook Who Couldn't

Cerebellum and Striatum

11.8 Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory

Long-Term Potentiation

Induction of LTP: Learning

Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall

Variability of LTP

11.9 Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You

Infantile Amnesia

Smart Drugs: Do they work?

Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory

The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist who Remembered H.M.

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Part Five: Biopsychology of Motivation Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why do many People Eat too Much?

The Case of the Man who forgot not to eat

12.1 Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization

Digestion

Energy Storage in the Body

Three Phases of Energy Metabolism

12.2 Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives

Set-Point Assumption

Glucostatic and Lipostatic Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating

Table of Contents

Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating

Positive-Incentive Perspective

12.3 Factors that Determine what, when, and How Much we Eat

Factors that Determine what We Eat

Factors that Influence when We Eat

Factors that Influence How Much We Eat

12.4 Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety

Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety

Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers

Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety

Hunger and Satiety Peptides

Serotonin and Satiety

Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable Hunger

Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A.

12.5 Body Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points

Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating

Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control

12.6 Human Obesity: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments

Who Needs to Be Concerned about Obesity?

Why is there an Epidemic of Obesity?

Why Do Some People Become Obese While Others Do Not?

Why are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective?

Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat

The Case of the Child with No Leptin

Treatment of Obesity

12.7 Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa

Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia

Anorexia and Positive Incentives

Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis

The Case of the Anorexic Student

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex: What's Wrong with the Mamawawa? Men-Are-Men-and-Women-Are-Women Assumption

Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones

13.1 The Neuroendocrine System

Glands

Gonads

Classes of Hormones

Sex Steroids

Hormones of the Pituitary

Female Gonadal Hormone Levels are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels are

Steady

Neural Control of the Pituitary

Table of Contents

Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus

Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones

Regulation of Hormone Levels

Pulsatile Hormone Release

Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation

13.2 Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body

Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics

13.3 Hormones and Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior

Sex Differences in the Brain

Development of Sex Differences in Behavior

13.4 Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development

The Case of Anne S., the Woman Who Wasn't

The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy

The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis

Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule?

13.5 Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults

Male Reproduction-Related Behavior and Testosterone

The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood

Female Reproduction-Related Behavior and Gonadal Hormones

Anabolic Steroid Abuse

13.6 Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior

Cortex and Sexual Activity

Hypothalamus and Sexual Activity

Amygdala and Sexual Activity

Ventral Striatum and Sexual Activity

13.7 Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity

Sexual Orientation and Genes

Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones

What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction?

Is there a Difference in the Brains of Homosexuals and Heterosexuals?

Sexual Identity

Independence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need toSleep?

The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn't Sleep

14.1 Stages of Sleep

Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep

Four Stages of Sleep EEG

REM Sleep and Dreaming

Testing Common Beliefs about Dreaming

The Interpretation of Dreams

Table of Contents

14.2 Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?

Comparative Analysis of Sleep

14.3 Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: The Stress Problem

Predictions of Recuperation Theries about Sleep Deprivation

Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies

The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students

The Case of Randy Gardner

Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans

Sleep-Deprivation Studies with Laboratory Animals

REM-Sleep Deprivation

Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep

14.4 Circadian Sleep Cycles

Free-Running Circadian SleepWake Cycles

Jet Lag and Shift Work

A Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment

Genetics of Circadian Rhythms

14.5 Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep

Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep

The Case of Constantin von Economo, the Insightful Neurologist

Reticular Formation and Sleep

Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei

14.6 Drugs That Affect Sleep

Hypnotic Drugs

Antihypnotic Drugs

Melatonin

14.7 Sleep Disorders

Insomnia

Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia

Hypersomnia

REM-SleepRelated Disorders

The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle

14.8 Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction

Differences Between Short and Long Sleepers

Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep

Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping

Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health

Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study

The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep

Conclusion

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brain's Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm

Table of Contents

with Pleasure The Case of the Drugged High School Teachers

15.1 Basic Principles of Drug Action

Drug Administration and Absorption

Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System

Mechanisms of Drug Action

Drug Metabolism and Elimination

Drug Tolerance

Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence

Drug Addiction: What is It?

15.2 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance

Contingent Drug Tolerance

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

Thinking about Drug Conditioning

15.3 Five Commonly Abused Drugs

Tobacco

Alcohol

Marijuana

Cocaine and Other Stimulants

The Opiates: Heroin and Morphine

"Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs"

Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin

15.4 Early Biopsychological Research on Addictions

Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction

Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System

Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction

Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction

15.5 Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction

Initial Drug Taking

Habitual Drug Taking

Drug Craving and Addiction Relapse

Current Concerns about the Drug Self-Administration Paradigm

15.6 A Noteworthy Case of Addiction

The Case of Sigmund Freud

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Part Six: Disorders of Cognition and Emotion Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain andthe Right Brain

16.1 Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction

Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and

Apraxia

Tests of Cerebral Lateralization

Table of Contents

Discovery of the Relation between Speech Laterality and Handedness

Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization

16.2 The Split Brain

Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry

Commissurotomy in Human Epileptics

Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function

Independently

Cross-Cuing

Doing Two Things at Once

The Z Lens

Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients

The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict

Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective

16.3 Differences between the Left and Right Hemispheres

Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function

What is LateralizedBroad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive

Processes?

Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain

16.4 Evolutionary Perspective of Cerebral Lateralization and Language

Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization

The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language

When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve?

What Are the Survival Advantages of Cerebral Lateralization?

Evolution of Human Language

16.5 Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model

Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model

The Wernicke-Geschwind Model

16.6 Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence

Effects of Cortical Damage on Language Abilities

Effects of Electrical Stimulation to the Cortex on Language Abilities

Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model

16.7 Cognitive Neuroscience of Language

Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language

16.8 Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia

Developmental Dsylexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms

Developmental Dyslexia and Culture

Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia

The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side ofEmotion

17.1 Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction

Table of Contents

Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion

The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage

A Human Case of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Emotions and Facial Expression

17.2 Fear, Defense, and Aggression

Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors

Aggression and Testosterone

17.3 Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning

Amygdala and Fear Conditioning

Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus

Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning

17.4 Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion

Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion

Amygdala and Human Emotion

The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn't Perceive Fear

Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion

Lateralization of Emotion

Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives

17.5 Stress and Health

The Stress Response

Animal Models of Stress

Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers

Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain

Early Experience of Stress

Stress and the Hippocampus

Conclusion

The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged 18.1 Schizophrenia

The Case of Lena, the Catatonic Schizophrenic

What is Schizophrenia?

Causal Factors in Schizophrenia

Discovery of the First Antischizophrenic Drugs

Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia: Current Research and Treatment

Conclusion

18.2 Affective Disorders: Depression and Mania

The Case of P.S., the Weeping Widow

Major Categories of Affective Disorders

Causal Factors in Affective Disorders

Discovery of Antidepressant Drugs

Table of Contents

Brain Pathology and Affective Disorders

Theories of Depression

Treatment of Depression with Brain Stimulation

Conclusion

18.3 Anxiety Disorders

The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out

Five Classes of Anxiety Disorders

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders

Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

Animal Models of Anxiety

Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders

18.4 Tourette Syndrome

The Case of R.G.Barking Mad

What is Tourette Syndrome?

Neuropathology of Tourette Syndrome

Treatment of Tourette Syndrome

The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette Syndrome

18.5 Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs

Clinical Trials: The Three Phases

Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials

Effectiveness of Clinical Trials

Conclusion

The Case of S.B., the Biopsychology Student Who Took Control

Themes Revisited

Think about It

Key Terms

Quick Review

Epilogue

Appendixes

Glossary

References

Photo Credits

Name Index

Subject Index