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I INI "T" F< T::J O I ,.j C : "T" X a RVI

I INI I Cj: T X a RVIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40139/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · Almost 60 pe cenr of tht childree whn livo ien nois areay s suffer mivta adversr effecte

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Page 1: I INI I Cj: T X a RVIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40139/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · Almost 60 pe cenr of tht childree whn livo ien nois areay s suffer mivta adversr effecte

I INI "T" F< T::J O I,.j C : "T" X a RVI

Page 2: I INI I Cj: T X a RVIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40139/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · Almost 60 pe cenr of tht childree whn livo ien nois areay s suffer mivta adversr effecte

T h e p r o b l e m of e n v i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t is b e c o m i n g a

m a t t e r o f g r e a t c o n c e r n all o v e r t h e w o r l d . I n c r e a s i n g

p o p u l a t i o n , i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d u r b a n i z a t i o n h a v e r e s u l t e d

in a c u t e e n v i r onme^nta 1 p o l l u t i o n . N o i s e p o l l u t i o n is n o l e s s

s e r i o u s t h a n s o m e o f t h e o t h e r f o r m s of p o l l u t i o n to w h i c h

u r g e n t a t t e n t i o n is n o w b e i n g p a i d in m o s t p a r t s o f t h e

wor 1 d .

Noi'se? pollutior\ is a s h a d o w y p u b l i c eniemy w h o s e g r o w i n g

m e n a c e h a s i n c r e a s e d in t h e m o d e r n a g e of i n d u s t r i a 1 i z a t i o n

and techrio 1 og i c a 1 a d v a n c e m e n t . A l t h o u g h a s o f t r h y t h m i c s o u n d

in t h e f o r m o f m u s i c s t i m u l a t e s b r a i n a c t i v i t i e s , r e m o v e s

b o r e d o m arid f a t i g u e s , b u t noises in its unp) l e a s a n t f o r m m a y

p r o v e d e t e r m i n a n t a 1 to l i v i n g b e i n g s .

M o d e r n £\ge h a s g i v e n u s i n n u m e r a b l e e l e c t r i c a l

a p p 1 i a n c e s T h e s e m a k e l i f e g e n e r a l l y m o r e c o n v e n i e n t b u t

n o i s e . It is a b y - p r o d u c . t of m o d e r a n i z a t i o n w h i c h h a s b e c o m e

a p a r t a n d p a r c e l of o u r l i v e s .

F<es i d e n t i 1 d w e l l i n g s , o f f i c e s , f a c t o r i e s , j e t s , a i r

c: o m p r e LIFI s a r s , s i r e n s , 1 (D U d fn u s i c , r o a d a n d r a i l t r a f f i c a n d

e v e n peciple a d d to n o i s e . In cou*itriei^ l i k e India*., c o m m u n i t y

a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s fi-tirs a n d f e s t i v a l s , e n t e r ta i n m e n t

p r o g r a m m e s , r e l i g i o u s f u n c t i o n s , w e d d i n g s and e v e n f u n e r a l

c e r e m o v i i e s a r e ofteMi s o u r c e s o f vioise. T h e w o r s t

n o i s e - p r o d u c i n g s o u r c e is l o u d - s p e a k e r . A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e

Page 3: I INI I Cj: T X a RVIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40139/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · Almost 60 pe cenr of tht childree whn livo ien nois areay s suffer mivta adversr effecte

r e s t r i c t i o n s o n t h e i n d i s c r i m i n a t e u s e of loud s p e a k e r s in

I n d i a j u s t a s in m o s t of t h e d e v e l o p e d a n d d e v e l o p i n g

couTTtrieSj, y e t t h e y a r e oftevi m i s u s e d in o u r c o u n t r y . In

W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s , u s e o f pressure? h o r n s is b a n n e d b u t in

I n d i a orie c a n b l o w h o r n a s l o n g a s o n e w a n t s a n d n o o n e

b o t h e r s a b o u t i t . In c o s m o p o l i t a n c i t i e s , h o w e v e r , s u c h h o r n s

h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e l y bavtned . A c c o r d in(3 to a s u r v e y caviducted

b y I n d u s t r i a l T e c h n o l o g y R e s e a r c h C e n t r e o n s o m e r o a d s o f

L u c k n o w 5 t h e r e is m a K i m u m vioise w h e r e l a t t e r y t i c k e t s a r e

s o l d

r'4aise h a s f r e q u e n t l y bee\i d e f i n e d a s u n w a n t e d s o u n d a n d

s o m e t i m e s a s d i s h a r m o n i o u s or a n n o y i n g s o u n d . W h i l e

d i s h a r m o n y c a n b e s p e c i f i e d o b j e c t i v e l y , t h e t e r m s ,

' u n w a n t e d ' a n d ' a n n o y i n g ' a r e d e p e n d e n t u p o n s u b j e c t i v e

e v a l u i x t i o n . C o h e n a n d Weinintein ( 1 9 8 1 ) d e f i n e d r>oisa a s 'a

s o u n d t h a t is u n w a n t e d b y t h e l i s t e n e r b e c a u s e it is

u n p l e a s a n t , b o t h e r s o m e , a n n o y i n g , interf£?ring w i t h t h e

i m p o r t a n t a c t i v i t i e s si.nd is p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y h a r m f u l . "

A s o u n d c a n b e u n w a n t e d b e c a u s e o f i t s p h y s i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s s u c h a s i n t e n s i t y a n d f r e q u e n c y or b e c a u s e o f i t s

s i g n a l p r o p t s r t i e s l i k e i t s me£\ning c o n t e n t . U n w a n t e d e f f e c t s

o f n o i s e t h a t a r e r e l a t e d t o i t s p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s i n c l u d e

a u d i t o r y fcitigue a n d h e a r i n g d a m a g e , b o t h e r s o m e n e s s and

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s t a r t l e r e a c t i o n s . R e c e n t d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t t h e m e a n i n g o f a ,

s 0 u n d p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e in d e t e r m i n i n g i t s e f f e c t s a n

m o a d , p e r f o r m a n c e a n d l"i e a 11 h .

O u r w h o l e b o d y r e s p o n d s t o s o u n d , w e a r e b i o - o s c i 1 l a t o r s ,

r a t h e r l i k e s m a l l r a d i o s . W h e n w e l l - t u n e d w e f u n c t i o n a t

o p t i m u m l e v e l s . T h e h u m a n e a r s u b j e c t e d t o a b a r r a g e o f h i g h

d e c i b e l n o i s e , a t t e m p t s to c a l l i n t o o p e r a t i o n a p r o t e c t i v e

d e v i c e c a l l e d t h e ' a c o u s t i c r e f l e x ' . A s s o u n d l e v e l e x c e e d s

8 0 to 9 0 dB-* t w o t i n y n e r v e s s e n d m e s s a g e s to t h e e a r d r u m .

M i d d l e e a r r e l a y s t h i s i vi t u r n to t h e i n n e r e a r . T h e

'acoustic: r e f l e x ' stifferis t h e e n t i r e axpparatus in o r d e r to

p r e v e n t d a m a g e t h r o u g h e x c e s s i v e v i b r a t i o n . B u t t h e r e is

l i m i t to h o w m u c h t|-iis r e f l e x c a n worl-::. If w e a r e s u b j e c t e d

t o v o l u m e s of s o u n d p o u r e d o u t i n c e s s a n t l y , t h i s s y s t e m

col 1 a p s e s .

F£veryone is £iware o f t h e p r e s e n c e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a 1 n o i s e

taut o n l y a s m a l l viumtaer is a w a r e of i t s s u b t l e e f f e c t s o n

d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f o u r d a i l y l i f e <5uc.h a s p e r f o r m a n c e ,

s o c i a l l i f e , h e a l t h a n d s o o n if o n e eriquires a s to h o w a l l

t h i s n o i s e a f f e c t s u s , t h e s i m p l e s t arnd s h o r t e s t a n s w e r ^

1 . T h e b a s i c u n i t iri w h i c h s o u n d is m e a s u r e d is c a l l e d ' d e c i b e l ' (dB)„ It is n a m e d a f t e r S i r A l e x a n d e r G r a h e m B e l l . Z e r o d B is the t h r e s h o I d o f h e A v i ng t h e 1 o w e s t s o u n d .

Page 5: I INI I Cj: T X a RVIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40139/6/06_chapter 1.pdf · Almost 60 pe cenr of tht childree whn livo ien nois areay s suffer mivta adversr effecte

w o u l d b e " v e r y p r o f o u n d l y " . E f f e c t s of n o i s e o n t h e c o m m u n i t y

have^ b e e n f o u n d to b e re^;lated t o s u c h f a c t o r s a s t r u a n c y ,

p o l i c e a r r e s t s a n d s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n .

N o i s a h a s a d e l e j t e r i o u s e f f e c t o n f e e l i n g o f l i k i n g

o t h e r s , a s p r e d i c t e d b y t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t - a f f e c t m o d e l o f

e v a l u a t i v e r e s p o n s e s , i . e . noicious s t i m u l i a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

o t h e r s rna^y lead to l e s s p l e a s a n t evaluaition o f o t h e r s . O n e

w a y t o a\ea5ure a\t tr awz t i o n is p e r s o n a l s p a c e . M a t h e w s e t al»

( 1 9 7 4 ) f o u n d t h a t e v e n a n o i s e o f 8 0 d B i n c r e a s e d t h e

d i s t a n c e at w h i c h individuaxls f e l t c o m f o r t a b l e w i t h o n e

a n o t h e r .

N o i s e h a s its wori^t £?ffect o n s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . T h e i r

(tiemory weakevis a n d theey p a y l e s s a t t e n t i o n to t h e i r s t u d i e s .

A l m o s t 6 0 per c e n t of t h e c h i l d r e n w h o l i v e in n o i s y a r e a s

s u f f e r mivtar a d v e r s e e f f e c t s w h i l e t h e r e m a i n i n g 4 0 p e r c e n t

a r e v i c t i m s o f d e a f n e s s c a u s e d b y n o i s e . B e s i d e s t h e y s u f f e r

f r o m s e v e r e h e a d a c h e s a n d n a u s e a . W a r d a n d S u e d f e l d , ( 1 9 7 3 )

f o u n d t h a t n o i s e l e a d s t o less; s t u d e n t p a r t ic i p a t ion , l e s s

a11erit i v e n e s s a n d a sI'l i f t f i"otn d i s c u s s i o n m e t h o d to t h e u s e

C3 f 1 e c t u r• e m e; t h o d .

It h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d rs^cently ( 1 9 9 0 ) t h a t vK;)ise n o t o n l y

a f f e c t s t h e p e r s o n s w o r k i n g in a n o i s y a r e a , b u t a l s o t h e

p e r s o n s w o r k i n g a r o u n d t h a t a r e a . In a t e l e g r a p h o f f i c e in

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S o l a n a c o m p l a i n t a b o u t i r o n - s m i t h s h o p s s i t u a t e d n e a r b y w a s

m a d e . H e r e t h e h a m m e r i n g of i r o n g o e s o n t h r o u g h - o u t t h e d a y .

A c c o r d i n g to t h e c o m p l a i n t t h i s n o i s e n o t o n l y d i s t u r b e d

p e o p l e w o r k i n g in t h e t e l e g r a p h o f f i c e , b u t a l s o t h e p e o p l e

c o m i n g o v e r t h e r e for b o o k i n g t e l e g r a m s a n d m a k i n g t e l e p h o n e

c a l I s .

I n d i a is a p o o r c o u n t r y a n d is s t i l l in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l

s t a g e , s o m u c h a t t e n t i o n is n o t b e i n g p a i d to n o i s e

p o l l u t i o r i . I n d i a n c i t i e s a r e a m o n g t h e n o i s i e s t in t h e w o r l d .

N o t a s i n g l e p l a c e is l e f t f r e e f r o m i t s g r i p . R e s i d e n c e s ,

s h o p s , o f f i c e s , r o a d s a n d p a r k s a r e its v i c t i m s . E v e n

r e l i g i o u s pl£ices w h i c h o n c e u s e d to b e a b o d e s o f p e a c e a n d

t r a n q u i l i t y h a v e b e c o m e n o i s y . N o i s e is p r o d u c e d b y t h e loud

m u s i c p l a y e d in t h e n a m e o f G o d .

S u p e r - f a s t t r a i n s , a i r c o n d i t i o n e d c o a c h e s and l u x u r y

b u s e s n o w h a v e m u s i c b l a r i n g o u t a t a h i g h pitch,, T h e

a u t h o r i t i e s covicerned f e e l t h a t t h i s a d d s to t h e paleasure o f

t r a v e l and t o u t it a s a n a t t r a c t i o n . O n e is f o r c e d to l i s t e n

to t h i s m u s i c a n d it b e c o m e s i m p o s s i b l e f o r s o m e to e i t h e r

3 1 e e p o j; r e 1 a .

W o r k e r s a r e geonerally u n a w a r e o f t h e damage? to t h e i r

h e a l t h d u e to n o i s e a s w e l l a s t h e i r r i g h t s . T h e y d o n o t

c l a i m f o r t h e d a m a g e s . D u e to p o p u l a t i o n 6?;< p l o s i o n

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u n e m p l o y m e n t is i n c r e a s i n g . P e o p l e d o n o t h a v e a c h o i c e to

opt f o r j o b s t h a t a r e r e l a t i v e l y n o i s e f r e e . T h e g o v e r n m e n t

s e e m s t o b e u n c o n c e r n e d o f t h e h a r d f a c t t h a t n o i s e i m p a i r s

ef f i c ienc:y. P e o p l e as; w e l l a s tfieir G o v e r n m e n t s in W e s t e r n

c o u n t r i e s a r e s e r i o u s l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h i s m e n a c e . In

E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s l i c e n c e s a r e n o t p e r m i t t e d f o r f o r g i n g

i n d u s t r i e s in t h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d a r e a s b e c a u s e t h e y c r e a t e lot

of n o i s e . In a r e c e n t a r t i c l e it h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t h a t

w o r k e r s in J a p a n a^re not e x p o s e d to d i r e c t n o i s e s in t h e

• f a c t o r i e s . In e x c e s s i v e l y n o i s y e n v i r o n m e n t s R o b o t s a r e b e i n g

i n <::. r e a s i n g 1 y u s e d .

T o l i v e a s w e d o in a. s e a o f d i s c o r d a n t n o i s e is s h e e r

m i s e r y . W h o k n o w s if a l l t h i s n o i s e is n o t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

the v i o l e n c e , c r i m e a n d b e a s t l i n e s s , t h a t p r e v a i l in m o d e r n

d a y s o c i e t y .

N o i s e h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d to c a u s e a d v e r s e p h y s i o l o g i c a l

e f f e c t s . A l t h o u g h p e o p l e g e t a c c u s t o m e d to n o i s e sifter a

l o n g - t e r m e x p o s u r e , y e t p h y s i o l o g i c a l respjonses d o n o t g e t

h a b i t u a t e d to r e p e a t e d e x p o s u r e a n d t h u s c o u l d c o n s t i t u t e t h e

p h y s i c a l b a s i s for long—term h3.rmful e f f e c t s .

I n i t i a l r e s p o n s e to n o i s e is o f t e n s t r o n g a n d is in t h e

f o r m of ' s t a r t l e r e f l e x ' . A n u n e x p e c t e d l o u d n o i s e c a u s e s u s

t o j u m p , f l e x o u t s t o m a c h m u s c l e s , b l i n k a n d g6?nerally r e a c t

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p h y s i c a l l y . E v e n if w e e x p e c t i n g t h e n o i s e , w e r e s p o n d

p h y s i c a l l y withi i n c r e a s e d b l o o d p r e s s u r e , s w e a t i n g , and o t h e r

iiii i g n s o f a i" o u s a 1 .

A n o t h e r a d v e r s e p h y s i o 1 o g i c a 1 e f f e c t o f e x p o s u r e to n o i s e

is t e m p o r a r y or permavient h e a r i n g l o s s . T h e r e s u l t s o f a

s t u d y c o n d u c t e d b y K i a n g ( 1 9 7 5 ) s h o w t h a t c o n t i n u o u s e K p o s u r e

to h i g h i n t e n s e t o n e s c a n d a m a g e t h e c o c h l e a s of a n i m a l . It

c l e a r l y m e a n s t h a t e n v i ronmtonta 1 n o i s e m i g h t d a m a g e t h e

c o c h l e a s o f h u m a n b e i n g s r e s u l t i n g p e r h a p s ivt p e r m a n e n t

hearirig l o s s . W e k n o w t h a t if e x c e s s i v e l i g h t f a l l s o n o u r

e y e s , tl'iey a u t o m a t i c a l l y g e t c l o s e d b u t t h e r e is n o s u c h

p r o t e c t i v e me^chanism in o u r e^J.rs. If o n e is e x p o s e d to v e r y

h i g h i n t e n s i t y s o u n d it w i l l p a s s t h r o u g h t h e e a r s a s s u c h

and t h u s w o u l d c:a\use d a m a g e t o i n n e r h e a r i n g a r e a s .

S o m e p e o p l e w h o v^jorked in h i g h n o i s e e n v i r o n m e n t s w i l l e d

t h e i r ear s t r u c t u r e s to m e d i c a l r e s e a r c h . In m a j o r i t y o f t h e

c a s e s , c l e a r d a m a g e to t h e o r g a n o f c o r t i w a s o b s e r v e d .

Elxam i nat i o n o f t h e c o c h l e a o f a m a n w h o w o r k e d in a s t e e l

m i l l ivTdicated t h a t t h e o r g a n o f c o r t i h a d c o l l a p s e d a n d t h a t

no ec6?p t or c e 11 r e m a i n e d ( M i l l e r , 1 ) .

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8

T i n n i t u s , w h i c h is k n o w n a s r i n g i n g in t h e e a r s w i t h o u t

ai.n e K t e r n a l c a u s e , affe^c ts more^ thavi 3 6 m i l l i o n N o r t h

A m e r i c a n a , n e a r l y 8 m i l l i o n of t h e m s e v e r e l y . T h e m o s t c o m m o n

c a u s e of t i n n i t u s is e p a s u r e to 1 oud sounc1 s .

O t h e r t h a n e f f e c t s o n t h e h e a r i n g c a p a c i t y , n o i s e h a s ill

e f f e c t s o n h e a l t h a s w e l l a s o n v i t a l p r o c e s s e s o f t h e

i n d i v i d u a l . T h e s e long t e r m e f f e c t s c a n b e d u e t o t h e

c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t o f r e p e a t e d e l i c i t a t i o n o f t h e s h o r t t e r m

p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s . T h e m a j o r f o c u s o f i n t e r e s t h a s b e e n

a i l m e n t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the^ h e a r t and c i r c u l a t i o n . A h i g h e r

inc. idevuze o f c h a n g e s in p e r i p h e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n c o u p l e d VMith

e v i d e n c e of i r r e g u l a r h e a r t b e a t a n d d i s t u r b a n c e in

e q u i 1 ifor iu(n w a s f o u n d iri n o i s e - - e K p o s e d i n d i v i d u a l s a m o n g o v e r

o n e t h o u s a n d s t e e l w o r k e r s ( J a n s e n , 1 9 6 1 ) . In a d d i t i o n t o i t ,

K a r s d o r f a n d K l a p p a c h ( 1 9 6 8 ) in a s t u d y f o u n d h i g h e r

i n c i d e n c e of h y p e r t e n t i o n in c h i l d r e n f r o m n o i s y u r b a n a r e a s .

A c o n t i n u o u s h i g h l e v e l o f n o i s e c a u s e s s t r e s s ,

d e p r e s s i o n a n d o t h e r m e n t a l p r o b l e m s . A c c o r d i n g t o D a l e H a t i s

o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y " L o u d n o i s e m a y

incre<ase t h e a d h e s i v e n e s s of p l a t e l e t s in t h e b l o o d to e a c h

o t h e r , w h i c h c.ar\ c o n t r i b u t e to c h r o n i c e^r ter i o s c 1 e r o s i s o r

h a r d e n i n g of t h e a v r t e r i e s " .

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N o i s e a l s o i n c r e a s e s b l o o d g l u c o s e l e v e l in t h e b o d y .

NerVoLis s y s t e m ' s s t r e s s - r e : s i p o n s e m e c h a n i s m l i e s in t h e

h y p o t h a l a m u s . I n c r e a s e d b l o o d g l u c o s e l e v e l i s a t y p i c a l

s t r e s s - r e s p o n s e . D u r i n g a n y k i n d of s t r e s s , t h e a n t e r i o r

p i t u i t a r y s e c r e a t e s a d r e n o c o r t i c c t r o p i c h o r m o n e ( A C T H ) . A C T H

t r a v e l s b y wa.y o f b l o o d s t " e a m t o t h e a d r e n a l corte;-; w h e r e it

s t i m u l a t e I iiv-j r e l e a s e o f h o r m o n e s c a l l e d g l u c o r t i c o i d s .

G l u c o r i c o i d s h a v e a numbe^r o f b e n e f i c i a x l e f f e c t s l i k e

i n c r e a s i n g t o n e o f t h e m u s c l e s in h e a r t a n d b l o o d v e s s e l s a n d

r e 1 e a s i n g ra o r e n u t r • i eo n t s in t h e b 3. o o d . T h i s c o m b i n a t i o n ti e 1 p s

o n e to b r e a k d o w n p r o t e i n s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e eKti~a n u t r i e n t s

e n t e r t h e c e l l s f o r a s h o r t d u r a t i o r i t o c o m b a t s t r e s s e s l i k e

o v e r h e a t i n g or f a c ivig n o i s y c o n d i t i o n . T h e s e c h a n g e s d o m o r e

g o o d tl\avi h a r m . B u t if t h e s t r e s s is c h r o n i c , l i k e t h a t o f

w o r k e r f a c: i n g n o i s e i n f a c t o i " i e s , t h e h a r m m a y o u t - w e i g h t h e

b e n e f i ts

In I n d i a n o i s e o f t e n e;;c£?eds t h e p e r m i t t e d l i m i t o f 5 0

d B . A vToisy e n v i r o r i m e n t s e e m s t o b e a n a c c e p t e d n o r m t o d a y .

G o m e m e d i c a l r e s e a r c h e s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a 1 h e a l t h o f f i c i a l s

a r e o n l y t o o r e a d y to i n f o r m p e o p l e t h a t t h e y m u s t l e a r n t o

l i v e w i t h n o i s e . It is u n t h i n k a b l e f o r s. m e d i c a l p r a c t i t i o n e r

t o c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e r e is s o m e t h i n g w r o n g w i t h a patievit w h o

is u n a b l e to tolesrate t h e eKcer^i-isive n o i s e w h i c h c o n s t a n t l y

e m a n a t e s , s a y f r o m a n e i g h b o u r ' s a p a r t m e n t . In c o u n t r i e s l i k e

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lO

I n d i a , p e o p l e o f d i f f e r e n t r a c e s a n d c a m m u n i t i e s l i v e ,

c e l e b r a t e t h e i r f e s t i v a l s , p e r f o r m c e r e m o n i e s a t d i f f e r e n t

t i m e s a f t h e y e a r a d d i n g to tht? q u a n t u m o f n o i s e a l r e a d y

g i f t e d b y i n d u s t r ial i a t ion . T h e s i t u a t i o n at t h e t i m e of

' R a m - L i la' o r e lec t iarteer i rig is m u c h m a r e s h a c k i n g . O n e is

f o r c e d t o h e a r the? d i s c o u r s e s w h e t h e r o n e l i k e s it or n o t .

H o w s a m e p e o p l e g e t u p s e t f r o m n a i s e is c l e a r f r o m t h e a p p e a l

m a d e by t h e r e s i d e n t s o f n e i g h b o u r i n g au'ea of Me^dras H o t e l

B u i l d i n g in C a n n a u g h t P l a c e , N e w D e l h i . T h e y h a v e a s k e d

w h e t h e r tl"ie a u t h o r i t i e s c o u l d save-; them f r o m g o i n g n u t t y and

w h e t h e r t h e y c o u l d be- p r o v i d e d w i t h e a r plugs> to p r o t e c t t h e m

From the n o i s e g e n e r a t e d b y tfie s t r e e t h a w k e r s p o s i t ione?d

c l o s e t o t h e i r r e s idevices „

K e e p i n g iv\ v i e w t h e differG\nt c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s o u n d ,

r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e f o u n d t h a t w h e n t h e s o u n d is i r r e l e v a n t to

the task,, higti f r equeiic i £?s t e n d to b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m o r e

e r r o r s in p e r f o r m a n c e t h a n l o w e r f r e q u e n c y n o i s e s . O n t h e

o t h e r h a n d , v>ihen t h e souvid is r e l e v a n t , s u c h a s in a. t a s k

r e q u i r i n g c u i c k r- e a c t i a n s to t o n e s , h i g h f r e q u e n c y t o n e s

p r o d u c e f a s t e r reavctions th£\n low f r e q u e n c y t o n e s . A n d b o t h

• o f t h e s e e f f e c t s o f f r e q u e n c y c a n b e e x p l a i n e d in t e r m s o f

the g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n— g e t t i n g q u a l i t y of h i g h e r f r e q u e n c y

s o u n d s . T h i s q u a l i t y o f s o u n d d i s t r a c t s a t t e n t i o n f r o m t h e

task w h e n it is irrelevar^t t o t h e t a s k b u t c a r r i e s m e a n i n g ,

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11

r e s u l t i n g in m a r e e r r o r s , b u t t h e s a m e q u a l i t y e n h a n c e s

p e r f o r m a r i c e w h e n the s o u n d is a r e l e v a n t s i g n a l for

r e s p o n d i n g . T h a t ' s w h y m e a n i n g l e s s s o u n d in t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

c a u s e s l e s s d i s t r a c t i o n t h a n mee^ningful s o u n d .

N o i s e s e e m s to a f f e c t e v e r y b o d y in s o m e w a y or t h e o t h e r .

S i e g a l (1.987) h a s s t a t e d t h a t w h e t h e r n o i s e w i l l i n f l u e n c e

t h e p e r f o r m a n c e a d v e r s e l y or n o t d e p e n d s u p o n a t l e a s t t h r e e

i n t e r a c t i ng f a c t a r s .

(i) Ind i V i d u a 1 s e n s i t i v i ty to t h e n o i s e ;

(ii> the n a t u r e of t h e t a s k ; i<nd

( i i i ) t h e n a t u r e o f t h e n o i s e

Psyc.liolog i s t s c o n c e r n e d w i t h e n v ir orimental p)roblems h a v e

b e g u n to c o n s i d e r h o w p e o p l e r e a c t t o s t r e s s f u l a n d

thre^atening a s p e c t s of t h e i r p h y s i c a l s u r r o u n d i n g s - P e o p l e

d i f f e r in t h e i r i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e to a p r o b l e m . I n d i v i d u a l

s e n s i t i v i t y r e f e r s to w h e t h e r a p h y s i c a l s t r e s s , si^y n o i s e ,

a f f e c t s a n i n d i v i d u a l a d v e r s e l y or n o t . In g e n e r a l , n o i s e

s e e m s to c r e a t e h i n d e r a n c e w i t h t h e task at h a n d b u t

a c t u a l l y , it a f f e c t s p e o p l e w i t h h i g h n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y m o r e

t a n p e o p 1 e w i t h 1 o vm n q i s e s e n s i t i v i t y , . B h a. t i a e t . a 1 ( 1 9 9 0 ) i

fouvid t h a t h i g h n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y S-a w e r e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d

b o t h by low and h i g h i n t e n s i t y n o i s e s b u t low n o i s e

s e n ' s i t i v i t y S s w e r e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d o n l y b y h i g h i n t e n s i t y

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l e

vioise. T h e p e r f a r m a n c e of h i g h n a i s c s e n s i t i v i t y w a s m a x i m u m

uvicler q u i e t c o n d i t i o n . It m e a n s t h a t low i n t e n s i t y n o i s e

e n h a n c e s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f low n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y p e r s o n ( s ) ,

w h e r e a s , it i m p a i r s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f h i g h n o i s e s e n s i v i t y

p e r s a n ( s ) .

T h e e f f e c t of n o i s e depe^nds t o a g r e a t e x t e n t u p o n t h e

t y p e o f t a s k . A 1 1 h ougli no i s e gevterail y li a s an a d v e r s e e f f e c t

o n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e t a s k , yet t h i s e f f e c t is m o r e

promivient in t h e c a s e o f a ccjmplex t a s k . B u t s o m e t i m e s n o i s e

p t s no e f f ec t o r b e n e f i c i a 1 e f f e c t a n t h e t asl-o b e i n g d o n e .

Wteinstein ( 1 9 7 7 ) f o u n d t h a t a t a p e r e c o r d i n g o f r a d i o n e w s

i t e m s at 6 8 d B A , d e s i g n a t e d a s a n o i s e c o n d i t i o n , h a d m i x e d

e f f e c t s , c o m p a r e d w i t h q u i e t , ori a p r o o f r e a d i v i g t a s k . T h e

n o i s e i m p a i r e d t h e d e t e c t i o n of g r a m m ^ ^ t i c a l e r r o r s , b u t did

n o t a f f e c t s p e e d or d e t e c t i o n o f s p e l l i n g e r r o r s . I n i t i a l l y

in t h e n o i s e , p r o o f r e a d i n g w a s m o r e a c c u r a t e t h a n in q u i e t .

F i e l d e r a n d F-"ielder ( 1 9 7 5 ) c o m p a r e d t h e v e r b a l a n d

b e h a v i o u r a l r e a c t i ons; o f p e o p l e l i v i n g n e a r a l a r g e a i r p o r t

a n i:J t l"i o s e i n c o m m u n i t y o u t o f t h e a i r p a r t'-s n a i s e r a n g e . In

g e n e r a l people-; w h o l i v e d n e a r t h e iiirport d e v e l o p e d waxys o f

copivig w i t h , a d j u s t i n g t o , or i g n o r i n g t h e n o i s e . T h e r e w e r e

few d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o g r o u p s o n s u c h v a r i a b l e s a s

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13

h e a d a c h e s o r n e r v o u s n e s s ^ d i s r u p t ion of saci£\l l i f e a n d l e n g t h

o f r e s i s t a n c e . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t s o m e p e o p l e a t l e a s t c a n

ad just to n o i s e .

B e s i d e s n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y a n d n a t u r e of t a s k , t y p e of

n o i s e a l s o d e t e r m i n e s t h e d i r e c t i o n in w h i c h p e r f o r m a n c e o f

the S w o u l d b e a i f f e c t e d . T y p e of n o i s e i n c l u d e s w h e t h e r t h e

n o i s e is o f low i n t e n s i t y or h i g h i n t e n s i t y , f a m i l i a r o r

u n f a m i1i a r , m e a n i n g f u I or m e a n i n g l e s s , c a n t i n u o u s • or

i n t e r m i t t e n t . It is w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t n o v e l o r u n u s u a l

n o i s e w i l l interfere? w i t h e f f i c i e n c y o n m o s t t a s k s . T o f f

( 1 9 8 5 ) four*d t h a t s o u n d s t h a t a r e c o m p o s e d o f m e a n i n g f u l

c o n v e r s a t iov'i s e e m to h a v e t h e m o s t n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s o n

p e r f o r m a n e e .

M e a n i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s p e c i f i c s o u n d s c a n c a u s e

e m o t i o n a l a u t o n o m i c s y s t e m r e a c t i o n . M u s i c ^ in c e r t a i n c a s e s

a, n d in c: e r t a i n t a s I-:: si m a y b e u n w a t e d a n d t u s f a l l i n t o t h e

c a t e g o r y o f noivse. D o r m i c e t . al ( 1 9 8 2 ) d i d a s t u d y ivi w h i c h

i n f o r m a t i o n . p r o c e s s incg e f f i c i e n c y w a s s t u d i e d u n d e r

c CD n (J i t i o n s o f 1 cj w ' p) h y s i c a 1 ' ( m e a n i n g 1 e s s n o n - v e r b a l ) a n d l o w

i nt £•>ris i t y ' -sieman t i c ' (rnean i ng f u 1 ver b a 1 ) s o u n d . R e s u 11 s

s h o w e d t h a t t h e r e w a s a n a d a p t a t i o n e f f e c t to p h y s i c a l s o u n d

in tejrms o f b o t h p e r f o r m a n c e a n d e f f o r t b u t n o t in the? c a s e

o f s e m a n tic; s o u n d .

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S o u r c e s of s o u n d s e x p e r i e n c e d a s t h e m o s t d i s t u r b i n g a r e

a p p a r e n t l y t h e o n e s t h a t c a r r y i n f o r m a t i o n or m e a n i n g . N o i s e

f r o m c o n v e r s a t i o n o f c o - - w o r k e r s d e m a n d a t t e n t i o n r e s u l t i n g in

l o w e r e d e f f i c i e n c y . T h e ringivig of tele>phones m a y b e

d i s t u r b i n g b e c a u s e t h e s o u n d s i g n a l s d e m a n d f o r a r e a c t i o n .

By c o n t r a s t , t h e n o i s e s o f o f f i c e m a c h i n e r y ares u n l i k e l y to

h a v e su.ch m e a n i n g a n d a s s u c h a r e a p p a r e n t l y l e s s d i s t u r b i n g .

S i m i l a r l y , n o i s e f r o m t e l e p h o n e w a s l i n k e d w i t h

d i s s a t i is f a. c: t i a n w i t h t h e w a r k e n v i r o n m e n t , b u t n o i s e f r a m

v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m and t r a f f i c w a s n o t . It axgain s u p p o r t s t h e

f a c t t h a t it is meanivig c o n t e n t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h n o i s e t h a t o

d i s t u r b s .

N o i s e p r o d u c e s a. c o n t a i m i n a . t e d e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h is a

n I .A i s a n c e a n d a f f e c t s 11 e p e r s o n i n t h r e e w a y s ~

|::) s y c: hi o 1 o g i c a 1 1 y ,

p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y a n d c o g n i t i v e l y . S o to f a c e

t h i s grov<>i\ig m e n a c e , s t r i c t s t e p s s h o u l d b e takevi b y t h e

G o v e r n m e n t , , T h e c i t i z e n s s h o u l d a l s o p a r t i c i p a t e to c o n t r o l

t h i s p o l l u t i o n o t h e r w i s e t h e d a y is n o t f a r w h e n m o s t o f u s

w o u l d b e w e a r i n g h e a r i n g a i d s . S t r i c t l a w s s h o u l d b e e n f o r c e d

t o b r i n g d o w n t h e n o i s e l e v e l s in t h e c i t i e s . U s e o f p r e s s u r e

h o r n s h o u l d b e t o t a l l y b a n n e d .

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15

A r e c e n t ' b a c k to t h e n a t u r e ' t r e n d i . e . p l a n t a t i o n o f

I m o r e and m o r e t r e s s c a n h e l p r e d u c e n o i s e p o l l u t i o n j u s t a s

it c h e c k s a i r a n d w a t e r p o l l u t i o n .

A l t h o u g h m u c h o f the? n o i s e in our l i v e s is b e y o n d o u r

c o n t r o l , b u t s i m p l e r u l e s c a n b e e n f o r c e d b y l o c a l

a u t h o r i t i e s to c h e c k u n n e c e s s a r y n o i s e p o l l u t i o n . W h y s h o u l d

e v e r y v i d e o c a s s e t t e s h o p b e a l l o w e d t o b e l t o u t m u s i c a t a

v e r y h i g h p i t c h ? W h y s h o u l d e v e r y " s h o p , c a n t e e n , l o t t e r y ,

b o o t h a n d e v e n v e g e t a b l e v e n d o r b e a l l o w e d to p l a y c a s s e t t e

p l a y e r s o r t r a r i s i s t o r s o n t h e h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e p i t c h ? W h y

s h o u l d t e m p l e s deafert t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s w i t h d i s c o r d a n t

and loud bhaja.ns a n d m u s i c ? O n e o n l y n e e d s to v i s i t a b r o a d to

s e e t h e d i f f e r e n c e . T r a f f i c s w i s h e s p a s t w i t h o u t a s i n g l e

h o r n blairing, c h u r c h s i n g i n g s at a v e r y low k e y a n d n o t h i n g

c a n b e h e a r d o u t s i d e t h e i r w a l l s . L o u d - s p e a k e r s a n d

a m p l i f i e > r s a r e n o t alltjwed anywherce a n d everyoru? k e e p s h i s

t e l e v i s i o n a n d s t e r e o dowvi at a n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l .

It s h o u l d not be? i m p o s s i b l e to pa a s s l e g i s l a t i o n

p r e s c r i b i n g ma;!imumu l e v e l s at w h i c h p u b l i c a d d r e s s s y s t e m

c o u l d b e o p e r a t e d . N o s h o p , s t a l l or t e m p l e s h o u l d p l a y m u s i c

at a l e v e l t h a t d i s t u r b s o t h e r s - P l a y i n g m u s i c in t r a i n s ,

b u s e s , tiotels a n d r e s t a u r a n t s s h o u l d a l s o b e A t a n a c c e p t a b l e

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i s v e l . T h e s e av-e c e r t a i n r e g u l a t i o n s w i t h t h e h e l p CDT w h i c h

the g r o w i n g m e n a c e of n d i s e p o l l u t i o n c o u l a b e s l i g h t l y p u t

u n d e r c a n t r a 1 .