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I. Let’s Talk About CARBON!!
Carbon atoms have:•6 protons•6 neutrons•6 electrons (when neutral)
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Carbon atoms have 4 valenceelectrons, and they are all single
• Carbon atoms will always make 4 bonds. There are lots of ways to do this:
4 single bonds OR
2 singles and 1 double OR
2 doubles OR
1 single and 1 triple
C
C
C
C
C
II. So how does Carbon work?A. There are many different forms:
•Graphite
A. There are many different forms:•Diamond
A. There are many different forms:•Amorphous
A. There are many different forms:•Buckminsterfullerene
B. Carbon in Compounds•A hydrocarbon is a compound containing the elements carbon and hydrogen•Carbon forms the skeleton of each molecule•The hydrogens collect on the outside
CH
H
H
H
C CH
H H
H
HH
C C
H
H H
H
HH
C
H
H
CH
H
C
H
H
HH
C
H
H
C
H
H
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C. Naming Hydrocarbons
• If all the carbons are single bonded, the skeleton is holding as many hydrogens as it can, so it is saturated we call this type of hydrocarbon an alkane
• The prefix is based on the number of carbon atoms
• If it is saturated, the ending is “-ane”
“pre” fixes
One Meth- Five Pent- Nine Non-
Two Eth- Six Hex- Ten Dec-
Three Prop- Seven Hept-
Four But- Eight Oct-
“Pre”fixes
Name the following:1. CH4
2. C2H6
3. C3H8
4. C4H10
5. C6H14
6. C8H18
1.Methane2.Ethane3.Propane4.Butane5.Hexane6.Octane
What happens if we add a double or triple bond? We call them unsaturated
• Alkenes - hydrocarbons containing a double bond• Alkynes - hydrocarbons containing a triple bond
C CH
H H
H
HH
C CH H
C C
H
H
H
H
C C C
H
H H H
H
H
EthaneEthyne
Ethene Propene
E. Properties of hydrocarbons
• Because they are nonpolar they don’t dissolve in water.
• The forces that hold them together are weak so most are gases or volatile liquids at room temperature.
• Many are flammable - coooool!
F. Is there only one way to make C4H10? NO!
CH
H
C
H
H
HH
C
H
H
C
H
HCH
3CH CH
3
CH3
•These are the two isomers of C4H10
G. Carbon chains
• How many bonds does carbon like to make? • 4 • Carbon is good at making long chains also.
This results in many properties:– Elastic - able to stretch and return to original
shape– No definite melting point– Able to take any shape
G. Carbon Chains
• Examples of polymers:– Plastic and rubber
• Biological molecules like proteins , fats and starches
Which is which?