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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Livestock Production:The Farm,
The Environment,The Community
March 28, 2005
Livestock Production:The Farm,
The Environment,The Community
Dr. Steve Hoff, Colin Johnson
March 28, 2006
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Why are we concerned?
Community acceptance may be one of the driving factors in survival of your operation.
March 28, 2005
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Why is the public concerned?An operations effect on:
March 28, 2005
water qualityair qualityproperty valuesroads & bridgesother farms
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Types of operations
Regulations center on protection of natural resources
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) responsible at Federal level National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) Regulates discharge of pollutants from point sources
into waters of the United States
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Types of operations
Define operations based on size Animal Feeding Operation or AFO AFOs are agricultural operations where animals are
kept and raised in confined situations. AFOs generally congregate animals, feed, manure, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. Feed is brought to the animals rather than the animals grazing or otherwise seeking feed in pastures. Animal waste and wastewater can enter water bodies from spills or breaks of waste storage structures (due to accidents or excessive rain), and non-agricultural application of manure to crop land.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Types of operations
Define operations based on size Animal Feeding Operation or AFO An AFO is a lot or facility (other than an aquatic animal
production facility) where the following conditions are met:
Animals have been, are, or will be stabled or confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period, and
Crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility.
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Types of operations
Define operations based on size Animal Feeding Operation or AFO AFOs that meet the regulatory definition of a CAFO may
be regulated under the NPDES permitting program. Previous EPA regulations based the definition of CAFOs
on the number of "animal units" confined. EPA no longer uses the term "animal unit," but instead
refers to the actual number of animals at the operation to define a CAFO.
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Types of operations
Source: US EPA
Size Thresholds (number of animals)
Animal Sector Large CAFO Medium CAFO Small CAFO
Cattle or cow/calf pairs 1,000 or more 300-999 less than 300
Mature dairy cattle 700 or more 200-699 less than 200
Veal calves 1,000 or more 300-999 less than 300
Swine (weighing over 55 lbs 2,500 or more 750-2,499 less than 750
Swine (weighing less than 55 lbs 10,000 or more 3,000-9,999 less than 3,000
Horses 500 or more 150-499 less than 150
Sheep or lambs 10,000 or more 3,000-9,999 less than 3,000
Turkeys 55,000 or more 16,500-54,999 less than 16,500
Laying hens or broilers 30, 000 or more 9,000-29,999 less than 9,000
Chickens other than laying hens (other than a liquid manure handling system
125,000 or more 37,500-124,999 less than 37,500
Laying hens (other than a liquid manure handling systems 82,000 or more 25,000-81,999 less than 25,000
Ducks (other than a liquid manure handling systems) 30,000 or more 10,000-29,999 less than 10,000
Ducks (liquid manure handling systems) 5,000 or more 1,500-4,999 less than 1,500
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Iowa requirements are based on operation size 1200 hd (480 animal units)
Storm water discharge permit if > 1 acre disturbed during construction
Tile around footings (with a shut off) or certify (prof. engineer) ground water table is below the structure
No alluvial (flood plain) or karst (bedrock) areas Upgrade concrete standards if on karst
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Iowa requirements are based on operation size 1200 hd (480 animal units)
No manure management plan is needed No construction permits are required Master matrix is not used No lawful separation required from residences or public
use areas Separations
200 ft. from shallow well 100 ft. from deep well 1000 ft. from major water source (navigable) 500 ft. from water sources (a bed with water flow and defined
banks) (excludes farm ponds) 2500 ft. State or Federal wetlands
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Iowa requirements are based on operation size 2400 hd (960 animal units)
Manure management plan required ($250) Manure storage indemnity fee $96 No construction permit No master matrix required Construction design statement (CDS) submitted at least
30 days before construction or Prof. Engineer Design Certification (generally provided by the builder)
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Iowa requirements are based on operation size 1200 hd (480 animal units)
Separations 1250 ft. from residences, businesses, churches, and schools 1875 ft. public use areas (parks, cemeteries, etc.) 200 ft. from shallow well 100 ft. from a deep well 1000 ft. from major water sources (navigable) 500 ft. from water sources (a bed with water flow and defined
banks) (excludes farm ponds) 2500 ft. State or Federal wetlands 100 ft. road right of way
** Are minimums producer can increase in they think it is warrented
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Iowa requirements are based on operation size 2400 hd (960 animal units)
Storm water discharge permit if > 1 acre disturbed during construction
Tile around footings (with a shut off) or certify (prof. engineer) ground water table is below the structure
No alluvial (flood plain) or karst (bedrock) areas Upgrade concrete standards if on karst
Water use permit - $25 Annual compliance fee - $144.00 ($0.15 x 960 AU) due
with annual update of MMP
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Iowa requirements are based on operation size Master matrix – what is it?
A master matrix is a scoring system that was designed to evaluate the siting and manure management practices of proposed permitted operations based on environmental risks and community impacts.
The matrix was required by Iowa law, Senate File 2293, enacted by the 79th General Assembly in spring 2002.
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Iowa requirements are based on operation size It was developed by a 10-member technical advisory
committee that was designated in the legislation.
Based on committee consensus on 44 factors addressing air quality, water quality, and community impacts.
After public input and revisions to the proposed matrix, the Environmental Protection Commission set passing scores on the matrix at 440 points of the total available.
Producers must pass 25 percent of the available points in each of the subcategories of air quality, water quality, and community impact.
Source: US EPA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Site considerations Like prime property value it is driven by –
LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION
Identify best location for a new livestock operation 1st step in growing a farming operation responsibly
90% of Iowa’s land is devoted to food production Many areas that are suitable for livestock facilities Does not mean there are no poor locations
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Site considerations Size of barn and manure-holding structure
Available land for nutrient utilization
Distance to surface water or wells
Avoid karst (rock) terrain or alluvial (flood) soils
Determine distance to neighbors
Prevailing summer winds typically from south and west
Proximity of roads, bridges, lakes, streams, wetlands, and other public-use areas
Opportunities for future growth at a site
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
How have we gotten to this point ? Over time farms and specifically livestock facilities must be
modified, expanded and / or replaced.
Reasons for farm expansion Increased costs of living, increased demand for livestock products Including another generation into the business
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Environmental Concerns
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Public concerns
Center around three main areas Soil
Accumulation of minerals in the soil Runoff of minerals from land where nutrients were applied
Water Surface Ground water
Air Nuisance Health
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Challenges
Producers must meet the demands Many technologies are available to address these
concerns. Expensive in a time of declining margins
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Pig Densities Livestock production
is becoming concentrated in many geographical parts of the world. Pork production is no
exception
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Pig Densities in Selected Countries(Adapted from Saskatchewan Agriculture Food and Rural Revitalization, Statistics Canada.)
Country or Region Pig Inventory Pigs Per Acre (Hectare)
Pigs Per Sq. Mile
United States
Iowa 15,000,000 0.56 (1.38) 357.9
North Carolina 9,600,000 1.71 (4.23) 1,095.2
Minnesota 6,100,000 0.28 (0.70) 181.7
Illinois 3,950,000 0.16 (0.40) 104.6
Indiana 3,100,000 0.23 (0.57) 148.4
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Pig Densities in Selected Countries(Adapted from Saskatchewan Agriculture Food and Rural Revitalization, Statistics Canada.)
Country or Region Pig Inventory Pigs Per Acre (Hectare)
Pigs Per Sq. Mile
Europe
Germany 25,958,000 0.89 (2.20) 569.1
Spain 23,858,000 0.74 (1.83) 474.6
France 15,290,000 0.34 (0.83) 214.7
Netherlands 13,000,000 5.81 (14.36) 3,720.6
Denmark 12,990,000 2.29 (5.67) 1,467.9
Belgium 6,851,000 3.29 (8.14) 2,107.4
United Kingdom 5,588,000 0.40 (0.99) 256.1
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Pig Densities in Selected Countries(Adapted from Saskatchewan Agriculture Food and Rural Revitalization, Statistics Canada.)
Country or Region Pig Inventory Pigs Per Acre (Hectare)
Pigs Per Sq. Mile
Asia
Japan 9,612,000 0.88 (2.16) 560.1
China 464,695,000 1.31 (3.24) 838.0
Canada
Quebec 4,280,000 0.93 (2.31) 597.7
Ontario 3,700,000 0.41 (1.01) 261.0
Manitoba 2,750,000 0.22 (0.55) 143.3
Alberta 2,100,000 0.08 (0.19) 49.6
Saskatchewan 1,211,000 0.03 (0.07) 16.9
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Why are we concerned? The issue to locate a new livestock facility
generates debate in Iowa and other states?
Why do you suppose it causes more debate in some countries and less in others?
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
How can we overcome concerns?
March 28, 2005
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
How can we overcome concerns?
Management and facility approaches
Proper siting
Environmental measures
Knowing our neighbors
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
What are emission sources?What are emission sources?
2. Storage1. Housing
3. Land Application
Dr. Hongwei Xin
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
What are emissions? Common Pollutants
Odor Dust (PM) Ammonia (NH3) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Control Points Prevent generation Capture or destroy before release Disperse or disguise to reduce impact
Dr. Robert Burns
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Building Emissions
Constant Sources
Buildings typically release odors & gases continuously and at relatively stable rates.
Emission rate depends on: animal & housing system ventilation system and rate manure collection system and frequency of removal
Dr. Robert Burns
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Possible Approaches
Filtration
Barriers
Vegetation / landscaping
Diet Manipulation
Oil sprinkling
Solids separation
Dr. Robert Burns
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Possible Approaches
Covers
Composting
Additives
Injection
Application timing
Aeration
Anaerobic Digestion
Dr. Robert Burns
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
What affects odor/gas release & dispersion ?
3. Source intensity
2. Area
1. Wind speed
1. Temperature2. Wind speed3. Topography
Dr. Hongwei Xin
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Weather/Terrain Impact Odor Plumes
5+ odor units
2-4 odor units
1 odor unit
Clear summer DAY, Open flat terrain
10 mph
N
Clear summer NIGHT, Open flat terrain
10 mph
N
Clear summer NIGHT, Trees down-wind of odor source
10 mph
N
Clear Summer DAY, Open flat terrain
2 mph
N
Dr. Hongwei Xin
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Siting of new facilities
We must be wise about how we site facilities.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Community Assessment
How far do odors travel? When is the potentialgreatest for odor nuisance?
How can this information be used to makesiting recommendations?
How can we modify odor transport?
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM Program developed here at Iowa State Univ.
Ag & Biosystems Engineering - Dr. Steve Hoff Community based odor assessment model to help
identify most favorable site livestock facility New facility – swine, poultry, dairy, beef feedlot, etc. Expand an existing facility
Program supported by the Coalition to Support Iowa’s Farmers
= location, location, location
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM Based on numerous factors
Weather conditions Wind patterns Type and size of facility Terrain Other swine or livestock facilities in the area Neighbor sensitivity
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM Predicts the new or expanding livestock impact
on area neighbors Amount of time they will be exposed to different odor
levels Impact that implementing odor mitigation methods might
have Accounts for other existing sources of odor within a
community
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM Need site specific information
Proposed new facility or existing modification Specific weather data Current model only useful for Swine not other kinds of
livestock Been used to evaluate over 60 locations in Iowa
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM Remaining questions
Can the model work for poultry, dairy, and beef ?
Can the model be evaluated on how well did it performed when it was utilized in making a siting decision?
Can the number of available odor mitigation strategies be expanded?
How does terrain impact wind patters?
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Building factors
When building a new facility consider a waste handling system that allows routine removal of material
Every 7 days or less Remodeling facilities
Smooth surfaces (floors, walls and ceilings) aid cleaning Slatted floors stay drier than slotted floors Pulling ventilation from under the floor promotes drier floors
Use good judgment Agitate and empty pits when favorable wind conditions prevail –
blowing away from neighbors Avoid making a mess on the roads Work with your neighbors
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Building factors
Clean the buildings after each group of pigs or “turn” Keep 2” of water on the floor of open or under-floor
manure collection gutters and pits
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Animal factors
Keep animals clean and dry Scrape manure buildup when it occurs on floors Maintain animal health – avoid scours Provide optimal conditions – warm, dry and draft-free
Provide recommended space allowance Overstocking
Cases where intentional overstocking occurs Understocking
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Animal factors
Provide proper ventilation Air flow rates Air distribution
Waterer maintance Repair leaky waters – keeps floors dry Maintain waterers at correct height
Avoids wasting – Diluting manure Use flow-through pen design to keep floors dry
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Dietary methods for reducing swine odor
Use feeding methods where more precision can be used to meet animal dietary requirements
Split sex feeding Phase feeding
Consider pelleting diet Improves digestibility
Smaller particle size
Heat during the pelleting process
Use wet feeding systems (3:1 water to feed ratio) Reduces feed spillage / waste Reduces water wasting Challenges – freezing, spoilage, etc.
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Dietary methods for reducing swine odor
Add oils and fats to feed Reduce barn dust
Enzymes ?
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Carcass disposal
Remove mortalities from site to rendering facility within 24 hrs.
If removal is not feasible Incinerate
Cost? Compost
Takes management Bury
Check state regulations
Properly site and manage the burial pits
Any method must not be disturbed by pets or wild animals Neighbor relations Health
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Carcass disposal
Remove mortalities from site to rendering facility within 24 hrs.
If removal is not feasible Incinerate
Cost? Compost
Takes management Bury
Check state regulations
Properly site and manage the burial pits
Any method must not be disturbed by pets or wild animals Neighbor relations Health
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Manure storage (high-load systems)
Tanks and basins Agitate and pump when favorable weather conditions exist
Brisk wind blowing away from neighbors Avoid humid still day or times of the day
Aerate slurry using pump exhaust below the surface of the manure pit or lagoon
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Manure storage (high-load systems)
Use permeable cover or biocover (example: straw) on storage
Bottom load the manure Covers limit solar heating and wind induced volatilization Provide aerobic zone within the cover material and have a high
surface area for filteringAerobic degradation of odors
Other slurry gasses Allow natural crust to form
Works better with diets high in fiber (barley based, high ddgs, etc.)
Can reduce odors by as much as 50%
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Manure storage (high-load systems)
Use permeable cover or biocoverChallenges
Biocovers may only last 2 – 3 months
Chopper pump may be needed during pumping
Cost can range between $0.25 to $0.40 per pig marketed annually
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Manure storage (high-load systems)
Table 1. Odor reduction by cover method on a open basin or lagoon type of manure storage system.
Cover Type ThicknessOdor
Reduction Cost
Chopped straw 8-12 in. 50-80% $0.01 – $0.02 ft.2
Chopped corn stalks
8 in. ~25-50% $0.01ft.2
Impermeable floating plastic cover
NA >99% $0.35 to $45
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Anaerobic lagoons (low-load systems)
Avoid over loading lagoon with manure Want that pink color on the lagoon surface Do not exceed the design loading rate
Always important but especially in spring and fall
Use solid separators to reduce solids from liquids Avoid shock loading lagoon
Add small amounts frequently (less than every 7 days) Do not add large quantaties all at once Never add mortalities, carcass parts, or human waste to lagoons Do not dispose of needles in the pit or lagoon
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Anaerobic lagoons (low-load systems)
Add dilution water to avoid odors during times when the lagoon is warming up
Bacterial turn over and activity increase in spring and fall Agitate and pump lagoons when weather conditions permit
Wind blowing away from neighbors Lagoon should contain ample water before adding manure
Fill a treatment lagoon to design volume before adding any waste Start a lagoon in late spring by following normal dilution procedures
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Anaerobic lagoons (low-load systems)
Add waste at several points around the lagoon Remove sludge on a regular basis
Every 3-4 years from the second stage of a two-stage lagoon system Every 5-7 years from a single stage lagoon system
Minimize the used of feed additives that can reduce normal bacterial decomposition
Antibiotics Heavy metals (think trace minerals iron, copper, manganese zinc, &
others)
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Anaerobic lagoons (low-load systems)
Consider permeable biocovers for relatively small lagoons Do not work as well on large lagoons.
Use surface aeration to increase aerobic digestion When proper loading cannot be achieved Aeration is expensive
Aeration required to control odor is much less than the energy required to treat the manure to reduce organic matter
Costs = $1.50 to $3.00 per pig marketed for the fixed costs (pump and equipment to aerate. Plus an additional $0.75 to $1.50 in variable costs (energy to drive the pump)
Research indicates this is effective at reducing odor from lagoons
» As much as 80% reduction from a lagoon loaded at ½ rate
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Land application
Do not spray irrigate concentrated liquid slurry from manure tanks and basins
Inject manure Controls odor much better Less volatilization of nutrients Cost is $0.40 to $0.50 per pig marketed or $0.003 per gallon of
slurry based on equipment costs Injection save fertilizer value that more than covers the cost
difference between spray and injection slurry application methods Many business have developed that do this
Have the large machinery, pumps and hoses to perform this
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Land application
Avoid agitating and surface spreading of manure on still days or when wind is blowing towards your neighbors
Avoid weekends, holidays or known social events are occurring
Surface apply manure when good drying conditions are present
Early morning Low humidity High wind Clear, sunny weather On tillable soil
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Land application
Use reduced application rates to promote faster drying and reduced odor release
Incorporate surface-applied manure as soon as possible following application preferably as it is applied
If irrigating Use low trajectory and low pressure systems. Install drop nozzles on an existing system to minimize odors
Size the manure storage system large enough so that the number of applications can be reduced to as few as possible
1-3 times per year
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Out door lots
Minimize the use of outdoor lots Odors emitted are directly proportional to the lot’s surface area
where manure is deposited Slope dirt lots at 4 – 6 % to the south or southeast to
enhance drying and drainage Capture contaminated runoff and apply to crop land Divert clean roof rain water and external rain water away from lots
to keep them drier
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities Out door lots
Remove solid manure often to reduce surface area odor emissions
Land apply Place in a long term storage area (to compost) Divert clean water and other lot runoff away from solid manure
storage to promote drying
From Purdue University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Siting DecisionsFactors to Consider
Historical Weather Patterns% time in various directions and the
relation to neighbors
Current SourcesWhat sources currently exist and how do these
relate to the proposed source and existing neighbors?
Distances are not Equal in all DirectionsIn Iowa, predominant summer winds from S, SSE.
A facility to the south of a neighbor at a given distance has a greaterodor impact as one to the north at the same distance.
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Central Iowa Weather Conditions
Central Iowa Weather Conditions:
WS Levels Direction From: Percent Time
< 5 mph SE 7
5-7 mph SSE 11
7-11 mph S 13
11-13 mph SSW 7
> 13 mph SW 7
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Odor TransportEffect of Distance and Size
Exposure Angles
1,320 ft
11 Deg
2,640 ft
5.5 Deg
1,320 ft
22 Deg
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
1,320 ft
10.8 Deg
1,320 ft
18.5 Deg
Odor TransportDistance, Orientation, and Multiple Sources
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Distance, Orientation, and Local Weather
Summer, Central Iowa
10.8 Deg
18.5 Deg
7 Percent Time
5 Percent Time
2
5 % from...10 % from...
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Community-Based Odor Assessment ModelDeveloped, Calibrated, Being Requested in Practice
10.8 Deg
18.5 Deg
7 Percent Time
5 Percent Time
Considers:Location of neighborsLocation of odor sourcesLocal historical weather patternsDistances and orientationNumber/maturity of animalsSeasonal ventilation rates
Determines:Percent time exposure to various odor levelsImpact on neighborsImpact of odor reduction methodsImpact of additional sources to a community
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Odor TransportWind Origination and Percent Time: Central Iowa
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.
5
135.
0
157.
5
180.
0
202.
5
225.
0
247.
5
270.
0
292.
5
315.
0
337.
5
Wind From..(0=N, 180=S)
Pe
rce
nt
Tim
e
March
July
October
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Odor TransportTotal Hours of Wind Origination: Central Iowa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.
5
135.
0
157.
5
180.
0
202.
5
225.
0
247.
5
270.
0
292.
5
315.
0
337.
5
Wind From..(0=N, 180=S)
To
tal H
ou
rs (
Ma
rch
to
Oc
tob
er)
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Odor TransportSource Relative to Receptor Rankings
1 (2)
14 (14)
7 (9)
6 (4)
5 (6)
4 (5)
3 (3)
2 (1)
13 (8)
12 (11)
11 (7)
10 (13)
9 (12)
8 (10)
16 (15) 15 (16)
Central Iowa March-to-OctoberPlacement Rankings Based on
Hours of Time
Receptor Ranking for the16 Compass Locations Considered
source
receptor locations and rank
Example: 10 (13)
ASHRAE Data NRCS Data
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Decision Criteria Used
Siting with CAM is as follows:
● Limit proposed source load for neighbors to 1% 2:1 odors (58 hrs)and ½% 7:1 odors (29 hrs).
● Limit proposed + existing source load for neighborsto 2% 2:1 odors (115 hrs) and 1% 7:1 odors (58 hrs).
● Siting choice judged against all four criteria.
Hour amounts based on March-thru-October hours
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Odor Levels
+ =
2:1 OdorsIt takes 2 Parts Fresh Air Mixed with 1 Part
Odorous Air to Make the Odor Nearly Undetectable
+ =
7:1 OdorsIt takes 7 Parts Fresh Air Mixed with 1 Part
Odorous Air to Make the Odor Nearly Undetectable
Dr. Steve Hoff
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Know Your Exposure Risks
Environmental self audits are available www.lpdes.org
Utilize Best Management Practices
Consider the approaches
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Closing Remarks
Know your neighbors and consider their concerns
Distance is not the same in all directions
Consider all siting options, including: facility size, location, orientation, ventilation and manure storage design as well as manure
application
Utilize your resources …
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Closing RemarksIowa State University- Air Quality CommitteeJay HarmonSteve HoffHongwei XinJaciek KozielRobert BurnsJoe ColletiJohn TyndallWendy PowersKen Stalder
Iowa Manure Management Action GroupAngie Rieck-Hinz
Iowa Pork Industry Center (800)808-7675
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYUniversity Extension
Thank You for YourAttention