i PERFORMANCE OF HORIZONTAL LIGHT PIPE FOR …eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/79593/1/ChristopherYiiSernPFAB2017.pdf · penjimatan tenaga dan kedua-dua fisiologi dan psikologi manusia tidak

i

PERFORMANCE OF HORIZONTAL LIGHT PIPE FOR DAYLIGHTING IN

HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDING IN TROPICAL REGION

CHRISTOPHER HENG YII SERN

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy (Architecture)

Faculty of Built Environment

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JULY 2017

iii

Specially dedicated to my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ,

Mom, Dad and Rachel.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My deepest appreciation to my supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Ar. Dr. Dilshan

Remaz Ossen and Dr. Lim Yaik Wah for their guidance, advices, supports,

understanding, and friendship during the course of this study. Without their continual

supervision, the birth of this thesis will not be possible. Furthermore, a special thanks

to Dr. Yong Yee Cheong and Mdm. Halimah Yahya for their contribution throughout

this study.

Besides that, I would like to acknowledge the Malaysian Government and for

providing me with scholarship throughout my study. A special thanks to Department

of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for

providing the instruments, facilities and resources for this study.

Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my special one,

Rachel, for her support and love along the duration of this study. Furthermore, for my

Dad in Heaven and Mom, I thank them for their patience and sacrifices. Above all, I

thank God for His love and guidance which enabled me to accomplish this thesis.

v

ABSTRACT

Deep open-plan design is common in high-rise office building due to economic

profits. Daylight, which has benefits for energy conservation and both human

physiology and psychology; however, is unable to reach the deep area of the office

through side windows causing the dependency on electrical lighting. Therefore, this

study discourses the usage of light distribution systems, particularly light pipe (LP),

to provide illumination in a deep open-plan office in tropical climate. It also focuses

on south-facing facade which is the most potential orientation for LP due to the sun

position of Johor Bahru that is above the Equator line (latitude of 1o 3’ N and longitude

of 103o 37’ E). Most of the previous research was done in temperate climate where

the sun position is different from tropical region and focuses on the collector and

extractor of LP. The emphasis of this research is on the daylighting performance of

the various shapes of transporter and numbers of opening. Nine (9) LP transporters

with different numbers of side and a base case were assessed using computer

simulation software, Integrated Environment Solution: Virtual Environment (IESVE)

that was validated with physical scaled model experiment. Simulations were carried

out under overcast sky and intermediate sky with sun condition. The results showed

that all the LP cases improve the daylighting performance of an empty open-plan

office room. Semi-circle transporter with two openings, which has 14% lesser surface

area than a typical rectangular transporter, shows the best performance both

quantitatively and qualitatively. This helps to save cost in terms of material usage and

creates additional spaces for wiring and ducting in the plenum. This study also

concluded that the shape of LP transporter affects the efficiency of LP while the

influence of the number of polygon sides and height of the sides without altering the

overall height of the transporter are not significant. Thus, the findings of this study

promote the usage of LP in deep open-plan high-rise office buildings by proposing

design recommendations and guides for building designers.

vi

ABSTRAK

Rekabentuk pelan terbuka yang dalam adalah lazim dalam bangunan pejabat

tinggi untuk keuntungan ekonomi. Cahaya siang yang mempunyai manfaat bagi

penjimatan tenaga dan kedua-dua fisiologi dan psikologi manusia tidak dapat

mencapai kawasan pejabat yang dalam melalui tingkap sisi dan menyebabkan

pergantungan kepada pencahayaan elektrik. Oleh itu, kajian ini mengkaji penggunaan

sistem pengedaran cahaya, khususnya paip cahaya (LP), untuk memberikan

pencahayaan ke dalam pejabat yang mempunyai pelan terbuka yang dalam di iklim

tropika. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada fasad bangunan yang menghadap ke arah

selatan iaitu orientasi yang paling berpotensi untuk LP disebabkan oleh kedudukan

Johor Bahru terletak di utara garisan Khatulistiwa (latitud 1o 3’ N dan longitud 103o

37’ E). Kebanyakan kajian sebelum ini dijalankan dalam iklim sederhana di mana

kedudukan matahari adalah berbeza daripada rantau tropika dan hanya memberi

tumpuan terhadap pemungut dan pengekstrak LP. Fokus utama kajian ini adalah

terhadap prestasi cahaya siang bagi pelbagai bentuk pengangkut dan bilangan bukaan.

Sembilan (9) pengangkut LP dengan bilangan sisi yang berlainan dan satu model asas

dinilai menggunakan perisian simulasi komputer, Integrated Environment Solution:

Virtual Environment (IESVE) yang telah divalidasikan dengan eksperimen model

fizikal berskala. Simulasi telah dijalankan di bawah langit mendung dan langit

perantaraan dengan matahari. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kesemua kes LP

meningkatkan prestasi cahaya siang di dalam bilik pejabat pelan terbuka yang kosong.

Pengangkut LP berbentuk semi bulatan dengan dua bukaan yang mempunyai 14% luas

permukaan yang lebih kecil daripada pengangkut segi empat tepat yang tipikal,

menunjukkan prestasi kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang terbaik. Ini dapat membantu

untuk menjimatkan kos dari segi penggunaan bahan dan mencipta ruang tambahan

untuk pendawaian dan penyaluran dalam plenum. Kajian ini juga menyimpulkan

bahawa bentuk pengangkut LP mempengaruhi kecekapan LP manakala pengaruh

bilangan sisi poligon dan ketinggian sisi tanpa mengubah ketinggian keseluruhan

pengangkut LP adalah tidak ketara. Oleh itu, hasil kajian ini menggalakkan

penggunaan LP dalam pejabat bangunan tinggi yang mempunyai pelan terbuka yang

dalam dengan mencadangkan saranan reka bentuk dan panduan untuk pereka

bangunan.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxi

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxiii

LIST OF APPENDICES xxiv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Problem Statement 3

1.2 Research Questions 5

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives 5

1.4 Research Hypothesis 6

1.5 Research Gap 6

1.6 Research Scope and Limitations 11

1.7 Significance of Research 13

1.8 Thesis Organisation 14

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2 DAYLIGHT, HIGH-RISE OFFICE AND LIGHT

TRANSPORT SYSTEM 16

2.0 Introduction 16

2.1 Daylighting 16

2.1.1 Daylight in Architecture 17

2.1.2 Daylight and Energy Conservation 19

2.1.3 Daylight in Building 21

2.1.4 Disadvantages of Daylight 22

2.2 Daylight in Tropics: Malaysia 23

2.3 High-rise Office Buildings in Malaysia 28

2.3.1 Characteristics of High-rise Office

Buildings in Malaysia 28

2.3.2 Daylighting Issues in High-rise Office

Buildings 33

2.4 Lighting Standard in Offices 35

2.4.1 Absolute Work Plane Illuminance 36

2.4.2 Daylight Ratio 38

2.4.3 Work Plane Illuminance Uniformity 39

2.4.4 Daylight Factor 40

2.4.5 Useful Daylight Illuminance 42

2.4.6 Absolute Surface Luminance 42

2.4.7 Luminance Ratio 43

2.4.8 Daylight Glare Index 44

2.4.9 Summary of Lighting Standard 45

2.5 Light Distribution System 48

2.5.1 Light Guide System (LGS) 48

2.5.1.1 Vertical LGS 49

2.5.1.2 Horizontal LGS 50

2.5.1.3 Parabolic LGS 50

2.5.2 Light Transport System (LTS) 51

2.5.2.1 Collection System for LTS 53

2.5.2.2 Transportation System for LTS 57

2.5.2.3 Distribution System for LTS 70

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2.5.3 Selection of Light Distribution System 72

2.6 Summary 73

3 METHODOLOGY 77

3.0 Introduction 77

3.1 Research Methods in Daylighting Research 77

3.1.1 Full Scale Test Room 78

3.1.2 Scaled Physical Modelling 78

3.1.3 Computer Simulation Software 79

3.1.4 Mathematical Calculation 83

3.2 Thesis Methodology 85

3.2.1 Validation of IES: Virtual Environment 87

3.2.1.1 Scaled Model Properties 90

3.2.1.2 Scaled Model Light Pipe Properties 91

3.2.1.3 Scaled Model Surface Properties 93

3.2.1.4 Scaled Model Experiment

Instrumentation 94

3.2.1.5 Limitation and Assumption 95

3.2.1.6 Experiment Procedure 96

3.2.1.7 Validation 98

3.2.2 Daylighting Simulation 105

3.2.2.1 Surface Properties 107

3.2.2.2 Glazing 108

3.2.2.3 Office Furniture 109

3.2.3 Design Variables 109

3.2.4 Software Simulation Settings 116

3.3 Data Analysis 117

3.3.1 Criteria of Analysis 117

3.3.2 Performance Indicators 120

3.4 Summary 121

4 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF

DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION EXPERIMENT 123

4.0 Introduction 123

x

4.1 Light Pipe Transporter Shapes 124

4.1.1 Daylight Factor 124

4.1.2 Daylight Ratio 131

4.1.3 Estimated Indoor Illuminance 135

4.1.4 Comparison of Base Case and Light Pipe

Cases 161

4.1.5 Selection of Potential Light Pipe Cases 163

4.2 Numbers of Openings 169

4.2.1 Average Work Plane Illuminance Ratio 171

4.2.2 Work Plane Illuminance Distribution 172

4.2.3 Estimated Indoor Illuminance 176

4.2.4 Discussion on Numbers of Openings 179

4.3 Summary 182

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 185

5.0 Introduction 185

5.1 Review of Research Objectives 185

5.2 Light Pipe Design in South-facing Deep Open-

plan High-rise Office Building in the Tropics 187

5.2.1 Daylighting in Deep Open-plan High-rise

Office Building in the Tropics 187

5.2.2 Light Pipe Attributes towards Horizontal

Daylighting in Deep Open-plan High-rise

Office Building in the Tropics 188

5.2.3 Light Pipe Transporter Shape Design and

Numbers of Openings 190

5.3 Implementation of Light Pipe in High-rise Office

Building 193

5.4 Further Research 195

REFERENCES 198

Appendices A-D 212-255

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Previous research on light pipe studies in tropical climate 8

1.2 Previous research on light pipe studies in the last 10 years

in temperate climate 9

1.3 Previous research on light pipe studies in the last 10 years

in temperate climate 10

2.1 Summary of types of glare 22

2.2 Sky condition prediction in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 25

2.3 Hourly Nebulosity Index in Subang, Malaysia 25

2.4 Sky condition category prediction using Nebulosity Index

in Subang, Malaysia 25

2.5 Sky condition frequency in Subang, Malaysia 26

2.6 Considerations for different building shell components 29

2.7 Estimation of plenum height from previous research 30

2.8 List of intelligent buildings which have 12m depth or

more and Malaysia’s Green Building Index’s rated

buildings 32

2.9 Quantitative and qualitative performance indicators 35

2.10 Recommendation for lighting level according to Malaysia

Standard 1525:2014 37

2.11 Recommendation for lighting level according to Malaysia

Standard 1525:2014 38

2.12 Recommendation on Daylight Factor according to

Malaysia Standard 1525:2014 41

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2.13 Description on type of sky according to Malaysia Standard

1525:2014 41

2.14 Performance indicator for Useful Daylight Illuminance 42

2.15 Performance indicator for luminance ratio 44

2.16 Range of Daylight Glare Index 45

2.17 Summary of lighting standard and recommendation for

office buildings 46

2.18 Summary of lighting standard and recommendation for

office buildings (continued) 47

2.19 Summary of differences between vertical and horizontal

light pipe 62

2.20 Summary of previous studies of light pipe’s components 67

2.21 Summary of previous studies of light pipe’s components 68

3.1 Summary of daylighting simulation software 80

3.2 Summary of calculation engine for daylighting simulation

software 82

3.3 Data analysis and performance variables 87

3.4 Properties of components of physical scaled model 94

3.5 Statistical analysis from the comparison between physical

scaled model experiment and software simulation 105

3.6 Computer simulation software’s sky condition, date and

time set up 106

3.7 Surface properties of wall, ceiling, floor and glazing of

base model in software simulation 108

3.8 Performance indicators used in this study 121

4.1 Range distance of potential daylight utilisation across

the room 130

4.2 Mean DR comparison for base case and 9 test cases on

21 March 132


22 June 133


22 December 134

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4.5 Percentage difference of mean EII of each case with

base case on 21 March, Row 7-11 146


base case on 22 June, Row 7-11 147


base case on 22 December, Row 7-11 148


base case on 21 March, Row 1-6 149


base case on 22 June, Row 1-6 150


base case on 22 December, Row 1-6 151

4.11 The decrease of mean DF and mean EII from 1m to 3m

distance from the window opening on 22 December 162

4.12 Summary of 6 test cases performance 164

4.13 Mean EII of base case and LP 1-5 for 10-11m on the

9 simulated timings 165

4.14 Categorisation of low potential, potential and high

potential cases 170

4.15 WPI value across the room of one, two and three

openings on 21 March for 900, 1200 and 1500 hours 177


openings on 22 June for 900, 1200 and 1500 hours 178


openings on 22 December for 900, 1200 and 1500 hours 179

5.1 Summary of research objective with research method

and findings 186

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Illustration on the function of distribution of light pipe 6

1.2 Research flow and thesis organisation 15

2.1 An example of utilisation of daylight in a Roman house 18

2.2 Floor plan of a Roman house 18

2.3 Daylight in architecture design in Ronchamp, France by

Le Corbusier 18

2.4 Daylight ‘shaped’ into a cross in Church of Light, Japan

by Tadao Ando 19

2.5 Differences of sun path diagram between London,

Melbourne and Johor Bahru 23

2.6 Comparison of global illumination derived from literature

review 27

2.7 Exterior and interior of intelligent buildings: (a) United

Overseas Bank Plaza; (b) Citibank Plaza; (c) NNT

Makuhari Building; (d) Telekom Malaysia Headquarters;

(e) ZERO Building; (f) Diamond Building; (g) Sarawak

Energy Tower 33

2.8 Malaysia’s high-rise office building section: (a) Diamond

Building; (b) PTM Zero Energy Building; (c) Sarawak

Energy Building 34

2.9 Vertical light guide system: (a) Holographic optical

element; (b) Laser cut panels; (c) Prismatic panels 49

2.10 Horizontal light guide system: (a) Light shelves; (b) Blinds 50

xv

2.11 Parabolic light guide system: Compound Parabolic

Concentrator 51

2.12 Illustration of components of light transport system:

Collection, transportation and extraction 52

2.13 Influence of using laser cut panels at a LP’s collector 54

2.14 Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC): (a) 2D CPC;

(b) 3D CPC 55

2.15 Dome-shaped collector 55

2.16 Rotating LCP collectors 56

2.17 Lenses transport system by Sunportal 57

2.18 Light rods 59

2.19 Usage of horizontal light pipe in Building & Construction

Authority Building, Singapore 61

2.20 Vertical light pipe to illuminate two-storey building 63

2.21 Vertical mirror light pipe 64

2.22 Horizontal mirror light pipe which spans 20m depth 66

2.23 Integration of mirror light pipe in the plenum 66

2.24 Trapezoidal mirror light pipe 67

2.25 Fibre optics usage 70

2.26 Equal fraction of extraction of light in a light pipe 71

3.1 Overall computer simulation experiment procedures

with design variables and performance indicators 86

3.2 Validation process for IESVE and physical scaled model 89

3.3 Physical scaled model set up for experiment 90

3.4 Construction of physical scaled model in workshop 91

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3.5 (a) CPC collector; (b) Triangle-shaped transporter;

(c) Rectangular-shaped transporter 92

3.6 Scaled physical LP model diagram: Triangular (Top),

Rectangular (Bottom) 92

3.7 Method to measure surface reflectance 93

3.8 Instrumentations for physical scaled model experiment:

Delta Ohm DO 9847 (Left), Delta Ohm’s LP 471 PHOT

(Top right) and Delta Ohm’s LP PHOT 02 (Bottom right) 95

3.9 Panorama of the experiment’s site 96

3.10 Placement of physical model on site 97

3.11 Plan and side elevation of the physical scaled model

experiment 98

3.12 Comparison of outdoor illuminance level between

experiment and IESVE 99

3.13 Comparison of absolute outdoor illuminance level

between experiment and previous tropical daylighting

studies 100

3.14 Comparison of DR between the simulated results and two

days experiment at 0900 hours 100













xvii

3.21 Dimensions of room base model for computer simulation 106

3.22 Placement of LP above the ceiling level of the room 113

3.23 Transporter opening variables and dimensions: (a) one

opening; (b) two openings and; (c) three openings 113

3.24 Simulation flow for determining two most potential cases 114

3.25 Simulation flow for determining the optimum LP case 115

3.26 Division of room into three area based on distance from the

window: Group 1 (row 1 to 3), Group 2 (row 1 to 7) and

Group 3 (row 1 to 11) 118

3.27 Mean of EII taken for each row to be used in analysis 119

3.28 Illuminance point taken from IESVE which represents

possible desk position 120

4.1 Comparison of DF between Base Case and LP 1 to LP 9 125

4.2 Comparison of DF between variations of LP 6, LP 7, LP 8

and LP 9 127

4.3 (a) Mean daylight factor (DF) for base case, LP 1, LP 2,

LP 3, LP 4 and LP 5 across the depth of room and;

(b) Close up of mean daylight factor (DF) along the depth

of room from 3m to 11m 128

4.4 (a) Mean daylight factor (DF) for base case, LP 6, LP 7,

LP 8 and LP 9 across the depth of room and; (b) Close up

of mean daylight factor (DF) along the depth of room

from 3m to 11m 129

4.5 Percentage of DF points for all cases in three sections:

lower than1.0%, 1.0%-3.5% and above 3.5% 131

4.6 Mean EII of row 1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 for base case and LP

1-9 on 21 March, 900 hours 137


1-9 on 21 March, 1200 hours 138

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1-9 on 21 March, 1500 hours 139

4.9 Mean EII of row 1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 for base case

1-9 on 22 June, 900 hours 140


1-9 on 22 June, 1200 hours 141


1-9 on 22 June, 1500 hours 142


1-9 on 22 December, 900 hours 143





4.15 (a) Mean EII of base case and 9 LP cases at row distance

of 1-11m on 21 March, 900h and; (b) Close up of mean

EII of base case and 9 LP cases at row distance of 4-11m

on 21 March, 900h 152




on 21 March, 1200h 153




on 21 March, 1500h 154


of 1-11m on 22 June, 900h and; (b) Close up of mean


on 22 June, 900h 155




on 22 June, 1200h 156

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on 22 June, 1500h 157


of 1-11m on 22 December, 900h and; (b) Close up of

mean EII of base case and 9 LP cases at row distance of

4-11m on 22 December, 900h 158



mean EII of base case and 9 LP at row distance of

4-11m on 22 December, 1200h 159



mean EII of base case and 9 LP cases at row distance of

4-11m on 22 December, 1500h 160

4.24 Number of occurrence of highest mean EII at 10-11m for

the 9 simulated timings 166

4.25 Higher EII on 10m point rather than 11m for some cases 166

4.26 Average WPIR for LP 1, 2 and 5 with different openings

options 171

4.27 Percentage of WPIR studied which failed to meet the

requirement Emin/Emax > 0.5 for LP 1 with different

openings options 172










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4.33 Reflections of daylight in a three opening LP 181

4.34 Quantitative performance for different numbers of

openings alongside their qualitative performance for

LP 1, LP 2 and LP 5 181

4.35 Percentage improvement of DF and EII against base case

after integrating LP 183

5.1 Task zoning based on WPI level for 21 Mar (900, 1200,

1500 hours), 22 Jun (900, 1200, 1500 hours) and 22 Dec

(900 hours) in an office room with LP 189

5.2 Task zoning based on WPI level for 22 Dec (1200 and

1500 hours) in an office room with LP 190

5.3 Differences of polygon sides without alteration of overall

height 191

5.4 Placement of openings in a two openings LP for better

daylight distribution 192

5.5 Comparison of daylight quantitative and qualitative

performance between LP 1, LP 2 and LP 5 with different

numbers of openings 193

5.6 Integration of light pipe in an office floor 194

5.7 Additional space acquired through using semi- circle

transporter rather than typical rectangular LP transporter

in the plenum space 195

5.8 Difference of total surface area between rectangular

transporter and semi-circle transporter 195

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CIBSE - Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

CIE - International Commission on Illumination

CPC - Compound Parabolic Concentrator

CRI - Colour Rendering Index

DF - Daylight Factor

DGI - Daylight Glare Index

DPP - Du Mortier-Perraudeau-Page

DR - Daylight Ratio

EII - Estimated Indoor Illuminance

GBI - Green Building Index

HLP - Horizontal Light Pipe

HOE - Holographic Optical Elements

HPP - Hollow Prismatic Pipes

IES - Illuminating Engineering Society

IESVE - Integrated Environmental Solutions: Virtual

Environment

LCP - Laser Cut Panels

LDS - Light Distribution System

LGS - Light Guide System

LP - Light Pipe

LTS - Light Transport System

MBE - Mean Bias Error

MLP - Mirror Light Pipe

MS - Malaysia Standard

NI - Nebulosity Index

NIA - Net Internal Area

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RGB - Red, Green and Blue

RMSE - Root Mean Square Error

SEA - Southeast Asia

SR - Saturation Ratio

UDI - Useful Daylight Illuminance

UTM - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

WPI - Work Plane Illuminance

WPIR - Work Plane Illuminance Ratio

WWR - Window-to-wall Ratio

VDT - Visual Display Terminal

VLP - Vertical Light Pipe

ZERO - Zero Energy Office

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

∑ - Sum

Eaverage - Average Illuminance

EG - Global Illuminance

Eindoor - Indoor Illuminance

Emax - Maximum Illuminance

Emin - Minimum Illuminance

Eoutdoor - Outdoor Illuminance

Ls - Source of Luminance

Lb - Average Background of Luminance

N(θ) - Average Number of Reflection at Angle θ

ω - Angular Size of the Source as Seen by Eye

Ω - Solid Angle Subtended by the Source

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A1 Human’s Visible Wavelength 221

A2 Global Illuminance Comparison 213

B1 Absolute Illuminance Value from IESVE (Base Case) 214

B2 Absolute Illuminance Value from IESVE (LP 1) 215









B11 Percentage of DR Drop from 1m to 2m from the Window

on 21 March 224


on 22 June 225


on 22 December 226

C1 Example of Calculation for WPI ratio 227

D1 Mean EII of LP 1 for different number of openings on

21 March, 22 June and 22 December at 900, 1200 and

1500 hours 229



1500 hours 238

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1500 hours 247

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0. Introduction

Daylight has proven to bring a lot of benefits to human kind. Throughout the

centuries, daylight plays an important role in one of the three most fundamental

elements for human being to survive: shelter, food and clothes (Kraybill and Olivet,

2006; Al Faruque, 2014). Settlements of the old had made use of daylight in

architecture elements such as Pantheon and Roman patio buildings. Besides that,

according to Rosemann et al. (2008), this renewable resource helps in creating a

sustainable building design that conserve the non-renewable resource and energy.

Other than that, researchers have proven that daylight has the capability to bring

benefits to office workers, both physiologically and psychologically (Paevere, 2009;

Mayhoub and Carter, 2011). Besides increasing the productivity of the workers, it also

creates a heathier environment, thus, lessening the absentees. Moreover, daylight can

also bring a significant impact on the indoor environment quality such as thermal

comfort (Paevere, 2009; Baird and Thompson, 2012).

In tropical climate such as Malaysia, the outdoor illuminance can reach as high

as 120, 000 lux whereas temperate climate can only reach to about 20, 000 lux.

However, the unpredictable cloud formation that affects the availability of a constant

2

global illuminance level complicates the daylight utilisation in a building (Mohd

Hamdan, 1996; Ossen, 2005; Lim, 2011). Furthermore, high energy consumption from

air-conditioning system was noticed during working hours and thus, showed that the

high illuminance from the natural lighting was not utilised in high-rise building (Lim,

2011).

High-rise buildings with large floor are or having deep open-plans are

sprouting everywhere in the current world to maximise the floor efficiency. Deep

open-plans are spaces which have a long depth spanning from one end to another with

no obstruction in between such as partition or work cubicles. These buildings which

includes office buildings tend to utilize large amount of electricity for lighting and air-

conditioning due to the disability to harvest natural daylight (Gissen, 2002).

Furthermore, Saidur et al. (2009) and Sadrzadehrafiei et. al (2012) stated that air

conditioning and electric lighting is accounted for 57-58% and 19-20% of total energy

use in a typical office building in Malaysia. While in US and Europe, lighting is

responsible for 25% and 14% respectively (DOE, 2009; EC, 2007). The deep open-

plan also caused the occurrence of glare due to the contrasting illuminance level

between the opening and the back of the room. This will affect the visual comfort of

the occupants. Hence, the emergence of deep open-plan building increases the use of

electrical lighting as well as creating problems for daylight utilisation.

The use of light transport system such as light pipe (LP) helps in bringing

daylight into the interior of the deep open-plan building. However, in a high-rise office,

the use of vertical light pipe (VLP) is not feasible as the system works best with the

shortest distance from the source as stated by Hansen (2006). Hence, horizontal light

pipe (HLP) provides the better solution in transporting daylight in a high-rise building

where the installation of HLP will require some space above the ceiling level. Previous

studies on HLP focused mainly on the improvement on the collector and extractor,

rather than the transporter.

3

This research assesses horizontal passive daylighting solutions to bring in

daylight into deep open-plan high-rise office building. It focuses on experimenting

with different transporter shapes and numbers of openings for HLP. This study also

aims to provide adequate daylighting and uniform daylight distribution in office

building through the proposed HLP where it can accommodate various subsystem of

a building at the plenum space.

1.1. Problem Statement

I. Increasing numbers of deep open-plan high-rise office buildings.

The economic view of maximising cost return causes buildings to have larger

and deeper open-plan to increase the usable area in a building. The high land cost and

unavailability of empty spaces in the urban area resulted in the blooming of more

multi-storey or high-rise buildings (Singh and Jain, 2013). Tenants in high-rise offices

prefer their workspace to be on the same floor with open-plan layout for the purposes

of communication and collaboration (Section 2.3.2). The typical depth of an office

building in Malaysia ranges from 4.5m to 12m with an optimum 2000m2 to 25002 m

(Harrison, 1998; Lim, 2011) which is explained further in Section 2.3.1. The limitation

of the daylight availability inside the office space and the lack of awareness in making

use of natural daylight that is in abundance in tropical country leads to increasing

energy consumption in the form of electrical lighting and cooling in high-rise buildings.

4

II. Non-uniform daylight distribution across the deep open-plan office

layout.

Baker and Steemers (2014) asserted that the depth of zone which can be day lit

is limited to twice of the ceiling height. Hence, the front portion of a room where the

window is located gets illuminated while the rear of the room does not receive

adequate daylight level. This condition caused visual discomfort to the occupants as

there is a huge contrast in the uniformity level across the room from the opening to the

rear portion of the room.

III. Limited plenum space for light pipe integration.

HLP is a more suitable light distribution system in a high-rise building

compared to other strategies such as atrium, VLP and light shelves. Atrium and VLP’s

installation require large floor area while light shelves have limited daylight

penetration depth. HLP is a light distribution system that functions to transport natural

daylight from the perimeter to the interior through internal reflection. Many previous

studies used a rectangular-shaped transporter which is placed at the plenum area above

the ceiling. The transporter occupies a certain portion of the ceiling which causes

obstruction for electrical wiring and air conditioning ductings. Furthermore, Edmonds

(2010) pointed that for a vertical LP with the shape of circle, hexagon, square, 45o and

60o triangle, there were differences in their efficiency of transporting daylight.

However, there are no research for the HLP on these shapes.

5

1.2. Research Questions

This thesis will address these few questions with regards to daylighting in deep

open-plan high-rise building in tropical climate.

1. What is the current lighting condition of deep open-plan high-rise office

building in tropical climate?

2. How is the daylighting performance of a typical LP?

3. What is the optimal transporter shape of a light pipe in a deep open-plan, high-

rise office building in terms of daylight quantity and distribution?

4. What is the optimal number of openings in a LP’s transporter to provide a good

daylight distribution?

1.3. Research Aim and Objectives

The aim of this thesis is to propose an efficient horizontal daylighting in a south

facing deep open-plan high-rise office in a tropical region, specifically in Malaysia

with the use of LP. It is achieved through the following objectives:

1. To investigate and evaluate the current daylighting issues and daylighting

distribution system in deep open-plan high-rise office.

2. To assess and compare the efficiency of various LP transporter shapes with a

typical LP design.

3. To evaluate the impact of numbers of openings in a LP’s transporter on

daylight uniformity and quantitative performance.

4. To propose LP design recommendations for daylighting in high-rise office

building in the tropics.

6

1.4. Research Hypothesis

A LP performance can be optimised by using the most efficient transporter

shape as well as numbers of openings along the transporter. The optimised LP should

be able to illuminate the deepest portion of the deep open-plan office room while

maintaining the uniformity of the daylight distribution as shown in Figure 1.1. This

creates more usable space in the office and reduce the need of artificial lighting.

Figure 1.1: Illustration on the function of distribution of light pipe

1.5. Research Gap

Previous studies on daylight and its distribution in buildings had largely

focussed on shallow plan building and based on non-tropical climate. Studies on

daylight distribution by Gupta et al. (2001), Canziani et al. (2004), Koshel et al. (2005),

Baroncini et al. (2010), Hansen et al. (2009), Edmonds (2010) and Boccia et al. (2012)

were done in a temperate and Mediterranean climate. Tropical climate has different

characteristics comparing to a temperate climate. Further explanation is given in

Section 2.2. The same scenario applies through the use of computer simulation.

7

Although it provides an effective way to gauge the lighting performance, the sky model

used in this software usually do not account to a tropical climate’s data but deployed

most temperate climatic data. Besides that, the building depth used in most of the LP

research only reached up to 6m (Chirarattananon et al., 2000; Paroncini et al., 2007;

Baroncini et al., 2010; Boccia et al., 2012; Malet-Damour et al., 2014; Toledo et al.,

2016). Although there was few research that reached more than 6m (Canziani et al.,

2004; Li et al., 2010), they were conducted in a temperate climatic location.

LP is one of the light transport system to distribute daylight into interior spaces

in a building. HLP offers a more feasible option to be used in a high-rise building than

a VLP as explained in Section 2.5.2.2. Studies have been done on the collector and the

extractor (Hansen et al., 2003, Hansen et al., 2009, Linhart et al., 2010) with the use

of various technology such as laser cut panels. Other research is based on creating a

new type of LP such as double LP (Canziani et al., 2004, Baroncini et al., 2010, Boccia

et al., 2012). Other than that, although some research has been done on the shape of

the transporter, they are limited to a vertical system and mathematical prediction

(Gupta et al., 2001, Koshel et al., 2005, Edmonds, 2010). Previous study on the

comparison of LP’s transporter has only involves a VLP where shapes such as circle,

hexagon, square, 45o and 60o triangle were tested on their efficiency. There are no

studies on the HLP with regards to this variable. The usage of different shapes on the

LP’s transporter can provide the opportunity to reduce the material needed to construct

the LP while having the same efficiency. Table 1.1 shows a summary of previous

studies in tropical region that are related to LP while Table 1.2 and 1.3 show the past

studies on LP in the last 10 years.

8

Tab

le 1

.1:

Pre

vio

us

rese

arch

on L

P s

tudie

s in

tro

pic

al c

lim

ate

9

Tab

le 1

.2:

Pre

vio

us

rese

arch

on

LP

stu

die

s in

the

last

10 y

ears

in t

emper

ate

clim

ate

10

Tab

le 1

.3:

Pre

vio

us

rese

arch

on L

P s

tudie

s in

the

last

10 y

ears

in t

emper

ate

clim

ate

11

Edmonds et al. (1997) and Hansen et al. (2001) demonstrated that addition of

another 3 openings at the LP’s transporter helped to increase the uniformity of daylight

distribution in the room. They showed that the added extraction points can ‘divide’ the

captured daylight in the LP and then disseminated along the transporter. However,

there were limited research on the effect of numbers of openings on the daylight

distribution performance of a LP. Therefore, there is a need to understand the

relationship between the number of openings and the efficiency in providing a uniform

daylight distribution.

This study focuses on the daylighting performance in a south facing deep open-

plan high-rise office building using different LP transporter shapes and also the

number of openings.

1.6. Research Scope and Limitations

The scope of this study covers only for a typical high-rise office building with

open-plan. Other spaces with different functions such as cubicle or partitioned office

space, pantry and washrooms are not included in this study. Furthermore, the open-

plan spaces used in this research does not include the presence of furniture and

occupants due to the numerous possibility of space arrangements. Hence, the outcome

represents a reference for a simple open-plan without the consideration of the

reflectance and light obstruction of these elements.

This study only focuses on the daylight performance of the office room.

Although there are a number of criteria that constitute the working environment, they

are not included in this study due to the limitation of time. These criteria comprise of

energy consumption or savings (lighting and cooling), cost of daylighting system and

installation and users’ responses (psychological and physiological benefits).

12

The whole design of this study is based on a tropical climate specifically in

Malaysia, where it has a hot and humid weather throughout the year. The sky type used

is an intermediate sky with sun and is being applied throughout the research. The dates

used for this study are also limited to 21 March, 22 June and 22 December which

represents the most critical angle of the sun path. During the two latter dates, the sun

is positioned at the furthest point from the equator during solstices. Besides that, due

to identical sun position on 21 March and 23 September, where the sun is closest to

the equator, only the former date is used.

The experiments and simulations used south orientation as a research scope

throughout the study. It was chosen due to the position of the chosen location, Johor

Bahru, Malaysia, which is located above the Equator line and thus, receiving more

daylight due to the sun angle. This corresponded to a statement by Edmonds et al.

(1997) where, for a southern hemisphere location, the author suggested a North facing

placement of daylight collimation device’s opening instead of south. Furthermore, as

this study involved horizontal, one-sided daylight transport system, placing the

collection point towards south allows a daylong direct illumination from the Sun. The

West and East orientation only will respectively illuminate the test room for either in

the afternoon or morning.

The focus of this study is on the shape of the LP’s transporter and the number

of openings along the transporter. Therefore, other variables of the LP such as the

collector and surface reflectivity were kept constant throughout the study. The

extraction point of this LP study only used a simple opening as a mean to distribute

the daylight more evenly across the office room. Although there were methods done

by other researchers where system such as placing a 45o acrylic plastic right above the

extraction point, these measures required additional device with complex calculation

and additional costing (Edmonds et al., 1997; Hansen et al., 2001). Besides that, the

shapes selection for the LP’s transporter was based on geometry with increasing

numbers of sides which have symmetrical and congruent identity, i.e. the cross section

of the shape has a similar reflection on any side into an image of itself. These shapes

presented cross-sections which were suitable for different installation conditions and

13

needs. They also served as a comparison to other researchers’ result on similar

symmetrical, congruent geometry.

This study utilised computer simulation results as the main data collection for

the whole research. Physical measurable quantities like illuminance and daylight factor

were used for further analysis and discussions. Real office workers are not employed

to determine the human response on the research subject and thus, should be

appreciated as a major limitation.

1.7. Significance of Research

This study helps in creating an efficient daylighting distribution in a deep open-

plan office in a high-rise building in tropical climate by exploring the shape of

transporter as well as the number of openings. The integration of LP increases the

uniformity across the deep open-plan office and thus, creates a better visual comfort

for the users. The variation of numbers of openings on the LP’s transporter also helps

to produce better daylight distribution performance across the room.

The study also creates options through the use of alternative LP shapes. This

eases the integration into existing buildings through retrofitting and also new buildings

where it curbs the problem of space limitation in the plenum. It also saves space by

enabling integration of LP’s transporter with the existing electrical wiring and air-

conditioning ducting at the plenum space. The alternative shapes of variety enable the

saving of material used for constructing the LP while giving the same efficiency when

comparing to the conventional rectangular-shaped LP.

14

The outcome from this research helps to give design recommendations and

guides for building designers as well as architects on LP integration in deep open-plan

high-rise office buildings.

1.8. Thesis Organisation

This thesis is divided into five chapters as shown in Figure 1.2. Chapter One

highlights the main issue of this study. It also discusses on the research aim and

objectives, research questions, research gaps together with the scope and limitation of

this study. The significance and the organisation of this research are shown here too.

Chapter Two summarises previous studies on daylighting in architecture and

energy conservation in building while reviewing the impact of daylight towards human.

The daylight characteristics in tropical climate, especially in Malaysia are also

reviewed in this chapter alongside with the characteristics of high-rise office building.

Besides that, a review on daylight distribution system which consists of light guide

system and light transport system are discussed in this chapter.

Chapter Three confers the methodology used in previous as well as this study.

It also explains the credibility and feasibility of the method used. All the settings in

the simulation software, physical scaled model, criteria of analysis and performance

indicators are stated in this chapter.

Chapter Four presents the results, analysis and findings of the research. It is

divided into two sections: LP transporter shapes and numbers of openings. The

quantitative and qualitative performance are analysed where the former is based on

15

daylight factor and daylight ratio which is then converted to an estimated illuminance

and while the latter is based on work plane illuminance ratio.

Chapter Five summarises the overall research objectives and findings. Several

recommendations and suggestions for further research are also presented.

Figure 1.2: Research flow and thesis organisation

198

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