RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous)

Affiliated to JNTUA – Anantapur, Approved by AICTE – New Delhi, Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A’ Grade – New Delhi

Nandyal – 518501, Kurnool (Dist.), A.P

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

A Technical Report on “GAGAN”

ESTD: 1995

Submitted By R.VENKATA PRASAD

(12095A0435)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that R.VENKATA PRASAD (12095A0435), of B.TECH, E.C.E

have carried out the Technical seminar report on “GAGAN” under the esteemed guidance of

Department for the fulfillment of the award of the BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in

Electronics and Communication Engineering in R.G.M.C.E.T, Nandyal (Affiliated to

J.N.T.University, Anantapur) is a bonafied record of the work done by me during the year

2011-2015.

Dr.D.SATYANARAYANA

HOD of E.C.E

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the report titled “GAGAN” submitted towards completion of

Technical Report in IV Year 2nd Semester of B.Tech (ECE) at the Rajeev Gandhi Memorial

College of Engineering & Technology, Nandyal. Is an authentic record of my original report

and is prepared by me.

I have not submitted the matter embodied in this report for the award of any other degree

in any other institutions.

By

R.VENKATA PRASAD

Regd.No: 12095A0435

Place: Nandyal

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we would like to express our sincere and grateful thanks to the management

of Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, under the leadership of

Dr.M. SANTHIRAMUDU, Chairman for providing us an opportunity to fulfill our aspirations.

Our special thanks to Dr. T. JAYACHANDRA PRASAD, Principal, Rajeev Gandhi

Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, for providing all the facilities and guidelines,

required for our academic pursuit.

Our special thanks to Dr. D. SATHYANARAYANA, Head of the Department (ECE),

Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, for providing all the

facilities and guidelines, required for our academic pursuit.

By

R.VENKATA PRASAD

12095A0435

ABSTRACT

To Provide Satellite Based Augmentation System Services over India and

neighbouring regions the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) -

a Satellite Based Navigation System (SBNS) is being launched tomorrow by the

Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Praful Patel. This system is expected to

provide enhanced navigation performance for critical applications like Civil

Aviation, Marine Navigation, Train & Road Transport, Precision Farming,

Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, Surveying and Mapping (Geodetic &

Geodynamic), Mining etc.

GAGAN is a planned implementation of a Satellite Based Navigation

System developed by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Indian Space

Research Organisation (ISRO), to deploy and certify an operational SBAS for

the Indian Flight Information Region, with expansion capability

to neighbouring Flight Information Regions (FIRs). When commissioned for

service, GAGAN is expected to provide a civil aeronautical navigation signal

consistent with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and

Recommended Practices (SARPs) as established by the Global Navigation

Satellite System Panel (GNSSP). ICAO has endorsed Global Navigation Satellite

System as Future Air Navigation System (FANS) for civil aviation.

The report involves establishment of a full complement of Satellite Based

Augmentation System (SBAS) consisting of 15 Indian Reference Stations

(INRES), 3 Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations (INLUS), 3 Indian Mission

Control Centres (INMCC), 3 Geo-stationary Navigation payload in C and L

bands and with all the associated Software and Communication links.

CONTENTS

Chapter: 1. Introduction 1

1.1 Need for Augmentation 1

Chapter: 2. Working of GAGAN 2

Chapter: 3. Implementation Progress 4

Chapter: 4.1 GAGAN Accuracy 6

4.2 Seamless Coverage 6

4.3 Other Navigation Technologies 6

Chapter: 5. Developments 8

5.1 Satellites 9

5.2 Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System 9

Chapter: 6. Benefits of GAGAN 11

6.1 To Civil Activation Sector 11

6.2 To Non-Civil Activation Sector 11

Conclusion 12

References 13

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 1

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

GAGAN is a satellite based navigation system that will serve as a low cost

substitute for Instrument Landing System (ILS). The system is being developed

by ISRO in collaboration with Airports Authority of India.

GAGAN will use a satellite based Wide Area Augmentation System

(WAAS) technology (Satellite based WAAS is also referred to as Satellite Based

Augmentation Systems or SBAS) developed by Raytheon for the US Federal

Aviation Authority (FAA.).

WAAS is a ground and space-based network that provides corrections for

GPS signals so they can yield more precision in all modes of transportation,

including civil aviation. Lateral Precision with Vertical (LPV) guidance on the

WAAS, facilitates civil aircraft to make an instrumented approach for landing

with cloud ceilings as low as 250 ft. and visibility as low as 0.75 mi. This

compares well with a typical ILS that allows an aircraft to make an

instrumented approach with a cloud ceiling as low as 200 ft. and visibility as

low as 0.50.

1.1 Need for Augmentation

Current GPS constellation cannot support requirements for all phases

of flight.

Integrity is not guaranteed (all satellites are not monitored at all

times; time-to-alarm is from minutes to hours, no indication of quality

of service).

Accuracy is not sufficient (even with Selective Availability off, vertical

accuracy>10m).

Availability and continuity must be met.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 2

CHAPTER-2

WORKING OF GAGAN

The GAGAN system consists of a network of 15 Indian Navigation

Reference Earth Stations (INRES) spread over the country that are precisely

surveyed to compare the position determined from GPS satellite signals against

the location of the receiver. The observed deltas are then be sent to 2 Indian

Navigation Master Control Centers (INMCC) where computer processing will

extrapolate the data to generate correcting deltas for GPS signals anywhere

within the network.

These correcting deltas will be relayed via 3 Indian Navigation Land

Uplink Stations (INLUS) and geostationary satellites to civil aircraft so more

precise fixes of their position can be derived from GPS satellite signals.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 3

INRES sites and INMCCs are connected using Optical Fiber Cable Data

Communication Network as well as VSAT link.

ISRO will launch and manage the data link satellites.

The cost savings in using a system like GAGAN accrue from the fact that

its ground system does not need to be duplicated for each runway, as is the

case for an ILS. The GPS signals, as well as the correcting deltas, can be made

available to aircraft for any runway within the network using satellite based

communication.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 4

CHAPTER-3

IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS

In January 2014, DGCA certified the GAGAN system to RNP0.1 (Required

Navigation Performance 0.1 Nautical Mile) service level clearing the use of the

system by aircraft equipped with the Satellite Based Augmentation System

(SBAS) in Indian airspace for en route navigation and non-precision

approaches without vertical guidance.

According to ISRO, The GAGAN System is poised to APV1/1.5 level of

certification in the near future, facilitating precision approach services over the

Indian land mass.

The GAGAN signal is currently being broadcast through two

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites - GSAT8 and GSAT10 - covering

whole Indian Flight Information Region (FIR) and beyond.

The GAGAN system will have a full complement of the SBAS inclusive of

ground and onboard segment. It is being built in phases.

The first phase was completed in August 2007 and served as a

technology demonstrator.

Final operation phase implementation started in June 2009; completion

was scheduled by July 2013.

The space borne segment of GAGAN consists of payloads onboard Indian

geostationary satellites GSAT-8P, GSAT-10 and GSAT-15.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 5

The GSAT-8P was successfully launched using Ariane 5 on May 21, 2011

and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude.

After the launch of GSAT-8, In-Orbit Test and Test and Evaluation of

GAGAN navigation payload were carried out and the satellite integrated with

Bangalore INLUS-West. Stability test were conducted, following which GAGAN

signal without certification became available for users.

GSAT-10 was launched on September 29, 2012 and was integrated with

Bangalore INLUS-East. Also, GSAT-8 was integrated with New Delhi INLUS.

Final System Acceptance Test was scheduled for June 2012 followed by system

certification during July 2013.

An on-orbit spare GAGAN transponder will be flown on GSAT-15.

GAGAN can function with one Geo stationary satellite. The other two

satellites serve as in-orbit backups.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 6

CHAPTER-4

4.1 GAGAN ACCURACY

GAGAN will provide a precision of 1.5-meter accuracy in the horizontal

plane, 2.5-meter in the vertical. This is the same as the FAA system. However,

to account for possible worst-case positioning errors in civil aviation, a much

rougher figure of about 15 meters horizontal will be used.

In addition to using GPS signals, GAGAN will be able to use timing and

positioning signals from GLONASS and the proposed GALILEO Navigation

Satellite System.

4.2 SEAMLESS COVERAGE

GAGAN will provide augmentation service for GPS over India, Bay of

Bengal, South-East Asia, and Middle East expanding up to Africa. GAGAN will

be compatible and interoperable with other SBAS systems such as the Wide

Area Augmentation System (WAAS) of USA, the European Geostationary

Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) of European Union (EU) and the Multi-

functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) of Japan. It will fill the gap

between the European EGNOS and the Japanese MSAS to provide seamless air

navigation service across regional boundaries.

4.3 OTHER NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGIES

In November 2012, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public

Distribution, was installing global positioning system (GPS) based devices in

vehicles transporting public distribution system commodities to prevent

smuggling of food grains. The Delhi High Court had also ordered auto-

rickshaws in Delhi to compulsorily install GPS and printers in their vehicle (pdf

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 7

of the court order). Commercial navigation tools such as Map My India, Tom-

tom, Nokia Maps, among others also use GPS for navigation.

There is also Russia’s Glonass, which had partnered with the state

owned telecom service provider BSNL and MTNL to offer its satellite-based

navigation service to their subscribers. In March 2010, NIS GLONASS

had signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Indian Space Research

Organization (ISRO) and Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) to set up a

working group to establish and incorporate a joint venture with ISRO’s

commercial subsidiary Antrix to offer navigation and information services on

the GLONASS platform. The company had inked an agreement with DIMTS

(Delhi Integrated Multimodal Transit System) in November 2010, to form a

consortium to participate in tenders to build Intelligent Transportation Systems

(ITS) and traffic management solutions for Indian metropolitan cities.

It had also signed a contract with the Hyderabad-based HBL Power

Systems in August 2010, to provide satellite navigation systems to keep track

of the company’s vehicles and promote Glonass system in India.

Apart from that, there is also European Union’s Galileo positioning

system and Chinese Compass navigation system, however Galileo was meant

only for civilian use.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 8

CHAPTER-5

DEVELOPMENTS

The first GAGAN transmitter was integrated into the GSAT-4

geostationary satellite, and had a goal of being operational in 2008.Following a

series of delays, GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it failed to

reach orbit after the third stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch

Vehicle Mk.II that was carrying it malfunctioned.

In 2009, Raytheon had won an 82 million dollar contract. It was mainly

dedicated to modernize Indian air navigation system. The vice president of

Command & Control Systems, Raytheon Network Centric Systems, Andy Zogg

commented:

“GAGAN will be the world’s most advanced air navigation system and

further reinforces India’s leadership in the forefront of air navigation. GAGAN

will greatly improve safety, reduce congestion and enhance communications to

meet India’s growing air traffic management needs”.

In 2012, the Defence Research and Development Organisation received a

"miniaturised version" of the device with all the features from global positioning

systems (GPS) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The module

weighing just 17 gm, can be used in multiple platforms ranging from aircraft

(e.g. winged or rotor-craft) to small boats, ships. Reportedly, it can also assist

"survey applications". It is a cost-efficient device and can be of "tremendous"

civilian use. The navigation output is composed of GPS, GLONASS and

GPS+GLONASS position, speed and time data. According to a statement

released by the DRDO, G3oM is a state-of-the-art technology receiver,

integrating Indian GAGAN as well as both global positioning system and

GLONASS systems.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 9

According to Deccan chronicle:

“G. Satheesh Reddy, associate director of the city-based Research Centre

Imarat, said the product is bringing about a quantum leap in the area of GNSS

technology and has paved the way for highly miniaturised GNSS systems for

the future.”[11]

On 30 December 2013, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA),

India provisionally certified the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)

system to RNP0.1 (Required Navigation Performance, 0.1 Nautical Mile) service

level. The certification enabled aircraft fitted with SBAS equipment to use

GAGAN signal in space for navigation purposes.[12]

5.1 SATELLITES

GSAT-8 is an Indian geostationary satellites, which was successfully launched

using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011 and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at

55 degrees E longitude.

GSAT-10 is envisaged to augment the growing need of Ku and C-band

transponders and carries 12 Ku Band, 12 C Band and 12 Extended C Band

transponders and a GAGAN payload. The spacecraft employs the standard I-3K

structure with power handling capability of around 6 kW with a lift off mass of

3400 kg. GSAT-10 was successfully launched by Ariane 5 on 29 September

2012.

GSAT-15 will carry 24 Ku band transponders with India coverage beam and a

GAGAN payload. The satellite is planned to be launched during 2014-15 by

Ariane 5. The platform system is based on I-3K satellite.

5.2 INDIAN REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

Main article: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

The Indian government has stated that it intends to use the experience of

creating the GAGAN system to enable the creation of an autonomous regional

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 10

navigation system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

(IRNSS).

IRNSS-1 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)-1, the

first of the seven satellites of the IRNSS constellation, carries a Navigation

payload and a C-band ranging transponder. The spacecraft employs an

optimized I-1K structure with a power handling capability of around 1660W

and a lift off mass of 1425 kg, and is designed for a nominal mission life of 10

years. The first satellite of IRNSS constellation was launched on-board PSLV

(C22) on 1 July 2013 while the full constellation is planned to be realized

during 2014 time frame.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 11

CHAPTER-6

BENEFITS OF GAGAN

6.1 TO CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR

Improved Efficiency/Economy

Direct Routes

Increased Fuel savings

Precision approach at all Runways

Significant cost savings due to withdrawal of ground aids

Reduced workload of Flight Crew and ATCOs

Improved Capacity through reduced aircraft separation

Higher Accuracy, Global Coverage

Improved Safety

Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT)

Enhanced Air-to-Air Surveillance: ADS-B

Availability of MSAW facility (Min. Safe Altitude Warning)

Reduced Noise Pollution

6.2 TO NON-CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR

Marine Navigation

Train & Road transport

Precision Farming

Search and Rescue (SAR) operations

Surveying (Geodetic & Geodynamic)

Scientific community.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 12

CONCLUSION

To Provide Satellite Based Augmentation System Services over India and

neighbouring regions the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) -

a Satellite Based Navigation System (SBNS) is being launched tomorrow by the

Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Praful Patel. This system is expected to

provide enhanced navigation performance for critical applications like Civil

Aviation, Marine Navigation, Train & Road Transport, Precision Farming,

Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, Surveying and Mapping (Geodetic &

Geodynamic), Mining etc.

GAGAN is a planned implementation of a Satellite Based Navigation

System developed by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Indian Space

Research Organisation (ISRO), to deploy and certify an operational SBAS for

the Indian Flight Information Region, with expansion capability

to neighbouring Flight Information Regions (FIRs). When commissioned for

service, GAGAN is expected to provide a civil aeronautical navigation signal

consistent with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and

Recommended Practices (SARPs) as established by the Global Navigation

Satellite System Panel (GNSSP). ICAO has endorsed Global Navigation Satellite

System as Future Air Navigation System (FANS) for civil aviation.

The project involves establishment of a full complement of Satellite

Based Augmentation System (SBAS) consisting of 15 Indian Reference Stations

(INRES), 3 Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations (INLUS), 3 Indian Mission

Control Centres (INMCC), 3 Geo-stationary Navigation payload in C and L

bands and with all the associated Software and Communication links.

GAGAN

Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 13

REFERENCES

Soon, safety in the sky as GPS-aided GAGAN set to take off , Times of

India

"India Approves GAGAN System". Magazine article. Asian Surveying and

Mapping. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-05.

GAGAN Update Dr. Arjin Singh, Additional GM, Directorate of Global

Navigation System, Airport Authority of India

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gagan-system-ready-

for-operations/article5565700.ece

"Satellite Navigation - GAGAN". ISRO website. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

Raytheon to bid for Geosynchronous Augmented Navigation System

(GAGAN) Project

ISRO, Raytheon complete tests for GAGAN Satellite Navigational

System. India Defense Website. 20 June 2006.

K.N. Suryanarayana Rao and S. Pal. The Indian SBAS System – GAGAN.

Abstract from the India-United States Conference on Space Science,

Applications, and Commerce. June 2004.

Subramanian, T. S. (15 April 2010). "India's indigenous GSLV D3 rocket

fails in mission". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 April 2010.

"Raytheon Wins $82M Air Navigation Contract From India". GovCon

Wire. Retrieved 29 September 2012.

"GAGAN System Certified for RNP0.1 Operations". 3 January 2014.

Retrieved3 January 2014.

SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April –

September 2006 Issue.

Welcome To Indian Space Research Organization :: Current Programme.

Isro.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.

http://isro.gov.in/pslv-c22/pdf/pslv-c22-brochure.pdf