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A Feasibility study of In-store Corn Drying under Tropical Climates

Rairoj Wongvirojtana Somchart Soponronnarit

and Adisak Nathakaranakule

N~1iJuL~fllUL~trwi~~~"Ln~1trU~~ "I

&I ' ~UUNnN1N~ 48 ni~L~~~ 10140 "I "I

King Monglrut's Institute of Technology Thonlxlri

Suksawat 48 Road, Bangkok 10140

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a feasibility stud,y of in-store corn drying

under hot and htimid climatic conditions. Experimental results indicated

that in - store corndrying was technically feasible. The concentration of

aflatoxin could be well controlled. Energy consUJDption index was relatively

posit.ive.

Key words: in-store drying, corn, af latoxin, energy

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Cll ... ... t1"' 4 ~..:llJfl1"l~ tl tl ., LLl11~~11~~1 flU'U~1"tl'U iJ?f-u.tru. ( fl1'1l'l~~El-lYI 1, 3, 4 U~t: 5) LL~t~fl1'JC\lt: L "'Wl~

'

;;tlfl 11!1i11~i'Uu'U~~fiEltt ., LL ~'3~1~"'W1fllJflllfl11lJ~'Uiu~1-.31J fl-.l~ui1'"l L'Wfl LL~~1'tJEl~11~~1n -:l1 . . a. · "'

( f111~~~i}~~ 2) ~~~fllKU~fi1 1~L~~1~'ULUB~lJ1~1nD~~N~a~~11"1DuU~~~11lJ~U~1flfl11~ l~l~ ~ tf I II If

~a~L"~~!111'W~ 1uu1~n11~~&a~~n11~~~11~~un~u <rewet> ~1~ i-ln11~~fl~1"~un~1Ju~ " " ., ' .,

~· L~~"1~1n~11~n1n1~1u~1~~~n~11"~11"~ULL&~cn~n"~aun1~~~ Lna1~n1~~unuuu~111~~ ~ ~ " "

~Cl! '~ ~ ' I ~ q ~"80l~n"~1n~~Ln~n11fl11.1Uuu~u <n11n~&~~~ 2 u&~ 3>

~ "

I

n11LL1J1J 1>Jf1a Lua~

10

•

•

:'I ..I .... ..I .... :'I ..I .., ..I ... 111lf'l1 ft'11!. IJYl15 \l1J\J"tl2 11t.111tl1J 253 5 lli\:: u'W\16 ~1JlJlll llQ\.110\.1 2536

n~1'1~u ~-J ~fl11lJ~u~JJimfrfltru~ 1-3~-J~u TI1L~tl1~~,.,~~1'W~a-3n11au~;~1~~11lJ~~~~ "

n11L~1B1n1~~t>L~a~~1lJn11n11aua1n1~1~;autu L~a"i.~v1n1~1ui1-3L1~1n~1-3flu~u~'1Lnu1u .. ~

t •

L ilEl'1e.l1nfi1"W&-:1-:i 1u~1L'Wl~1.un11t11JLL~'1liu~~'31.u Table 2

Frequency inverter

n~ 1 1~~ 1~BU~1~~~L~t>lUi~lJL~~llnlJ~l~~11~~L~U~i-JLUl11~~~U~ L'\J11~lJaL~t>{~lJU~~1 1lJL~1 " ..

I 0

1t:llJ\fll " ll.I '

~~UU~-J1~~1U')[U~1~11lJ~ULtl;a-l'W~~ ~ 1U~1 L'W1 ~~nfilii.~nll1~lllJDUU~-3 1~~n1~u~1; ..

~11lJ~ruL~~~ Frequency inverter Ln1n11 30 w ~,~~n~n1'W~a-J"t>L\Jlil{LTI1n11 50~ ~~n11 ""' I I ll.f

'1 l U 'BLL~~.J 1 u Table 3 ~~'W1111n11 tilJLL ~~LL llll~t> L UB-l~LL u 1 LulJ~'U L tl~El"°1'W~-:J '1 lU~~ n~1LL 1111 " I

1~~~LUB~ L~UL~~1nllLU Table 2

'

I

~ 1 0011\Jl11~~tl1JtlilJ1CW.Lfl1J~1YltlO~Ull'lt:~ll'il1~ ci 'Wll11LLtivJ~1ntJn:au '>~ L ~lJ\JlllJ;\ 11 lJ

~~ ?j a-:i ~un 11 L 'W'1~~-J~u i.unn "l n1 i-ri~~a -J ~ -:JLL'4~-J i 1 tl;lJlCllLLil1J~1nan:au~t:LL tl'l\Jl l lJ L n1 L ~m.~ " " ..

" " ~ I II' 1' I t

fl11lJ~'ULU~Ui 1Jl~~ UE1n'>1m1~~~1Ji1 uilJ1ruLL~~~1TIElrrn'U~L~lJiuu~~~~11J1n~N~LUn11'Yl~~fl~~ ~

B L ~a-:1~1n L tlun11il1JLL.;~u1Ju W~El l ~v-:i 1~afl11n111l'l&Tl B'1 EJ1n1~~1 ,;, 1~1~ L 1&1n11a11LL~-l

., ..;, ~ ., 1 "' II .. .... -~ t ., ~ I ,.

illJLL l'l,_'I L tlt:l.J ~10LlJ&~tl11 \I" L i1J'1'U.lJll11J1ruLLrrW~1nfll roU£ltlU~11J1n'Wil~1Jtl -:ii L !I El11 L '\11"-l1U-;;it " •

N1ll11nLL'W~ 1u16la~1-:i i1~ L ~1 i1i.~uviJ&111vmul'l~.Jn11El1JLL~~~f'l1f'lt:lui1-:i '4-:11J1n L ~a L i.J~~u L ri~u ... n11n1ru~~11L'W~~uill1tuLL8~~1TIBfliiuL;1J~'U~1l'l1v1~~L~~ ~-JLiuLun1111~~D~~ 1 ~.J1l.i'W1JU;1J1Cll

LLt>'4~1'Yl[)O~U~.JnEl'ULL~tl'li'4-3n11D1lU~~ L~tl ~1l'li1JL'Ufl11'Yl~&8'1~ 3 Ll~t: 7 :a~ L tlunl'lfl1JLL~-:!LL1J1J

1~~tl L ~a"il l'>t 1~tli1J1tULLmJ~1nDn~u L ~1J~ulJ1n LL~~1n Table 2 'W11i1ui1J1ruutJ\J~1nun:auij

LLU 1LUll11i L ~lJ~'U ~'1~ L ~El~'el1nfl11lJ~'U L ~1J~u~fi1~1LL~~~1~tJ~ L 1~1n11fl1JLL~'11iru.1uiin~u L El-l

11

~"' ., ..I .... ~"' ., ""' ... 111tf11 n't11. 1JVI 15 \llJUTl2 TiU11f\1J 2535 ua:: IJYI 16 QlJ'UYl l 1'fl'UltJ\J 253 6

' • r

L'Un1i't1~~EJ~ n11 auu ~-JLL lJlJiia L ilu~ < n1'l't16l~il-lfl 1, 2, 4, s LL~~ 6) liJu11n1'l't16l~il-ltl 2 r1-l

LL~il a~'l 1n1'l 1'Vl~1' tl-.1 il1fl1A~~~-3U.~~iJ-3iji.JilJ1tULLtl\J~1'nvfl:a'Ulli-l n1"lil'ULL ;-:J lJ1fl fl-li'Ufl 11lJ~'U~ 'I.I

25~ 1Jl~'l~1'UL~!Jn ~.JL~'Ufl11lJ~'U;lJ1flLITu1tl L~tl~~11tU1n1in~~~-:J~ 4. 5 LL~~ 6 ~.J~fl11lJ ... "' ~UL ;lJ~'U,~ll-l1..:i 20 - 21% 1J1~1~1'UL ~tJn "'lJ11ijtl12..11C11LLt>-.J~1'Yltir1:au'V1~ ,3f) 'l"lfilJLL~-l~-l ...

., ~

fl"ll1J~Ul1l.J~U'lJ1~lJ1W ' 0 t! q I 0 t- I

ni 'l'Yl~~a-Jri 1 ~.J~fl111J~'UL 1~'U 19.1~ 1J1fl"l~1'UL ~!Jn LL~~n1in~C-Ja-lli s .:a~iifl1 · 11J~'UL ~lJ~'U ... I;

2Q'X. >J1~i~1u L ~!Jn l~!Jrt.J~il-lfl111'l6l~El~jjE;,-i11n111ll~tl tl-l a1n1ALf1~ L ~tl-l riu~il 2. 5 LL~t 3. 0

3 m I

... • 3

m1n-m SI

illJLL ~.J t1 ·11'U l'U ~.J L n~LL a,,J~11'lEl~'U11~'3 fll'l t)1JLL ~.J ~lUJ1fl

.., ~1nn1i L tJitJu L TitJ1Jn1,,.,~~u.J~ 1"~ liJEl~1tl1~-l1f1 i111~u L ~11~u ?J t1..:in 111"'~ 1 un -11 Bu

3 • 3 r 2.0 - 2.5 m I m1n-m o

.. I

1"EJ~tfl11n1"l'1 ll ~n fl-J v 1n1f11~fl 'l"l i;i 1n11

SI I I

L ~tin 111!J 1.u 10 ~u u.~~n11v1Ju. i-l~1lJ1irili11~Yi~n1,D1JLL~'1LL1J1J~El L ua-lLL~~ W~El L Ut:1'1 L6lt1

fl1'ltl11LL~~LL lJ1J 11i'1u L ~!)\!~~~'UL 1J~tl~ltJ~-3'31'UUiltJn11 Uiln~1~t1i111CW.LEllJ~ -)'YltJn~unt1un11r:i1JLL ~"

~ii~uD~"1n~;ll11i~L~!l

12

•

:"I ... ., ... "" ii ... ., ... .. 1111Y11 ft't11. u'Yll5 \11J\Jn2 1u11"1.1 2636 ua:: 'Yl16 UtJtJ'Y1111qu1riu 2536

- .. -

3. • ·~ .I .-5 • 11.r .I 11.r v. v I ~~

fi11 tl1JLL 'P\~'nlJLL tllV~ lflill ratL'11 ~t:\Jl el.J 1J1~ fiil1J~ 1tl1J~~tl L 'P\~ 1'\Lfl u 11.r

- fl111J;UL;1J~U~il~;11L~fl1"fl11Lnu 191. 1J1'11~1tLLVt1n ....

- ~~~11n111'P\&~il~a1n1~il~,.~~11" 2.0 3 • 3

- 2.5 m I m1n-m of corn "

~~~~LtiL~~1D1JLL~~~1~1J10L 10 1u

- ~i1J1cuumJ&1nDtm~L~1J~~~~il~~iltm1a1~~L~t1

• ~1U~ilt1ni1n11tl1JLL~~LL1J1JL~1a1n1flil1fi1~tl~1~~ilL~tl~

0

fl 1 TJ il1Jfl0L .. -

~ L ~uu LfliTlllfl111JLL~fl-Jfl111JTJ il1Jfltuflil Australian Center for International " ..

' ., 1' Agricultural Research n1~L~YNNU1JNU~Lun1in1~~~fli~u .. ..

• 13

• •

iJ ..I .., ..I ., iJ..I ., ..I .. 111ft'l1 ft'lJ1i. Yll5 ~1111'12 1itJ11fl1J 2535 uei: 'Yll6 \l\J\JYll 1JQ\J1rJU 2536

• •

un 43 , ~~un 3, ~~, 80-s1.

Bridges, T.C., I.J. Ross, O.M.White and O.J. Lower, Jr.,1980 ''Determination

of the optimum drying depth for batch-in-bin corn drying system, "Trans.

ASAE, Vol. 23, No.1, pp. 228-232.

Brooker, D.B. and A.K. Duggal. 1982, ''Allowable storage time of corn as

affected by heat build-up • • matural convection and aeration,

ASAE, Vol. 25, No.3, pp. 806-810.

••Trans .

Kalchick, S.L., J. Silva, J.C. Rodriguez and F.W. Bakker-Arkema, 1981, ''On

farm corn drying comparison,'' ASAE pa.per No.81-3011, ASAE, st. Joseph,

Michigan. '

Lynch, B.E. and R.V. Morey, 1989, "Control strategies for amvient air corn

drying,'' Trans. ASAE, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1727-1736.

Midwest Plan Service, 1980, Low temperature and solar grain drying,

Handbook No. 22, Amers., IA. •

Morey, R. V., R.J. Gusta.fson and H.A. Cloud, 1978. ''Energy requirement for

high-low temperature drying,•• Trans. ASAE, Vol. 21, pp. 562-567 •

. Muhlbauer, W. and H. Kupping, 1981, ''High - low temperature drying corn,••

ASAE paper No. 81-3012, ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan.

14

•

!'II ... "" .... ... ~ "' "" .... ... 111ll11 U911. 1JYI 15 \lU\J,_2 IU11tl1J 2536 Lle"lt u,_ 16 tl\J'UYI 1 llqU1fJ'U 2536

Shove, a.c. i984, ''Energy conswned in low temperature corn drying,•• Drying

Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 503-511.

Thompson, T .L. 1972, ''Temporary storage of high moisture shelled corn using

continuous aeration,•• Trans. ASAE, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 333-337.

U.S. nepartement of Agriculture, 1968, Guideline for mold control

high-moisture corn, Farmer's Bulletin No. 2238, Washington D.C.

- °'

• in

• ~llU U 11.U 11111 - tl 81.~J. 2537

16

~"' ... ~ ... :i."' ... ... ... 11lrf11 lf' !i. lJll 15 Q\JUYl 2 1SU1lfllJ 2 535 ll~: uYI 16 QtJtJll 1 lJO'UlV'U 2536 ,.

I J t I a

(;)11 1-lii 1 8~11n1i 1111~~1~~~~1~~1111i11n11fltJLL ~.J~ 1'J 1-w~lim111f)ii~ 1

fl111J~U~;1J~U ~ l11fl'"ll~1UL~t.Jn ...

20

22

24

26

28

"' "' ~

I

8~11n111~~~~~a1n1~~1N~ "'

1.1

1.4

2.2

3.3

5.6

16

'

•

:"I ..: ., ..I .... :"I ..I ., ..I 1l'ill'l'i ll''ilTi. un1 5 ~\Jun2 Ti\.11lfl1J 2535 u1':: un16 ~tJtJn1 ijfl\Jltl\J 2536

Table 2 Results of com drying (Final moistt1e content of about 14 % wb)

initial final, top

bottom sverage

air flow rate (m "3/min - m "3) depth of corn (m) ambient air

temperature (C) relative humidity (%)

temperature rise (C) total time (h)

energy consumption (MJ/kg water evap.) shaft energy

heat total

primary energy consumption (MJ/kg water evap.) condensation In grain bulk

average aflatoxln befOfe drying average aflatoxin after drying

NA = NOT AVAILABI E

10.1 17.7 10.0 13.e

3.0

1.4

28.0

85.0 5.0 144

NA

NA NA no

0

0

* = INTERMITIENT VENTILATION ( ON 12hr OFF 12hr) * • = RELATIVE HUMIDITY CONTROL ( 75 % RH)

17

25.5

13.0 15.4

14.0

4.5

1.4

26.0

63.0 1.0

216

2.96

2.06

7.70 yes

16

ee6

17.3

17.0

12.5

14.2

4.0

1.4

27.0 76.0

2.0

132

2.67

2.67

6.94

yes 119 eg

20.3 1e.e

12.8

14.3 1.5

1.4

25.0

75.8

1.5

360

3.28

3.28

8.53

no 51 81

•

J . I · --- -·..---~-~-~--i

20.0

18.9

12.6

14.2 2.5

1.4

21.e

66.2

3.4 240

2.71 3.:2g

e.oo 10.34

no

605

1200

e

20.6

13.3

11 .5

13. 1

2.5

1.4

27.0 67.7

0.6

264

2.27

2.27

5.00

no 46

262

6* ----1-------t 18.0

15. I

14.0

14.5

2.5

1.4

18.7

15.5

11 . 7 I 4.2

1.5

1.4

2e.7 2e.7

82.9 80.1

1.4 . 1.3

244 432

1.95 2.38

1.95

5.07

no 274 187

2.38

8.10

no 314

118e

:'I ..I .., ..a .... !!'II ..a ... ..I ... 111lf11rft1. 1JYl1 5 ~1J\JTI2 1iU1 1ftlJ 2535 un:: 1Jlll6 ~U\JYll lJQUlllU 2 536

•

Table 3 Estimated net energy consumption'••

Description test no.

• • • • • .. 1 2 3 • 5 e 7 8 .

estimated net energy consumption fMJf(g wate< evap.)

shaft ene<gy - 1.30 , .09 l .05 0.93 0. 77 0.59 0.68

heat - - • • 3.29 - . .

to tat • - 1.30 1.09 1.05 4 22 0.77 0.59 0.68 •

estimated plimMy energy consumption (MJ/\g wetef evap.) . 3.38 2.83 7.73 5. 71 2.00 I 53 1.77

• INTERMITTENT VENTJLATION (ON 12 hr OFF 12 hr)

• • RELATIVE HUMIDITY CONTROL (75 ?'o RH)

• • • ASSUMING THAT MOTOR LOSS = 50 %, LOSS AT FREQUENCY INVERTER = 30 W

18

•

•

•

~., ... ...I ., ~...I ... ...I ... 'l11tt11 lftl. un 15 \l\JtJYl 2 ~U11tlll 2535 lln:: un 16 \l'U\Jfl 1 1J qu1ou 2536

0 w· 20"-"..\-"'--lltt----+----+~-+---+~--t~__,r---; « _._CORN MOISTURE CONTENT :::> PERCENT WET BASIS !:( 1 s ....... -+-.,._,_......,__ a: w

z -<C( « CJ

O'---..._ __ ,...._ __ ...,L. __ _._ __ _._ __ _... ______ __. __ __.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

ALLOWABLE DRYING TIME, DAYS

Figure 1 Allowable drying time for corn

19

• ~ "" "" "" "" ~ "" "" "" ... 11liY1l Cf~1i . UYl1 5 \:llJUYl2 1i'U11fl1J 2535 UCl:: u Yl 16 \:llJUYll 1J t'l'U1ll\l 2536

•

- 0.06 ''' I 0. 4 r n )IE 0 . 6 r n • 0 . a r n ) E 1 . 4 r r 1 _. - ave r a g e

.24

- -, 22 ' ' ' • ii .........

CJ 20

'* -- --ii - 18 c:: C> <..>

' cu - 16 ' .i3 ...... Cl> -·-C> ~

14

1 2 -+--

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 a 9 10

Ti r r"l e ( d a V)

a. Moie1:ure Con1:en1:

110 110

= --u . -

so- • ... . . . . . . . • • 1-90

- .. . . . . .

50 -+--· ..•• ••••

30-h

. . . . ............ . .... ··-++-

·111 Temperature «c> ·RH . <% J

I

- . . . . . . . . .

70

50

1 0 -------------------------------1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tirne (day)

b. Arnbient air condition

Figure 2 Evolution of moisture content and ambient air condition (Test no.1 )

20

- -~ 0 --:r: a:

•

!"! .j .... .j ., i] .j .... .j ... 11'iifl'i if\l ~ . 1Jl1l 5 Slll\Jl1 2 ~ti1lfl1J 2535 llfl:: l'l 1 6 Sl \J\Jl'l l 1J OUltJU 2536

•

I -- 0.06 ••• • o.e ••• 1 .2 ••• •- a"orego I

34

C> 20-c:>

-c: fl'! c: C>

"24-CD -.i3 Cl> ·-C>

10 -

' '\.

' ' \.-....:

........ -

0 2 s e 7 a e 10 11 12 13 "14 •

-u -Cl) ~

::::2 -C'O ~ Cl)

Tlwrie (clay)

a . l\llol•t:ure ce>nt:ent:

110 110

90 -+--+ . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . - • • • • • • -so

70 -· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - . . . . . . . .._ 70

e so --- · . . · . - - - . - - - - - . - . . . . · . ... - - · - - .. - . . · · · - · - · - so t!? •Temperature (C) + RH (%)

• • . . . . 30

1 0 ----1----------if-----+---- -+-----+------ 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g 10 11 12 13 14

Time (day)

b. Ambient air condition

Figure 3 Evolution of moisture content and ambient air condition (Test no.2)

21

--:::c a:

I

:"I ..I ... ..I ... :"I ..I ... ..I ... 11~"11~ ff\l'li . un 15 \l\J\JY1 2 1i\J1l fl1J 2535 llt'I:: un 16 \l\JlJYl 1 1JO\Jl tJ\J 2536 •

-o.os ... , ' 0.4tw' Uf o.ern - 1.4r'l't -+<·Avorage)

_20

-M 1a--c: 0

<....> cu -~ 18-+-·-C>

~

14-+-

0 1

-

2 3 a 7 e 10 11

Time (day)

a. 1\11 <>I e t:u re o <> n t:o n 't:

110 110

-u -a> ~

a cu ~

a> ~

E ~

90--· • • • • • • • . . . . - .. . ... . . . . . ... - . .. .. .. -- 90

70

50

30

. • - • • • • . . • • • • • - • • • . . . . . . . . • • . •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • - • ·remperatuie· (Cf + RH(%)

- . . - • -

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Time (day)

b. Ambient air condition

Figure 4 Evolution of moisture content and ambient air condition (Test no.3)

22

70

50

30

•

•

-'#. -I a:

•

•

...... c:

:'I ..J .., ..J .., :'I ..J .., ..J .... 1l'i('fl'i ('('1ti . un1 5 \l1J1JY121i'U1lf\1J 2535 LLn:: un16 \l1J1JY11 1Jf}tJltJ'U 2536

-- 0.06 '''

• "1.2.rw1

I 0.4 ''' .. ... ~ ,.._ ........ ,,, • 11 o. a ,,,

_.,_ A.veraga

111 20-­c:

..._

' ' C>

" G> -~ ~ ·-C>

:::e

-u -CD ~

:I ... ftl ~

CD CL

E ~

-we--

.. 6-+- - -"14-+-

0 2 4 a 1 o 1 2. -. 4- -. e 1 e 20 22 24

Tirw'e (day)

a. IVloleture content

110 110

90 -t:ir.. . . . . . . . . • . • . . - . . . . - . - - . .. --90

70 • • . • • • . • • . • . • . . • 70

50 • • • • • • • • • • • 50 • Temperature (C) + RH(%)

30-+-• • • • --30

10 -1---4----4----+---+---4----i----i----i----i----i----i---_._, 0

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 20 22 24

Time (day)

b. Ambient air condition

Figure 5 Evolution of moisture content and ambient air condition (Test no. 4)

23

-';!!. -:c a:

..c:» -c:::J

26

il..I ... ..I ... il..I ... ..I -

11~~1~ ~;J'fi. l11 5 ll1J\J'rl2 1i\.l11f\1J 2535 U<i:: l11 6 U1J1Jl111JCl'U1U'U 2536 •

--o.06 m I 0.4 m 11• o. am

• 1 .2 m --+ - average

~ .21 -.m - -c:: C> C->19-­G>

..... _ -._ -, -a

~ ·-~ 17--

-0 -G> '-.a ca '-G> 0. E ~

'1 6 --

0 1 2 4 a 7 a 9 10 '11

Time (day)

a. Moie1:ure oon1:en~

110~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~110

90-++· . . . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . - - . - • .. ++- 90

70 -+-· •••••.•• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 70

50 -+-· .•••• - ••.• • ·Temperature (Ci ·+ RH·(%·) · · · · · · -- 50

30~ . - . . . . . -

10-+----t----+--__,t----+----+----+----+----+-----it----+----+- 10

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11

Time (day)

b. Ambient air condition

Figure 6 Evolution of moisture content and ambient air condition (Test no. 5)

24

--::i: a:

•

•