SCIENCEFEBRUARY 11, 1949 1

I SCIENCE AND THE MAINTENANCE|IOF PEACEI

I BART J. BOK I

I SIR D'ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON(1860-1948)

I ROBERT CHAMBERS i

I PATH OF CARBON IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS: II INTERMEDIATES IN SUCROSE SYNTHESIS f

M. CALVIN AND A. A. BENSON I

* TECHNICAL PAPERS

BOOK REVIE ISSEI NEWS AND NOTES

! 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II COMPLETE TABLE OF CONTENTS ON PAGE 3I VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2824

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THEADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Colorimeter

Light of specific wave lengths is absorbed by theunknown in solution. The amount of absorptionis measured and related to the concentration.

Fluorometer

Light of one wave length causes some substancesto fluoresce or emit light (of a different wavelength) which is measured at right angles to theincident light and related to the concentration.

Nephelometer

Dispersed particles scatter the incident light byreflection and diffraction. This scattered light ismeasured at right angles and related to theconcentration of the particles.

This versatile new instrument permits accu-rate quantitative determinations to be madeby any of the three methods shown at left.The same few simple controls are used for

all three types of determinations and readingsfor all analyses are made from the combina-tion percentage transmission-logarithmic scaleof the instrument.The Nefluoro-Photometer is quickly inter-

changeable for colorimetric, fluorometric ornephelometric analysis. Sets of filters, cells,light sources, etc., are available for determina-tions in the three fields.

Fisher Nefluoro - Photometer (basic instru-ment only) for 115-volt, 50-60 cycle A.C. $275.00

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FOR BIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

LONG-CONTINUED EXPERIMENTATION with animals in our own labora-tories has led to the development of many special diet materials whichwe have found valuable in nutritional research. While the prepara-tion of these materials in small quantities in the individual laboratorywould be troublesome and costly, our production facilities enable usto offer them- conveniently packaged and economically priced-asa service to investigators engaged in biological assay and research.

VITAMIN TEST CASEIN GBI. Uniformly free of vitamins A and D, as well as theknown factors of the vitamin B complex and vitamin K.

VITAMIN A TEST DIET, U. S. P. XII, GBI. For depletion of animals within allottedtime-weight limits specified for Vitamin A assays.

RACHITOGENIC DIET NO. 2, U. S. P. X1i, GBI. For depletion of animals withinallotted time-weight limits specified for vitamin D assays.

VITAMIN B COMPLEX TEST DIET GBI. For use with suitable animals and ex-periments, to produce deficiencies of thiamine chloride, riboflavin, niacin, pyri-doxine and paniothenic acid.

SALT MIXTURE NO. 2, U s. P. XII, GBI. For preparing vitamin A test diet andalso as a mineral source in the preparation of most laboratory diets.

'WRITE for complete list and prices of these and other diet materi-als, including crystalline vitamins, amino acids, casein hydroly-sate, biotin and other chemicals of biological significance.

sGENERAL BIOCHREMICALS, INC.60 LABORATORY PARK CHAGRIN FALLS, OHIO

19 U.S 10011X

February 11, 1949, Vol. 109 SCIENCE

February 11, 1949, VoL 109

DUBROVIN VACUUM GAUGEUNIQUE MAGNIFIED SCALE . SIMPLE TO USE

_'DIRECT READINGECONOMICAL

Instantly responsive to pressure variationsThis Gauge is principally a straight glass tube mounted

on a metal base. The lower half of the tube is filled with

mercury, in which is immersed an indicating float. As the

air is evacuated through the outlet provided in the upper

part of the glass tube, the indicator shows pressure vari-

ations directly on the scale.

Absolute direct reading and instantly responsive to pressure variations.

This gauge is superior to the U type manometer because of the magni-fication of the scale. One type is offered with a 6 to 1 magnification and

another with a 9 to 1 magnificationi. This means that if you are at-

tempting to measure the vacuum indicated by 1 mm. of difference in

level on the ordinary closed U type manometer, this new gauge will

point out a difference 6 mm. long (or 9 mm. long). Type A is 40No. 1451C cm. high and Type B is 57 cm. high.

1451C. DUBROVIN GAUGE TYPE A 1451G. DUBROVIN GAUGE TYPE Atable model, 20 mm. range, 6 to 1 scale, without wall model, 20 mm. range, 6 to 1 scale, withoutmercury. Each, $40.00 mercury. Each, $40.001451E. DUBROVIN GAUGE TYPE B 1451J. DUBROVIN GAUGE TYPE Btable model, 20 mm. range, 9 to 1 scale, without wall model, 20 mm. range, 9 to 1 scale, withoutmercury. Each, $48.00 mercury. Each, $48.00

Available in PYREX glass at the same prices.

W. M. WELCH SCIENTIFIC COMPANYEstablished 1

1515 SEDGWICK STREET, DEPT. E { CHICAGO 10, ILLINOIS, U.S.A.Manufacturer. of Scientific Instruments and Laboratory Apparatus

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2 SCIENCE February 11, 1949, Vol. 109

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SCIEN CE ! Arthur C. BeVol. 109 No. 2824 Friday, February 11, 1949

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F. A. M

- ~CONTENTS

Science and the Maintenance of Peace:Bart J. Bok...................................................................................

Sir D 'Arcy Wentworth Thompson,C.B., F.R.S. (1860-1948):

obert Chambers................................................................. 138

The Path of Carbon in PhotosynthesisIV: The Identity and Sequence of theIntermediates in Sucrose Synthesis:

M.CalvinandA.A.Benson............................. 140

Technical PapersUnderwater Listening to the White Porpoise

(Delphinapterus leucas)William E. Schevill and Barbara Lawrence 143

Colorimetric Estimation of Succinic Dehydro-genase by Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride:

Ernest Kun andL.G. Abood .................................... 144

Determination of Radioactive Content of Rocks131 by Means of Geiger-Muller Counters:A. Szalay and Eve Osongor ......... ............. 146

An Ostreodynamometer for Studying the Ac-tivities Inside the Shell of Bivalve Mollusks:H. Malcolm Owen, Charles R. Maduell, Jr.,and Robert M. Ingle, Jr ....................... 148

The Osmotic Activities of Sodium PenicillinsF, G, K, and X:C. G. Lund and K. Pedersen-Bjergaard .. 149

Books ReviewsRadioactive indicators: their application in bio-

chemistry, animal physiology, and pathology:George Hevesy.Reviewed by Martin D. Kamen ..............................

Pulse generators:G. N. Glasoe and J. V. Lebacqz.Reviewed by William W. Hansen.

152

152

News and Notes .. 153

Science, a weekly journal founded in 1880, is publishedeach Friday by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science at the Business Press, 10 MeGovern Ave.,Lancaster, Pa. Editorial and Advertising Offices, 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Telephone. Execu-tive 6060. Cable address, SCIMAG, Washington. D. C.Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster,Pa., January 13, 1948, under the Act of March 3, 1879.Acceptance for mailing at the special rate postage providedfor in the Act of February 28, 1925, embodied In Paragraph 4,Sec. 538, P.L. and R., authorized January 13, 1948.

Manuscripts submitted for publication should be sent to theEditorial Office, with stamped, self-addressed envelope enclosedfor possible return. The AAAS assumes no responsibility forthe safety of the manuscripts or for the opinions expressedby contributors.

Annual subscription, $7.50; single copies, $.25: foreignpostage. outside the Pan-American Union, $1.00: Canadian

postage, $.50. Remittances and orders for subscriptions andsingle copies should be sent to the Circulation Department,-Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5. D. C.Membership correspondence for the AAAS should be addressedto the Administrative Secretary at the same address.

Change of address. Four weeks' notice is required forchange of address. This should be sent to Science Recorder,1515 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Whenordering a change, It is necessary to furnish an address stencillabel from a recent Issue. Claims for a missing number willnot be allowed if received more than 60 days from date ofissue. No claims allowed from subscribers due to failure tonotify the Circulation Department of a change of address orbecause an issue is missing from their files, or for any reasonfrom subscribers in Central Europe, Asia, or the Pacific Islands(other than Hawaii).

The AAAS also publishes The Scientific Monthly. Subscrip-tion rates on request.

BAAS EDITORIAL BOARDtrms expire July 31. 1949)van Edward U. Condon

H. Bentley GlassSoule Everett S. Wallis

George A. BaitsellEditor-in-ChiefBeth Wilson

Executive Editor of Science

loulton. Advertising Representative

4 eray1,14,Vl 0

er caliraton curvesjor sodium andpotassium analysis in blood sera.Na dilutions 1 to 100; K dilutions 1 to 20

-Flame Photomnetry-the new and fastermethod of base ion analysis

P E Perkin-Elmer Flame Photometerprovides a new method for analysis

of base ions of diagnostic importance.Fluid samples or solid samples placedin solution are simply diluted andmeasured in direct comparison withsynthetic standards. The internalstandard technique permits high accu-racy, speed, and elimination of cumu-lative errors.

The table below shows the Na and K contentof three human blood sera as determined bythe flame photometer. The results were ob-tained in triplicate on each diluted serumsample. The net time for each triplicate ionanalysis, after sample dilution, is ten minutes.

#1 #2 #3Analysis Na K Na K Na K

;MEQ/L MEQ/L MEQ/L1 151.5 4.91 146.9 4.42 146.2 5.502 152.0 4.95 147.8 4.41 146.2 5.473 150.4 4.88 148.2 4.37 147.5 5.40

Foradditionalinformation wite The Perkin-ElmerCorporation, Dept. 62, Glenbrook, Connecticut

-a m Ao.^aS_\s~

TfIl

PERIU - ELmfR~CORPORfiTIonGiEnBROOK(Onn.

Serving the optical sciences that broaden man's horizonFlame Photometer

SCIENCE February 11, 1949, Vol. 1094

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mWutH a new, fullyautomaticfractioncollection

This is the new Technicon Fraction Collector, *an apparatus which wvill automatically collect up to200 rigidly controlled samples of predetermined fluidvolumes. Each sample may comprise any number ofdrops from one to four hundred. After the selectednumber of drops have been collected in the test tube,the carriage automatically advances to repeat the iden-tical collection in successive samples until the wholefractionation has been completed, whereupon themachine shuts itself off.The automatic nature of the Technicon Fraction

Collector offers many important advantages.0 Sincethe machine wvill operate continuously without super-vision, it can be run 24 hours a day (and over week-ends) thus tripling the fractionation work output ascompared with an 8-hour laboratory day.# Personnelis released from the tedious, time-consuming operationof cutting fractions, for once the machine is *t for agiven operation, it carries on automatically.#Greaterresolution is achieved through the collection of numer-ous small fractions, rather than a few relatively largeones, so that more data become available from a givenfractionation (eg. a chromatogram or a fractional dis-tillation). Dependable accuracy is assured, becausefractionation can now be reduced to a straightforwardmechanical procedure, free of the possibility of humanerror.The Technicon Fraction Collector has been thor-

oughly tested in actual laboratory installations, whereit has proven a boon to busy research staffs. We shallbe happy to send you details on request.* Ref: Chromatography of Amino Acids onStarch Columns-W. H. Stein and S. Moore,(journal of Biological Chemistry, 176, 337[1948]).

TECHNICON CHROMATOGRAPHY CORP.215 East 149th St., New York 51. N. Y.

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apparatus

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6 SCIENCE

Somet%'inesawomeniiate to

........ctary tke /Awiiers-}~gPERHAPS you'll see the story ofJoan ofArc,Pas portrayed on the screen by Miss

Ingrid Bergman.It's a thrilling episode in the world's

history, proving that sometimes a womanmust take the lead in the fight she believes in.Modern women, too, must often pick up thebanners ... in their struggle for the securityand well-being of their family.

Sometimes it takes a woman to insure herfamily's future by setting them on the onlysure road to security ... through adequate,regular savings.For the modern woman, there is one fool-

proof method: United States Savings Bonds... an investment that pays backfour dollarsfor every three.And there are two foolproof savings

plans, too. One is the Payroll Savings Plan,for those on a company payroll. The otheris the Bond-A-Month Plan, for those withchecking accounts.

If your home is your career, urge your hus-band, and all other working members ofyour family, to start now-today-on thebond-saving plan for which they are eligible.If you are working, sign up yourself at yourfirm or bank, and influence the other work-ing members of your family to do the same.

Soon the bonds will start piling up.Soon you'll know that confidence in the

future which only comes through saving.It's a wonderful feeling for anyone. And

for a Woman-how doubly wonderful!

AUTOMATIC SAVINGIS SURE SAVING

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Contributed by this magazine in co-

operation with the Magazine Pub-lishers of America as a public service.

February 11, 1949, Vol. 109

February 11, 1949, Vol. 109 SCIENCE 7

BARGAINS in WAR SURPLUS OPTICSASSEMBLE YOUR OWN BINOCULARS!Complete Optics! Complete Metal Parts!

Save More Than 1% Regular CostGOVT. 7 X 50 BINOCULARS

Here's an unusual opportunity tosecure a fine set of Binoculars ata substantial saving of money.Offered here are complete sets ofOptics and Metal Parts for the7 x 50 Binoculars. These com-ponents are new and all readyfor assembly. We supply full in-

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is optional with each set of Metal Parts.

Stock # .42.W-. $W.40 Postpaid,plus $4.80 for Case-Total $44.20

OPTICS-Set includes all Lenses and Prisms you need forassembling 7 x 50 Binoculars. These Optics are in excellentcondition-perfect or near perfect-and have new low reflec-tion coating.Stock #5102-W ....... 7x50 Optics $25.00 Postpaid

(These are standard American-made parts . . . not Japanese,French or German.)NOTICE: Add 20% Federal Excise Tax if you buy both Bi-nocular Optics and Metal Parts.

ARMY'S 6 x 30 BINOCULARSCOMPLETE OPTICS & METAL PARTS-Model M-13A16 x 30 Binoculars. (Waterproof model.) Everything youneed-ready for assembly. When finished will look like a

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plus $8.00 tax-Total-~$8.00Optics and Metal Parts are Available for Monoculars (% a

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Kit includes illustrated booklet . . . specific project for everylens in the kit. Use these lenses in photography for copying,ULTRA CLOSE-UP SHOTS, Micro-photography, Koda-chrome Viewer, etc. Dozens of other uses in experimentaloptics, building TELESCOPES, low power Microscopes, etc.Stock #2-W .......... ................ $1.00 Postpaid

8 POWER ELBOW TELESCOPEGov't Cost $200.00? Our Price $17.50!

Big 2" diameter objective. All lenses Achromatic. Amiciprism erects the image. 4 built-in filters-clear, amber,neutral and red. Slightly used condition but all guaranteedfor perfect working order. Weight 5 lbs. Can be carriedbut a trifle bulky. Eveellent for finder on AstronomicalTelescope.Stock #943-W .......................... $17.50 Postpaid6 POWER PERISCOPE and ADJUSTABLE TRIPOD. 27"long. Focusing eye-piece. Adjustable cover for objectiveend. Govt. cost $150. Tripod and mount worth more thanpurchase price.Stock #717-W $20.00 f.o.b. Audubon20X PRISM SPOTTING SCOPE SET-Consists of all lensesand prisms (slightly chipped) you need to make a good,standard 20X Spotting Scope. Low reflection coated. 57mm. dia. Achromatic objective. Some metal parts included.We furnish instructions.Stock #5145r-W $22.00 Postpaid

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LENS CLEANING TISSUE-1st quality, sheet size 11" x7%". Made to Govt. specs. Free of abrasives. High wetstrength.Stock #721-W 500 sheets $1.00 PostpaidSLIDE PROJECTOR SETS-Consist of all unmounted lensesyou need to make the following size projectors:Stock #4038-W 214" x 214" $3.85 PostpaidStock #4089-W 2%" x 3'$3 ......... ".85 PostpaidStock #4029-W 35 mm $.......... 32.85 Postpaid

85 MM KODACHROME PROJECTING LENS SET-Consistsof a mounted projecting lens, heat absorbing glass, 2 con-densing lenses.Stock #4085-W -$4.85 PostpaidNEW BULLETIN on our BIG VARIETY OF PRISMS-Over50 different right angle Prisms, Rhomboidal, BinocularPorro, Leman, Porro-Abbe, Brashear-Hastings, Penta, Dove,Pentagon, Ocular, and Amici Roof Prisms. Also BeamSplitters, Wedges and many others. Request Bulletin W.Army Air Force ASTRO COMPASS (Not a magnetic com-pass). Used as a means of indicating heading of aircraftfrom position of stars. Excellent for amateur astronomers.Govt. cost about $100. Used but in good condition.Stock #944-W ........... $8.00 Postpaid

TERRIFIC BARGAIN! BUBBLE SEXTANTSArmy Air Forces type. Govt. cost about $125.00 each. In-cluded with shipment Is woodenCarrying Case, 5 spare waxed

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February 11, 1949, Vol. 109

g61 IN BRILLIANCE

ae1s IN PROJECTION

MEETS EVERY CLASSROOM NEEDNow you can see for yourself ... without cost or obligation ... how theBausch & Lomb Dual Purpose LRM projects both conventional and stu-dent-made slides, printed illustrations and text, photographs, and geo-logical or botanical specimens. You will see the large, sharp, brilliantscreen image. Possible because of unusual amount of light projectedby two fine quality optical systems.

Illumination is balanced. You can switch from slide to opaque projectionwithout apparent change in screen brilliance.The built-in blower cooling system protects your slides and opaque

materials from heat damage.WRITE for free demonstration and literature. Bausch & Lomb OpticalCompany, 642-B St. Paul St., Rochester 2, N. Y.

BAUSCH & LOMB Do PROJECTORS

8 SCIENCE