I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms

I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms

The two verbs ש��ב� �ר�ש� and י verbs are converted to the י-represent the changes that occur when I יimperfect inflection.

PNG To write (standard) To dwell To inherit

3ms יכת��ב ש� ב י ייר�ש�3fs �כת��ב ת� ש� ב ת� �יר�ש� ת�

2ms �כת��ב ת� ש� ב ת� �יר�ש� ת�2fs ב�י �כת� ת� ש�ב�י ת� �ירש��י ת�1cs א�כת��ב א ש� ב א�יר�ש�

3mp � בו יכת� � ש�בו י � יירש�ו3fp �ה �כת��בנ ת� �ה ש��בנ ת� �ה �יר�ש�נ ת�

2mp � בו �כת� ת� � ש�בו ת� � �ירש�ו ת�2fp �ה �כת��בנ ת� �ה ש��בנ ת� �ה �יר�ש�נ ת�1cp �כת��ב נ ש�ב נ �יר�ש� נ

In all imperfect forms of ש��ב� the, יfirst root consonant yod disappears and the prefix vowel is a tsere. The yod in 3ms and 3mp is the imperfect prefix, not the first root consonant.

In all imperfect forms of ש��ב� יwithout a suffix, the second root consonant vowel is a tsere.

In all imperfect forms of ר�ש�� the , יfirst root consonant yod is preserved as part of the prefix vowel hireq-yod

In all imperfect forms of ר�ש�� יwithout a suffix, the second root consonant vowel is a patakh.

I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms

Compare the following imperfect and imperative forms of ש��ב� �ר�ש� and י .י

Imperfect Imperative

2ms ש� ב ת� you will sit ש� ב (you) sit!

2fs ש�ב�י ת� you will sit ש�ב�י (you) sit!

2mp � ש�בו ת� you will sit � ש�בו (you) sit!

2fp� ש��בנ ת�

הyou will sit �ה ש� בנ (you) sit!

2ms �יר�ש� ת� you will inherit ר�ש� (you) inherit!

2fs �ירש��י ת� you will inherit רש��י (you) inherit!

2mp � �ירש�ו ת� you will inherit � רש�ו (you) inherit!

2fp� �יר�ש�נ ת�

הyou will inherit �ה ר�ש�נ (you) inherit!

In both types of I-י verbs, the first root consonant yod disappears in the imperative form, which is why the imperative form is considered a short form.

I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms

Consider the following infinitive construct forms of ש��ב� �ר�ש and י .י

I-יVerbs Infinitive Construct

To dwell �ש��ב י ש��ב�תTo inherit �ר�ש� י ר�ש��ת

Both types of I-י verbs lose the first root consonant yod.Both types of I-י verbs add a tav to the end of the verb.The I-י verb infinitive construct vowel pattern is segol-segol.

Some I-י verbs follow the standard vowel patterns of infinitive construct covered in Lesson 28 and demonstrated in the following examples:

I-י Verbs Infinitive Construct

To fear �ר א י ר�א יTo sleep �ש��ן י ש��ן י

I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms

יש�ב(to dwell)

ידע(to know)

יצא(to go out)

יכל(to be able)

3ms ש� ב י ד�ע י צ א י �כ�ל יו3fs ש� ב ת� ד�ע ת� צ�א ת� �כ�ל ת�ו

2ms ש� ב ת� ד�ע ת� צ�א ת� �כ�ל ת�ו2fs ש�ב�י ת� דע�י ת� צא�י ת� �כל�י ת�ו1cs א ש� ב א ד�ע א צ א �כ�ל או

3mp � ש�בו י � דעו י � צאו י � �כלו יו3fp �ה ש��בנ ת� �ה ד�ענ ת� �ה צ�אנ ת� �ה �כ�לנ ת�ו

2mp � ש�בו ת� � דעו ת� � צאו ת� � �כלו ת�ו2fp �ה ש��בנ ת� �ה ד�ענ ת� �ה צ�אנ ת� �ה �כ�לנ ת�ו1cp ש�ב נ ד�ע נ צ א נ �כל נו

2ms ש� ב ��ע ד צ א כ�ל2fs ש�ב�י ע�י� ד צא�י כל�י

2mp � ש�בו � עו� ד � צאו � כלו2fp �ה ש� בנ �ה ��ענ ד �ה צא�נ �ה כ�לנ

The verb ידע has two weaknesses: I-yod and III-guttural. The III-guttural lengthens the expected tsere of the second root consonant to a patakh.

The verb יצא has two weaknesses: I-yod and III-aleph. Like the III-guttural, the III-aleph lengthens the expected tsere of the second root consonant to a patakh. Also, the III-aleph refuses the shewa in the 3fp and 2fp.

The verb יכל (to be able) demonstrates variations from the usual I-yod paradigm. Note the shureq vowel in the imperfect prefix for כ�ל� .י

I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms

Some I-י verbs follow the imperfect pattern for I-נ verbs. Compare the following I-י verbs יצק and

�פ�ל verb נ-with the I יצר .נ

יש�ב(to dwell)

יצק(to pour)

יצר(to form)

נפל(to fall)

3ms ש� ב י ��ק יצ ��ר יצ יפ��ל3fs ש� ב ת� ��ק �צ ת� ��ר �צ ת� �פ��ל ת�2ms ש� ב ת� ��ק �צ ת� ��ר �צ ת� �פ��ל ת�2fs ש�ב�י ת� ק�י� �צ ת� ר�י� �צ ת� ל�י �פ� ת�1cs א ש� ב ��ק א�צ ��ר א�צ א�פ��ל3mp � ש�בו י � קו� ��צ י � רו� ��צ י � לו ��פ� י3fp �ה ש��בנ ת� �ה ��קנ �צ ת� �ה ��רנ �צ ת� �ה �פ��לנ ת�2mp � ש�בו ת� � קו� �צ ת� � רו� �צ ת� � לו �פ� ת�2fp �ה ש��בנ ת� �ה ��קנ �צ ת� �ה ��רנ �צ ת� �ה �פ��לנ ת�1cp ש�ב נ ��ק �צ נ ��ר �צ נ �פ��ל נ

The I-yod and the I-nun both assimilate into the second root consonant. Note the dagesh in the second root consonant representing the assimilated yod or nun.

Familiarity with יצק and יצר will help identify these verbs as I-yod instead of I-nun.

I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms

The verb is unusual because ה�ל�ךit follows the inflection pattern for I-yod verbs. Compare הלךwith the I-yod verb יש�ב.

3ms ל ך י to walk ש� ב י to sit/dwell

3fs ל ך ת� ש� ב ת�2ms ל ך ת� ש� ב ת�2fs לכ�י ת� ש�ב�י ת�1cs א ל ך א ש� ב

3mp � לכו י � ש�בו י

3fp� ל�כנ ת�

ה� ש��בנ ת�

ה2mp � לכו ת� � ש�בו ת�

2fp� ל�כנ ת�

ה� ש��בנ ת�

ה1cp ל ך נ ש�ב נ

2ms ל ך ש� ב2fs לכ�י ש�ב�י

2mp � לכו � ש�בו2fp �ה ל כנ �ה ש� בנ

Because of its frequency in the Hebrew Bible, should be studied carefully ה�ל�ךfor ready recognition.

I-he of is lost throughout the הלךimperfect conjugation.

The vowel of the second root consonant is a tsere.

The vowel of the imperfect prefix is a tsere.