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Book Code : 8453ISBN : 978-93-82883-10-4

dher % ` 235.00

PHILOSOPHY

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Strictly according to the latest syllabus prescribed by

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Delhi

and

State Boards of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan etc.

& Navodaya, Kendriya Vidyalayas following

CBSE curriculum based on NCERT guidelines

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CLASS XII

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Class XII (Theory)

Unitwise Weightage 3 Hours

A. Indian Philosophy 501. Nature and Schools of Indian Philosophy 102. Philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita 103. Buddhism, Jainism 104. Nyaya-Vaisesika and Samakhya—Yoga 105. Advaita Vedanta 10

B. Western Philosophy 506. Knowledge and Truth 107. The Causal Principle 108. Nature of Reality 109. Realism and Idealism 10

C. Applied Philosophy10. Environmental Ethics, Professional Ethics and

Philosophy of Education 10

Unit 1 : Nature and Schools of Indian Philosophy : (24 Periods)Some Basic IssuesRta, Karma, Four Purusarthas : Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksa

Unit 2 : Philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita : (24 Periods)Karma Yoga (Anasakta Karma), Svadharama, Lokasamgraha

Unit 3 : Buddhism, Jainism (24 Periods)Four Noble Truths and Eight-fold Path; Theory of Dependent Origination. Anekantavada and Syadvada.

Unit 4 : Nyaya-Vaisesika and Samakhya—Yoga (24 Periods)(1) Nyaya Theory of Pramanas, (2) Vaisesika Theory of Padarthas, (3) Samakhya Theory of Three Gunas, (4) Yoga—The Eight-fold Practice.

Unit 5 : Advaita Vedanta (24 Periods)The nature of Atman, Brahman and the World.

Unit 6 : Knowledge and Truth :Rationalism, Empiricism and Kant’s Critical Philosophy

Unit 7 : The Causal Principle (24 Periods)Nature of CauseAristotle’s Theory of Four-fold Causation Cause-effect Relationship : Entailment, Regularity and Succession. Theories of Causation.

Unit 8 : Nature of Reality (24 Periods)Proofs for the Existence of GodOntological, Teleological and Cosmological Arguments.

Unit 9 : Realism and Idealism (24 Periods)Mind-Body Problem

Unit 10 : Environmental Ethics, Professional Ethics and Philosophy ofEducation (24 Periods)(a) Study of Physical, Mental and Spiritual Environments(b) Medical and Business Ethics(c) Philosophy of Education

One Theory Paper Marks : 100

Units Marks

A. Indian Philosophy

B. Western Philosophy

C. Applied PhilosophySyllabus

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v/;k; i"B&la[;k

(Part ‘A’ : Indian Philosophy)

1. 1—14

[Nature, Aims, Characteristics, Ethics and Schools of Indian Philosophy]

2. 15—27

[Some Basic Problems : Rta, Karma, Purusharthas—Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha]

3. 28—35

[Karmayoga (Anasakta Karma)]

4. 36—40

[Swadharma (Apna Kartavya)]

5. 41—46

[Lok Sangraha (Lok Kalyan)]

6. 47—54

[Four Noble Truths and Pratitya Samutpada of Buddhism Philosophy]

7. 55—61

[Buddha Philosophy—Doctrine of Momentariness and No-self]

8. 62—72

[Jain Philosophy (i) : Self and No-self]

9. 73—79

[Jain Philosophy (ii) : Anekantavada & Syadvada]

10. 80—87

[Jain Philosophy (iii) : Bondage and Liberation]

11. 88—94

[Nyaya Philosophy]

12. 95—103

[Inference]

13. 104—110

[Comparison and Testimonial]

14. 111—117

[Yoga Philosophy]

15. 118—123

[Sankhya Yoga]

16. 124—131

[Padartha (Vaishesika) Philosophy : Concept of Dravya]

17. 132—137

[Padartha (Vaisheshika) Philosophy : Concept of Attribute (Quality) and Karma]

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deZ;ksx (vukl‰ deZ)

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yksd laxzg (yksd dY;k.k)

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ckSº n'kZuµkf.kdokn ,oa vukReokn

tSu n'kZu (i) % tho ,oa vtho

tSu n'kZu (ii) : vusdkUrokn ,oa L;kn~okn

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18. 138—146

[Padartha (Vaisheshika) Philosophy : Samavaya, Vishesha, Samanya and Abhava]

19. 147—152

[Nature of World]

20. 153—157

[Nature of Brahman]

21. 158—163

[Nature of Atman]

(Part ‘B’ : Western Philosophy)

22. 164—184

[Knowledge and Truth—Rationalism, Empiricism and Kant’s Critical Philosophy]

23.

185—196

[The Causal Principle—Nature of Cause, Aristotle’s Theory of Four–Fold Causations, Cause–Effect Relationship, Entailment Regularity and Succession]

24.

197—213

[Nature of Reality—Proofs for the Existence of God, Ontological, Teleological and Cosmological Arguments]

25. 214—236

[Realism and Idealism—Mind–Body Problem (Interactionism)]

(Part ‘C’ : Applied Philosophy)

26.

237—248

[Applied Philosophy : Environmental Ethics, Professional Ethics, Medical Ethics and Educational Ethics]

l 1—18

[Unitwise Objective Type Questions]

l 19—30

[High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS)]

l 1—4

[SBPD Model Paper]

l (i)

[Board Examination Paper]

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(cz„kafMdh) ;qf‰ (roZG)

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1Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh çÏfr] mís';] fo'ks"krk,¡] uhfr ,oa lEçnk;

‘‘The progress of Philosophy is generally due to a powerful attack on a historical

tradition when men feel themselves compelled to go back on their steps and raise once

more the fundamental questions which their fathers had disposed off by the older

schemes.’’ Dr. S. Radhakrishnan ‘Indian Philosophy’

çLrkouk(INTRODUCTION)

Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa esa dqN egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡ rFkk lkekU; rRo gSa] tSlsµlHkh Hkkjrh; n'kZu vkRek esa fo'okl djrs gSaAHkkjrh; n'kZu dh mRifÙk thou ls gksrh gS vkSj mlh esa iyrh gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk y; eksk gSA lHkh Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa dk blckr ij fopkj gS fd nq%[k o cU/kuksa dk dkj.k euq"; dk vKku gSA og vKku osGoy ckSf¼d gh ugha oju~ vk/;kfRed vkSjeuksoSKkfud Hkh gSA euksoSKkfud vkSj vkè;kfRed vKku ls eqfDr izkIr djus osG fy, lHkh Hkkjrh; n'kZu fdlh u fdlh rjgosG vH;kl ;k ;ksx dh vko';drk dks eglwl djrs gSaA cq¼ ls ysdj iratfy rFkk 'kadj vkSj jkekuqt vkfn lHkh nk'kZfudksaus n'kZu osG euksoSKkfud ik ij vf/kd cy fn;k gSA izLrqr vè;k; esa Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u fd;ktk ldrk gSA

Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh çÏfr(NATURE OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY)

Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa dk vè;;u djus ls igys n'kZu 'kCn osG ckjs esa tkudkjh gkfly djuk vfrvko';d gksxkA

(1) n'kZu 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ (Literal Meaning of Term Philosophy)µxf.krh; O;kdj.k osG vuqlkjn'kZu 'kCn gf'kjizsk.ks èkkrq Y;qV~ izR;; djus ls fu"iUu gksrh gSA ;g Y;qV~ izR;; Hkko ('kCn okYoFkZ) dkj.k rFkk vfèkdj.kdkjdksa osG vFkZ esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj n'kZu 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS] ^^n`f"V ;k ns[kuk] ftlosG kjk ns[kk tk;s ;k ftlesa ns[kktk;sA**

(2) foLr`r vFkZ (Wide Meaning)µn'kZu 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ns[kuk vFkok lkekU; ns[kuk ek= ug° gSA vr%ikf.kfu us okYoFkZ esa izsk.k 'kCn iz;qDr fd;k gSA vk¡[kksa ls ns[kuk n'kZu ug° gS oju~ izo`G"V bZk.k ftlesa vUr'pkqvksa kjkns[kuk ;k euu djosG fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igq¡puk n'kZu 'kCn dgykrk gSA izdkj osG izÏ"V bZk.k osG lkèku rFkk Qy nksuksa n'kZuesa fufgr gSaA n'kZu osG lkèku rFkk Qy nksuksa n'kZu esa fufgr gSaA n'kZu osG lkèku rFkk Qy nksuksa dks n'kZu 'kCn ls vfHkfgr fd;ktkrk gSA

(3) fofoèk n'kZuksa esa ,d:irk (Uniformity in Different Schools of Philosophy)µn'kZu ns'kdkyrFkk laLÏfr dh i`"BHkwfe esa lR;ksa dk lkkkRdkj gSA blosG vfrfjDr LFkku fo'ks"k osG izpfyr fopkjksa ls n'kZu dh mRifÙk gksrhgSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ewyHkwr fl¼kUrksa esa ,d er u gksus ij Hkh izR;sd ns'k osG nk'kZfud fopkjksa esa ml ns'k dh laLÏfr dh xgjhNki gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa esa erHksn ik;s tkus ij Hkh Hkkjrh; laLÏfr dh Nki jgus osG dkj.k dqN ,slh vn~Hkqr ,d:irkik;h tkrh gS] tks lgt gh Li"V gks tkrh gSA

1Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh çÏfr] mís';] fo'ks"krk,¡] uhfr ,oa lEçnk;[Nature, Aims, Characteristics, Ethics and Schools of Indian Philosophy]

[k.M ^v*µHkkjrh; n'kZu(Indian Philosophy)

,l ch ih Mh ifCyds'kUl n'kZu'kkL= (XII)2

Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh fo'ks"krk,¡(CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY)

Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu izdkj g®µ(1) vkè;kfRedrk (Spiritualism)µHkkjrh; n'kZu esa vkè;kfRed iz;kstu dk LFkku lnSo gh Å¡pk jgk gSA lHkh

Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkjksa esa vkRek osG vfLrRo dk irk pyrk gSA mUgksaus vkRek osG okLrfod :i dks Kkr djus dk iz;klfd;k gSA mifu"kn~] lka[;] ;ksx] U;k;] oS'ksf"kd rFkk osnkUr lHkh us vkRek dh [kkst djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA n'kZu'kkfL=;ksaus ns'k osG lkekftd&vkè;kfRed lqèkkj osG iz;kl fd;s gSaA

(2) vkè;kfRed vlUrks"k ls mRiUu (Originated from Spiritual Discontentment)µbl izdkj Hkkjrh;n'kZu dh mRifÙk lkalkfjd vFkok ekSfyd thou ls vkè;kfRed vlUrks"k osG ifj.kkeLo:i gqbZ gSA bldh ekU;rk gS fd lalkj esavusd nq%[k gSaA bu nq%[kksa osG dkj.k thou loZFkk vUèkdkje; cuk jgrk gS rFkk eu esa ges'kk v'kkfUr cuh jgrh gSA ekufldv'kkfUr ls fopkjksa dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA nq%[kksa dk uk'k dSls gks blosG fy, leLr n'kZu lalkj rFkk euq";ksa osG vUr£ufgr rRoksa dkfopkj djrs gSa] tcfd vkè;kfRed vlUrks"k dk vFkZ ;g ug° gS fd Hkkjrh; n'kZu fujk'kkoknh vFkok iyk;uoknh ug° gSAfujk'kkokn ls vkjEHk gksdj Hkh Hkkjrh; n'kZu vk'kkokn rFkk vkuUn dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA

(3) thou osG fudV (Near to Life)µHkkjrh; n'kZu dh mRifÙk rFkk ikyu&iks"k.k thou esa gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dkstu&thou dk n'kZu Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ls dg ldrs g® fd Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk y; thou dh pje leL;kvksa dklekèkku djuk gSA

(4) èkk£ed mnkjokn (Religious Liberalism)µHkkjrh; n'kZu esa èkeZ lEcUèkh dksbZ gBokfnrk ug° gSA ;gk¡ èkeZdh og Hkwfedk gS tks n'kZu dh izxfr osG lkFk&lkFk vius vUnj u;s&u;s fopkjksa dk laxzg djrk gSA èkeZ lEcUèkh leL;kvksals nk'kZfud Hkkouk dks mÙkstuk feyrh gSA

(5) cUèku dk dkj.k vKku (Ignorance the Reason of Bondage)µleLr Hkkjrh; n'kZu bl ckr ijlger gS fd nq%[k vkSj cUèkuksa dk dkj.k euq"; dk vKku gSA ;g vKku osGoy ckSf¼d gh ug° gS oju~ vkè;kfRed oeuksoSKkfud Hkh gSA cq¼ osG pkj vk;Z lR; rFkk 'kadj dk vSr osnkUr blh vKku dks nwj djus dk iz;kl djrs g®A

(6) euksoSKkfud lR;ksa ij vkèkkfjr (Based on Psycological Facts)µHkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkjksa usekuo&euksoSKkfud dh NksVh&ls&NksVh rFkk cM+h&ls&cM+h O;k[;k dh gSA cq¼ ls ysdj iratfy rd 'kadj vkSj jkekuqt vkfnleLr nk'kZfudksa us n'kZu osG euksoSKkfud ik ij i;kZIr cy fn;k gSA ;ksx dh fØ;k,¡ ekufld rFkk 'kkjhfjd jksxksa dks nwjdjrh g® rFkk eu dks fLFkjrk iznku djrh g®A osnkUr esa tkxzr] LoIu] lq"kqfIr rFkk rqjh; voLFkkvksa vkSj pSrU; osG Lo:i dklwe fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

(7) èkeZ vkSj n'kZu dk leUo; (Harmony of Religion and Philosophy)µHkkjrh; nk'kZfud erksa us èkeZvkSj n'kZu dh leL;kvksa esa cgqr vfèkd vUrj ug° fd;k gS cfYd èkeZ 'kCn dks ladqfpr vFkks± esa vFkok lEiznk;okn rdlhfer u dj O;kid vFkks± esa iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA èkeZ rFkk n'kZu nksuksa dk gh mís'; gS thou dk :ikUrj rFkk lkalkfjd nq%[kksals eksk dh izkfIrA

(8) Hkwrdky osG izfr fu"Bk (Allegiance towards the Past)µHkwrdky osG izfr fo'okl vFkok J¼k izk;% lHkhnk'kZfud fopkjksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA tc&tc uohu laLÏfr;ksa ls lkeuk gqvk vFkok uohu Kku vkxs vk;k] Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa uslkef;d izyksHkuksa dh vèkhurk Lohdkj fd;s fcuk vius ijEijkxr fo'oklksa dks n`<+rkiwoZd fLFkj j[kkA

(9) nq%[k dk dkj.k vfo|k (Ignorance as the Cause of Suffering)µvKkurk leLr nq%[kksa dk dkj.kgSA izk;% lHkh n'kZu bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs g®A vfoèkk vFkkZr~ vKkurk osG dkj.k rRo Kku esa deh dks n'kkZrk gS ftlosGQyLo:i 'kjhj cUèku gksrk gS rFkk mlls nq%[kksa dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA blls eqfDr mlh voLFkk esa izkIr gks ldrh gS] tcfdO;fDr dks lalkj rFkk vkRek dk rRo Kku gksA lHkh n'kZu bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs g® fd nq%[kksa dks u"V djus dk ,dek=lkèku vKkurk ls NqVdkjk gSA U;k; us vfoèkk vFkok vKku dks feF;k Kku rFkk osnkUr us vfoèkk vFkok ek;k 'kCn ls iqdkjk gSA

(10) nq%[k (Suffering or Pain)µpkokZd~ dks NksM+dj lHkh nk'kZfud er ,d gh mn~xe ls izHkkfor g®] ;g mn~xeeuq"; dh nq%[k ls vfHkHkwr eukso`fÙk gSA ;fn nq%[k u gksrk rks n'kZu dh lEHkkouk ug° FkhA tc egkRek cq¼ us nq%[k ls ifjiw.kZeuq"; dks ns[kk rc ls gh muosG eu&efLr"d esa n'kZu osG cht vadqfjr gq, FksA leLr nk'kZfudksa osG dFkukuqlkj] fd lalkjnq%[k gSA ckS¼ n'kZu esa loZ nq%[ke~* dk fl¼kUr gSSA U;k; oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osG erkuqlkj fd dHkh&dHkh lq[k dh >yd nsus okyklalkj tgjhys vUu osG leku gS ftls NksM+uk ;k mldk R;kx djuk gh Bhd gSA ;ksx us ik¡p Dys'kksa ls eqfDr osG lkèkuksa ij izdk'k

3Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh çÏfr] mís';] fo'ks"krk,¡] uhfr ,oa lEçnk;

Mkyk gSA ehekalk us nq%[k ls NqVdkjk rFkk lq[k dh izkfIr osG lEcUèk esa dgk gSA osnkUr vfuR; rFkk kf.kd HkkSfrd lq[kksa dksR;kx dj vuUr ,oa fuR; lq[k ;k vkuUn dh ftKklk osG fy, izo`Ùk gksrk gSA

(11) eksk dh çzkfIr (Realization of Moksha)µHkkjrh; n'kZu dk ije y; eksk dh izkfIr gSA izks- eSDl ewyjdk dFku gS fd ^Hkkjr esa n'kZu Kku osG fy, gh ug° oju~ ml loksZPp y; osG fy, Fkk] ftlosG fy, O;fDr bl thou esa iz;kldj ldrk gSA** pkokZd~ dks NksM+dj leLr vkfLrd rFkk ukfLrd Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud eksk dks thou dk ije y; Lohdkjdjrs g®A bl eksk osG fuf'pr Lo:i osG lEcUèk esa fofHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSA bl izdkj leLr nk'kZfudksa dk er gS fd ekskls lalkj osG nq%[kksa ls NqVdkjk ik;k tk ldrk gS rFkk euq"; vKku osG cUèkuksa ls NwV tkrk gSA

(12) iqutZUe (Rebirth)µpkokZd~ dks NksM+dj lHkh nk'kZfud er deZ osG vkèkkj ij iqutZUe osG fl¼kUr esa fo'okldjrs g®A ;g iqutZUe deZ ij vkèkkfjr gSA fuR; ,d vkRek osG vfLrRo dks Lohdkj fd;s fcuk ?kfVr gqvk lEHko izrhr ug°gksrkA viwoZ deZ osG rhu :i g®µfØ;ek.k] lafpr rFkk izkjCèkA bUg° osG vkèkkj ij nk'kZfud erksa us iqutZUe] lkalkfjd thouesa ikjLifjd fo"kerk rFkk lq[k&nq%[kkfn dh foospuk dh gSA ckS¼ksa us fuR; ,d vkRek osG vfLrRo dks Lohdkj u dj vfuR;iap LdUèkksa osG vkèkkj ij iqutZUe dk leFkZu fd;k gSA

(13) thou esa ;e] fu;e rFkk la;e esa vkLFkk (Belief in Yama, Niyam and Sanyam)µHkkjrh; nk'kZfuder lalkj esa thou dks nq%[kksa dk dkj.k ekurs g®] tcfd os euq"; dks mlls nwj gksus dk mins'k u nsdj thou dks la;r cukdjmls ifj"Ïr rFkk oklukvksa ls eqDr dj LoPN cukus dk mins'k nsrs g®A leLr fopkjksa esa ;e] fu;e] lekfèk vkfn lkèkuksa dks leku:i ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS rFkk lalkj osG fo"k;ksa esa fyIr u gksus dk fo"k; fn;k x;k gSA mudk mís'; gS] thou ifjektZuA fdlhladV vFkok la?k"kZ ls eq¡g fNikuk vFkok fdlh dksus esa fNi tkuk dk;jksa dk dk;Z gSA ,d ;ksxh dk 'kkS;Z blh esa fufgr gS fd ogjkx] s"k vkfn tSls izcy 'k=qvksa dks ijkftr dj muesa vukLFkk rFkk vuk'kfDr dh Hkkouk mRiUu djsA

(14) lfg".kqrk (Toleration)µvkjEHk ls gh Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkjksa us ;g vuqHko dj fy;k Fkk fd lR; osG vusdik g® vkSj fofoèk er lR; osG vyx&vyx ikksa dks ysdj izdV gq, g® D;ksafd fo'kq¼ lR; dk izfriknu dksbZ ,d er ug°dj ldrkA blh dkj.k bUgsa erksa osG izfr lgu'khy gksdj mUgsa Hkh Lohdkj djuk iM+kA

(15) txr~ dh uSfrd O;oLFkk dk leFkZu (Support to the Theory of a Moral Order in the World)µlalkj xfr'khy gSA ;g ,d O;kid O;oLFkk osG vèkhu jgdj vius fofoèk :iksa dk vkfo"dkj djrk py jgk gSA fnu&jkr dkpDdj blh fu;e osG cUèku esa c¡èkk gqvk gSA lw;Z] pUæek rFkk vU; uk= blh O;oLFkk osG vkns'k ls gh vius dk;ks± esa layXug®A leLr n'kZuksa us bl uSfrd O;oLFkk dks vyx&vyx :iksa esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA

(16) eksk (Liberation)µleLr Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkjksa us eksk dh dYiuk esa vkLFkk izdV dh gSA tSu]ckS¼] uS;kf;d] lka[;] ;ksx rFkk osnkUrh leLr nk'kZfud fopkj eksk dh lÙkk esa ,der g®A buosG vuqlkj jkx] s"k vkfncUèku g®A ;s vKku ls mRiUu gksrs g®A Kku ls bu cUèkuksa dks dkVdj gh euq"; eksk dk vfèkdkjh gksrk gSA ckj&ckj tUeysuk rFkk thou osG nq%[kksa dks lgu djuk euq"; osG fy, cUèku gSA iqutZUe dh lEHkkouk dk uk'k eksk ls gh lEHko gSAlHkh nk'kZfud erkuqlkj fufnè;klu eksk dk lkèku gSA fufnè;klu dk vFkZ gS LohÏr fl¼kUrksa dk vuojr fpUruAblosG vfrfjä vkRe&la;e dks Hkh vko';d crk;k x;k gSA

(17) eksk osG fy, vH;kl rFkk eksk dh vko';drk (Yoga and Exercise Essential for

Liberation)µleLr Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud euksoSKkfud rFkk vkè;kfRed Kku ls eqfDr izkIr djus osG fy, fdlh&u&fdlhizdkj osG vH;kl vFkok ;ksx dh vko';drk ij cy nsrs g®A leLr Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud erksa us ira tfy osG v"Vkax ;ksx dksviuk;k gSA vKku dk fujkdj.k djus osG fy, ;e] fu;e] vklu] izk.kk;ke] vuojr fpUru vko';d ekuk x;k gSA

(18) uSjk';okn (Pessimism)µHkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkjksa us lalkj dks nq%[ke; dgdj iqdkjk gS rFkk ekuo thoudks nq%[k ls ifjiw.kZ dgdj izfrikfnr fd;k gSA blls dqN fopkjdksa us ;g èkkj.kk cuk yh gS fd Hkkjrh; n'kZu uSjk';oknh gSA;g dFku lR; ug° gS D;ksafd Hkkjrh; n'kZu orZeku thou esa fujk'k u gksdj lalkj dh nq%[ke; ifjfLFkfr dks nwj djus dkiz;kl djrk gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu orZeku thou ls vlUrks"k O;Dr djosG lqugjs Hkfo"; dh [kkst djrk gSA lHkh nk'kZfud erthou dks nq%[ke; crkdj nq%[k osG dkj.k jkx] s"kkfn cUèku rFkk muosG fy, vKku rFkk feF;k Kku vkSj mudh fuo`fÙk Hkhcrkrs g®A os kf.kd thou dk funsZ'k djosG vuUr thou dh jkg crkrs g® rFkk orZeku nq%[kksa ls NqVdkjk djosG vuUr dk jkLrkfn[kykrs g®A bl rjg ls mUgsa fujk'kkoknh ug° dgk tk ldrkA

(19) euksoSKkfud lR;ksa ij vk/kkfjr (Based on Psycological Facts)µHkkjrh; nk'kZfud erksa us ekuoeuksoSKkfud dh lwe rFkk foLr`r O;k[;k dh gSA cq¼ ls ysdj iratfy rd 'kadj vkSj jkekuqt vkfn leLr nk'kZfudksa us

,l ch ih Mh ifCyds'kUl n'kZu'kkL= (XII)4

n'kZu osG euksoSKkfud ik ij i;kZIr cy fn;k gSA ;ksx ls 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld jksx nwj gksrs gSa rFkk eu esa fLFkjrk vkrh gSAosnkUr esa tkx`r] LoIu] lq"kqfIr rFkk rqjh; voLFkkvksa vkSj pSrU; osG Lo:i dk lwe fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

(20) deZ rFkk vkokxeu (Belief in Karma and Transmigration)µdeZ osG fl¼kUr osG vuqlkj /keZ&v/keZ bR;kfn deZQy laLdkj osG :i esa ges'kk lqjfkr jgrs gSaA ;s gekjs thou dh ?kVukvksa dks lapkfyr djrs gSaA ;g lalkj ,djaxeap gSA lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks vius dekZuqlkj fuf'pr Hkwfedk vnk djuh iM+rh gSA deZ osG cUèku ls eqfDr dk uke eksk gSAvyx&vyx nk'kZfud erksa us eksk izkfIr osG fy, fHkUu&fHkUu fof/k;ksa dks cryk;k gSA deZ osG cU/kuksa osG dkj.k vkRek dksckj&ckj 'kjhj /kkj.k djuk iM+rk gSA eksk gksus ij gh iquZtUe ls eqfDr izkIr gksrh gSA iqutZUe dk fl¼kUr vfèkdrj Hkkjrh;nk'kZfudksa us fdlh u fdlh izdkj (:i) ls Lohdkj fd;k gSA

(21) ckSf¼d leUo;oknh rFkk izxfr'khy (Intellectual Co-ordinationism and Progressiveness)µbl izdkj Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud erksa esa deZ fo|eku gS] tcfd LorU= :i ls lR; dh [kkst dh x;h gSA fo'okl osG n'kZu osG bfrgklesa lHkh er&erkarj fdlh u fdlh :i esa Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud erksa esa feyrs gSaA 'kkL=kFkZ dh izFkk izpfyr gksus osG dkj.k izR;sdHkkjrh; nk'kZfud dks vius fl¼kUrksa dks rdZ kjk iq"V djosG vU; erksa dk [k.Mu djuk iM+rk FkkA blosG ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh;nk'kZfud fopkjksa esa rdZ'kkL= rFkk izek.k'kkL= dk leqfpr fodkl gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkj ckSf¼d gksrs gq, Hkh muesaleUo;okn gSA mUgksaus fdlh Hkh ,d ik ij vko';drk ls vf/kd tksj ugha fn;k gSA O;fDrxr lk/kuk ij cy fn;s tkus ij Hkhyksd&dY;k.k dk iwjk [;ky j[kk tkrk gSA bl izdkj 'kadjkpk;Z] egkRek cq¼ rFkk egkohj vkfn egku~ nk'kZfud gksus osG dkj.klkFk&lkFk egku~ lekt lq/kkjd Hkh FksA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)µmi;qZDr v/;;u osG vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ fdlh u fdlh :i esaleLr Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA osGoy pkokZd n'kZu dks NksM+djA

Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk mís';(THE AIMS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY)

Hkkjrh; n'kZu osG mís'; dk v/;;u bl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSµ 1. Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh mRifÙk (Origin of Indian Philosophy)µHkkjrh; n'kZu dk mn~Hko izÏfr dh xksn esa

gqvk gSA osn osG ½f"k;ksa dks izÏfr dh fØ;kvksa dks ns[kdj vk'p;Z o ftKklk dk vuqHko gqvk] ftls 'kkUr djus osG fy, mUgksausKku izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA tSlsµtc ;g ns[kk fd ^dkyh dBksj xk; 'osr vkSj e`nq nw/k nsrh gSA* rc mUgsa vR;fèkdvk'p;Z gqvkA blh izdkj mUgksaus ns[kk fd leLr ufn;k¡ leqæ esa tkdj fxjrh gSa fQj Hkh leqæ ugha HkjrkA bl izdkj tc½f"k;ksa us izÏfr osG O;kikjksa dks vk'p;Z&pfdr gksdj ns[kk rc muesa izÏfr osG vknku&iznku* dks tkuus dh bPNk mRiUu gqbZrFkk bl izdkj Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh mRifÙk gqbZA

2. izeq[k mís'; (Main Objectives)µHkkjrh; n'kZu dk mís'; osGoy ekufld vk'p;ks± dh fuo`fÙk ek= ugha gSAmuesa izeq[k bl izdkj gSaµ

(i) thou ekxZ fn[kkuk (Show the Way of Life)µHkkjrh; n'kZu dk izeq[k mís'; ,d thou&ekxZ crkuk gSA;g crykuk gS fd fdl izdkj euq"; nwjn`f"V] Hkfo"; n`f"V rFkk vUrnZ`f"V osG lkFk thou&;kiu dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]osnksa dk dkSrwgy mifu"knksa esa vkdj vkRe&lkkkRdkj* osG mís'; esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA mifu"kn~ Hkh lalkj osG jgL; dks Kkrdjuk pkgrs gSaA mudk y; osGoy tkuuk (knowing) ek= ugha gS cuuk (Being) gSA os lR; dks tkudj mldklkkkRdkj thou esa mrkj ysuk pkgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k osG fy, mifu"knksa osG ½f"k;ksa us izkFkZuk dh gS] ßvlrks ek ln~ xe;] relks ek T;ksfrxZe;] e`R;q ek ve`ra xe;ÞvFkkZr~ ßvlr~ ls lr~ dh vksj ys py] vU/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj ys py] e`R;q ls vejrk dh vksj ys pyAÞ

mifu"kn~ Hkkjrh; n'kZu osG ewy lzksr gSaA vr,o Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh izR;sd 'kk[kk esa vk/;kfRed thou osG ekxks± dh [kkstij mruk gh egRo fn;k x;k gS] ftruk fd lR; osG Lo:i osG Kku ij] cq¼ us v"Vkax iFk (Eight Fold Path) ij vkRekrFkk iqutZUe osG fookn dh viskk vf/kd cy fn;k gSA mudk okLrfod mís'; fuokZ.k izkIr djus dk ekxZ [kkstuk FkkA tSun'kZu dk mís'; leLr izdkj osG dk;ks± dk uk'k dj eksk dh izkfIr djuk gSA tSu n'kZu dk er gS fd f=jRu vFkkZr~ lE;d~n'kZu] lE;d~ Kku rFkk lE;d~ pfj= ls eksk dh izkfIr gksrh gSA lE;d~ pfj= esa ik¡p egkozr vFkkZr~ lR;] vfgalk] vlR;]czãp;Z rFkk vifjxzg vkSj nl /keks± osG vkpj.k osG lkFk&lkFk vU; fofo/k dBksj fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkjleLr Hkkjrh; n'kZu iq#"kkFkZ lk/ku osG fy, gaSA leLr Hkkjrh; n'kZu ;g Lohdkjrs gaS fd n'kZu thou osG fy, vR;f/kd mi;ksxhgksrk gSA lHkh n'kZuksa us nq%[k ls NqVdkjk ikus osG fy, fopkjksa dh mRifÙk dh gSA euq"; osG nq%[kksa dk D;k dkj.k gS\ bls Kkr djus

Philosophy Class XIIth

Publisher : Sbpd Publications ISBN : 9789382883104 Author : Dr. Vimal Agarwal

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/4040

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