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IABSE E-Learning

Jörg Schlaich Rudolf Bergermann

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The most significant problems of our time

poverty in the Third World and the climate change

are interlinked through energy supply

and can be solved, if we only want to!

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Industrialised Countries

Developing Countries

Germany

China

India

Ethiopia

USA

South Africa

Carbon dioxide emission per capita 2002(in tonne)

The Industrialised Countries are predominantly responsible for the Change of Climate

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Large central Small decentral

power plants

Solar Electricity Technology

Hydro power

Wind farms

Biomass

Solar Updraft Tower

Parabolic trough systems

Central receiver systems

Wind power

Dish / Stirling

Photovoltaic

Biomass

Wave converter

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Country Reference Units (CRU) built in 2002/2004

CRU in Odeillo/FranceCRU in Würzburg/Germany

CRU in Milano/Italy CRU in Seville/Spain

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Next step: Start of small series production

System characteristicsSmall cluster with 50 unitsTotal installed Power: 0,5 MWExpected energy production: 1 GWh/year at solar insolation of 2'200 kWh/m² and yearWorking medium: HydrogenSystem operation: automatic / remote controlled

Project statusProject proposal finishedSearch for partnersLocation: not yet chosen

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Rudolf Bergermann

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Large central Small decentral

power plants

Solar Electricity Technology

Hydro power

Wind farms

Biomass

Solar Updraft Tower

Parabolic trough systems

Central receiver systems

Wind power

Dish / Stirling

Photovoltaic

Biomass

Wave converter

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Metallmembran-

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Projekt Anda Sol I:

50 MWel, rein solar mit 9 Volllaststunden thermischem Speicher: € 200 Mio.

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Jörg Schlaich

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Hx A~PelA

HGlobal Solar Radiation G

(W/m²)

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KollektorvariantenSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

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Layout of the Tower

Cross Section

130 m

wall thickness

0.25 m

840 m

660 m

500 m

0.25 m

0.99 m

0.87 m

0.68 m

0.53 m

0.41 m

0.32 m

1000 m

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wind direction

pressure

suction

C = + 1.00p

C = - 0.45p

C = - 1.5p

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diameter [m] radius [m]

mer

idia

nst

ress

[MP

a]structural behaviour without spoked wheel structural behaviour with 1 spoked wheel at 1000 m

structural behaviour with 2 spoked wheels at 500 and 1000 m structural behaviour with 4 spoked wheels at 500, 600, 850 and 1000 m

78Bild G3-14: Schwingungsfigur ohne und mit Speichenräder (Animation)

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Compressionring

Bundles of strands

Spoked wheel

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Plan view and elevation of FEM ModelSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

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Einbau zur StrömungsoptimierungEinbau zur Strömungsoptimierung

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One turbine Many Turbines

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Turbine

Tube

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Pressure Staged Turbine Free running, velocity staged Wind Turbine

(1) (2) (1) (2)

kWPmNm

smP

6363²

800²7071575.0

≅

⋅⋅⋅=

kWPsmm

mkgP

636

157072.121

271675.0

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3

≅

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛⋅=

Power (D = 30m; v=15m/s)

v1 @ v2 Air Velocity v1 > v2

Air Pressurep1 > p2 p1 @ p2

Swept AreaA A

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0.00 €

0.05 €

0.10 €

0.15 €

0.20 €

0.25 €

0.30 €

0.35 €

0.40 €

0.45 €

0.50 €

1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12%

5 MW

30 MW

100 MW200 MW

Upper boundary depreciation t ime in years:Lower boundary depreciation t ime in years:

Solar Updraft Towers

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Grant in Mio. €:

average labour rate in €/h:Insolation in kWh/(m²a):

50 MW

Non-energy revenues are not included.

2300

0

2030

SUT Electricity Cost vs. Interest Rate

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capacity 1.3 2 5 30 50 100 200 MW

tower height 300 400 550 750 750 1000 1000 mtower diameter 40 40 45 70 90 110 120 mcollector diameter 800 1000 1250 2950 3750 4300 7000 m

tower cost 11 14 22 54 70 173 188 Mio. €collector cost A 6 8.3 12 60 97 130 319 Mio. €turbine cost incl. housing etc. 3 4 9 34 51 82 146 Mio. €engineering, tests, misc. 2 3 5 19 28 46 48 Mio. €total investment cost 22 30 48 167 246 431 701 Mio. €grant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mio. €total investment cost - grant 22 30 48 167 246 431 701 Mio. €

annuity on investment B,D 2.1 2.8 4.5 15.6 23.0 40.4 65.7 Mio. €o&m cost 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.9 3.3 Mio. €electricity production C 2.8 5.8 14 87 153 320 680 GWh/ yrLEC (levelized electricity cost)D 0.79 € 0.51 € 0.34 € 0.19 € 0.16 € 0.13 € 0.10 € €/ kWhnon-energy revenues 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Mio.€/yrLEC incl. non-energy rev. 0.20 € 0.23 € 0.22 € 0.17 € 0.15 € 0.13 € 0.10 € €/ kWhA average labor cost 5 Euro/h Differences due to rounding may occur.B depreciation time: 25 years, interest rate: 8%C at 2300 kWh/(m²yr) global solar insolationD grant included in calculation

Solar Updraft Towers

Schlaich Bergermann SolarHohenzollernstr. 1D-70178 StuttgartGermany

SUT Cost Data

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IRR for a 30 MW Solar Updraft Tower in Spain

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

20% 30% 40% 50%

Equity Share

IRR

on

Equi

ty

‘Prima de referencia’ + pool price ( 25.4 + 4.3 =) 29.7 €-Cent /kWh

‘Tarifa regulada’ 26.9375 €-Cent /kWh

Total Investment Cost: 180 M €Debt Interest Rate: 6%Debt Payback Time: 25 yearsAnnual Electricity Generation: 68 GWh @ 1800kWh/m²/year

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IRR for a 50 MW Solar Updraft Tower in Spain

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

20% 30% 40% 50%Equity Share

IRR

on

Equi

ty

‘Tarifa regulada’ 26.9375 €-Cent /kWh

‘Prima de referencia’ + pool price ( 25.4 + 4.3 =) 29.7 €-Cent /kWh

Total Investment Cost: 300 M €Debt Interest Rate: 6%Debt Payback Time: 25 yearsAnnual Electricity Generation: 120 GWh @ 1800kWh/m²/year

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Solar Updraft Tower

Parabolic Trough

Solar Updraft Tower

Parabolic Trough

Comparison of Electricity Cost

$40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150Crude Oil Price [ US $ / barrel ]

- €

Cru

de O

il Pr

ice

Nov

embe

r ‘0

7

Gol

dman

Sac

hs

Stud

ie, P

rogn

ose

Fossil Fuelled Power Plant – External Cost

η = 45%Oil Fired Power Plant – Fuel Cost, O & M, Capital Cost

[€ / kWh]

0.05 €

0.10 €

0.15 €

0.20 €

0.25 €

Elec

tric

ity C

ost i

n €

/ kW

h

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Jörg Schneider

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Discussion Point Number 1

Statement

People, in Switzerland for instance, say that we need an ad-ditional Nuclear Powerplant, because we need more energy and solar energy as well as wind energy are just marginal possibilities. There is not much sense in investing into wind or solar energy.

Reply

Instead of investing into nuclear energy in a densily populat-ed area, Switzerland, or any other country or region, may invest into wind or solar energy in any other place of Euro-pe, or even of the world.

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Discussion Point Number 2

Statement

Well, people say, we could invest into wind energy in Nor-thern Germany or in other wind prone areas, as well as into solar energy in Spain or North Africa. But how do we trans-port that energy into Switzerland. Transmission losses are enormous.

pressure cushion 50 Hz

Oil Gas Coal Wind Sun100

Discussion Point Number 3

Statement

We need all possible energy sources, be it coal, oil, gas, biogas, any kind of solar energy. We need wind and wave energy and even nuclear energy in order to comfort the energy hunger all over the world. And we need strong efforts to reduce the energy consumption in industrialized countries.

Reply

Yes, we agree, on a worldwide basis. But we should care for a regional balance expressed not in GWh but in the value of pro-duction and consumption in terms of € or $.

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