IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Module L-055Module L-055

Radiological Data for Exercises

LectureLecture

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 2

Objectives

• Know what radiological data is needed

• Know how radiological data can be generated and the tools that can be used

• Know the limitation of those tools

• Understand the pros and cons of using real weather during an exercise

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 3

Why is Radiological Data Important?

• Because radiological data drives the exercise

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 4

Type of Radiological Data

• In-facility• Ambient radiation

• Contamination

• Air concentrations

• Environmental• Ambient radiation

• Contamination

• Air concentrations

• Isotopic data

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 5

Type of Radiological Data (Cont’d)

• At the off-site traffic control points• Ambient radiation

• Contamination (vehicles and people)

• At the reception centre or hospital• Contamination (vehicles and people)

• Casualties• Contamination

• Dosimeter readings

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 6

Producing Radiological Data (1)

• In-facility data:• Simulator

• Safety analysis

• Shielding models

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 7

Producing Radiological Data (2)

• Environmental data• Source term from safety analysis• Customize the release fractions, rate of release

and release profile in time to fit the emergency scenario

• Use dose projection software to generate doses vs. distance and time

• Some software has time-dependent source terms, variable winds, and provides measurable quantities such as dose rates and airborne concentration at any given time

• Most do not

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 8

Producing Radiological Data (3)

• Environmental data (cont’d)• If the release profile is known, dose projections

can be converted to dose rates, instantaneous airborne concentrations, ground shine and ground contamination

• Dose rates and airborne concentrations can be converted to instrument readings• Using instrument specifications and sampling

procedures as guides

• Random elements introduced in the software

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 9

Producing Radiological Data (4)

• People and vehicle contamination• Use arbitrary values

• Requires some judgement• Contamination level depends on location and duration

of stay or travel

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 10

Producing Radiological Data (5)

• Dosimetry• Most difficult values to simulate

• Depends on type location profile of each individual

• Can be simulated to cause key events• e.g. Report of a dose greater than 5 mSv to force staff

rotation

• For free play, integrate based on dose rate data

• If dose control is a major objective, have an individual or a team dedicated to the simulation of dose readings

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 11

How to Present Radiological Data (1)

• In-station radiological data:• Colour-coded layout of the station

• Discrete time intervals

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 12

Secondary control

equipment room

Personnel

Airlock

Spent fuel bay

Cooling and

purification

Deuteration and

dedeuteration

Emergency corecooling pumps

Active

stores

Zone 3

MM shop

Liquid waste

Reactor building

Cable access

tunnel

Spent resin

storage tanks

D2O Management

D2O

Supply

tanks

200mSv/h < DR

100mSv/h < DR < 200mSv/h

50mSv/h < DR < 100mSv/h

10mSv/h < DR < 50mSv/h

5mSv/h < DR < 10mSv/h

DR < 1mSv/h

1mSv/h < DR < 5 mSv/h

Moderator

purification

Dryers

Shield

cooling

SCINTREX tritium

How to Present Radiological Data (2)

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 13

How to Present Radiological Data (3)

• Environmental data• There are several ways. Two are presented

as examples• Method 1: one map of relevant data for each

time interval• Method 2: single map of integrated plume

trajectory coupled with time-dependent tables

• Colour codes can be used but may be difficult to reproduce

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 14

Map (1)

1 33 46 49 51

LittleDipperHarbour

58

63

Pt Lepreau NGS

Dipper Harbour

2 km

4 km

6 km

8 km

10 km

100101

102

103

104105

106107 108

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 15

Table (2) Dose (micro Sv/h) vs time

Reference 6:30 6:35 6:40 6:45 6:50 6:55 7:00 7:05 7:10 7:15 7:20 7:25 7:30

Zone #1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Zone #2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

Zone #3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2

Pole #46 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Pole #49 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Pole #51 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Pole #58 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Pole #63 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Pole #100 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Pole #101 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1

Pole #102 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Pole #103 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Pole #104 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Pole #105 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Pole #106 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Pole #107 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Pole #108 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

South Musquash 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 16

Real-time software

• Some programs allow real-time simulation of dose rate and contamination data

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 17

How to Present Radiological Data (4)

• Contamination data:• At fixed points: table of values vs. time

• Large areas: maps or layouts for each major time interval

• Persons and vehicles: pictures

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 18

Contamination Data

1 0 - 1 5 c p s

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 19

Contamination Data (Cont’d)

20 - 25 cps

15 - 20 cps

10 - 15 cps

5 - 10 cps

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 20

Contamination Data (Cont’d)Figure 1: Actual surface contam ination

Cs-137 contam ination. The location of the Co-60 source is shown in red.

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 21

How to Present Radiological Data (5)

• Isotopic data:• Reverse-engineered to fit the dispersion and

dose projection results

• Provide isotopic concentration tables or spectrum

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 22

How To Read The Data

• Provide the data when requested and when deserved

• Avoid showing time dependent graphs all at once

• If you make a mistake, admit it and provide the right number

• All field controllers who are responsible for supplying radiological data must be well trained on how to provide that data

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 23

Limitations of Tools

• Not always realistic

• Some judgment and interpretation by the controllers necessary

• Difficult to account for wind variability

• However, these limitations are not significant given that the aim is to exercise the relationship between surveys and decision-making

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 24

Real or Simulated Weather?

• Simulated weather• Easier to produce the radiological data• Easier to control the exercise• Introduces artificiality

• Real weather• Better test of the coordination between weather and

survey teams• More realistic• Cannot pre-set the radiological survey injects• Requires calculations “on the fly”• Requires an extremely good coordination within the

control team

L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 25

Summary

• Radiological data is the core of the exercise data

• Several parameters required, although not all of them may be necessary for a single exercise

• The development of radiological data requires extensive analysis work

• The provision of radiological data requires experienced and trained controllers

• Real weather is better than simulated, but much more difficult to manage