Ian DeLaCruz

Kevin Chung

Dan Ipaktchi

Melinda Disharoon

Outline the difference between

micronutrients and macronutrients

Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients Found in relatively

large amounts (>0.005% of body weight)

Provides energy Ex. Na, Mg, K, Ca, P,

S and Cl

Found in small amounts (<0.005% of body weight)

Acts as a co-factor of enzymes

Ex. Fe,Cu, F, Zn, I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, Co and B

Compare the structures of

retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D),

and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Retinol (Vitamin A)

Yellow, fat soluble subtanceMolecular Formula- C20H30O

Molar Mass- 286.4516 g mol−1 Chemical name

(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol ○ Chemical doesn’t need to be learned

Retinol (Vitamin A) Only 1 hydroxyl group Long polyalkene chain Carbon ring and chain are non-polar

Influence solubulity more than OH group Overall non-polar

Doesn’t dissolve in waterFat soluble

Important for vision, particularly at low light intensity

Retinol (Vitamin A)

Calciferol (Vitamin D)

White powdery crystallineMolecular Formula- C27H44O

Molar Mass- 384.64 g/mol ○ Chemical name

(3β,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol

Calciferol (Vitamin D)

4 Hydrocarbon rings and alkane chain are non-polar

Only 1 hydroxyl group Overall non-polar

Stimulates uptake of calcium ions by cellsImportant in health of teeth and bones

Calciferol (Vitamin D)

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

White/Yellow solidMolecular Formula- C6H8O6

Molar Mass- 176.12 g mol−1

○ Chemical name

5R)-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 4 hydroxyl groups Several OH groups enable oxygen bonds to form

with water Ester bond within the ring Polar due to hydroxyl groups

Easily dissolvable in water

Cofactor in some enzyme reactions Important in tissue regeneration after injury Helps give resistance to some diseases

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Deduce whether a vitamin is

water- or fat- soluble from its structure

Fat soluble

Relatively non-polar Consist mainly of hydrocarbons Remember:

All Dogs Eat Kibbles

Water soluble

Have a high proportion of electronegative atoms

Water-Soluble VitaminsB and C

Fat vs. water soluble

Water solubleExcess of the vitamin will come out in urine

Fat solubleCan cause sickness because it is stored in

the body and not easily released

Vitamin A

Overall non-polarnot water solubleFat soluble

Consists mostly of hydrocarbons

Vitamin D

Overall non-polarNot water solubleFat soluble

Consists mostly of hydrocarbons

Vitamin C

PolarWater soluble

Hydroxyl group makes it overall electronegative

Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient

deficiencies in different countries and

suggest solutions

Malnutrition What causes malnutrition?

Lack of distribution of global resources Depletion of nutrients in the soil and water cultures

through soil erosion Lack of education about, or understanding of the

importance of a balanced diet Over-processing food for transport and storage Chemically treating foods during production

Micronutrient deficiencies Anemia: iron deficiency

Necessary in binding oxygen to RBCs Leads to hypoxia across the organ systems Symptoms: skin and eyes begin to yellow, low blood pressure

and muscular weakness, shortness of breath and dizziness

Treatment: eat cereal flours and milk products fortified with iron Red meats, fish, poultry, lentils Some fruits contain iron: green beans, potatoes, spinach, etc.

Micronutrient deficiencies Goitre: iodine deficiency

Iodine is necessary in thyroxine, which regulate basal metabolic rates

Swelling of the thyroid gland Can lead to swelling of the neck

○ Large goitres will result in difficulty with breathing and swallowing

Can lead to mental retardation in children

Treatment: seafood and some vegetables contain iodine Iodized salt is specifically made to prevent having an

iodine deficiency

Micronutrient deficiencies Xerophthalmia: Vitamin A deficiency

The eye fails to produce tears Leads to a dry conjunctiva, and can lead to corneal

ulceration, night blindness, or blindness from corneal damage

Treatment: Vitamin A is fat-soluble, fatty staples such as margarine can be fortified Sweet potatoes, carrots, dark leafy greens, and some

squashes and melons are high in Vitamin A

Micronutrient deficiencies Pellagra: niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency

Niacin is a precursor to NADH and NADPH, which are essential in cell metabolism

Four main indicators: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, and death○ Death occurs after 4-5 years if left untreated

Kashin-Beck disease: selenium deficiency Symptoms: atrophy and degeneration of cartilage Occurs in northern Russia and China where soil is

selenium-deficient

Micronutrient deficiencies Rickets: Vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, or

calcium deficiency All are necessary for bone formation/maintenance Leads to bone fractures/deformity

○ Bone pain/tenderness○ Skeletal deformities and dental problems○ Muscle weakness and growth disturbances

Scurvy: ascorbic acid deficiency Ascorbic acid is necessary to synthesize collagen Symptoms: dark-spotted skin, bleeding gums, lowered

resistance to infection Can result in neuropathy or death

Micronutrient deficiencies Beriberi: thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency

Thiamine is used in breaking down glucose Symptoms: severe lethargy, complications to

cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, and GI systems, weight loss, swollen limbs

Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency Disease afflicting malnourished children Symptoms: swollen feet, enlarged abdomen, thinning hair,

dermatitis Afflicted individuals cannot produce antibodies and can

have lasting impacts on physical and mental growth, and can lead to death

Macronutrient deficiencies Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency

Disease afflicting malnourished children Symptoms: swollen feet, enlarged abdomen, thinning hair,

dermatitis Afflicted individuals cannot produce antibodies and can

have lasting impacts on physical and mental growth, and can lead to death

Marasmus: protein deficiency Found in infants when weaning or when a mother’s milk is

reduced Symptoms: failure to gain weight followed by weight loss

and emaciation

Solutions Add nutrients to their diets

Can be done through genetic modification to foods Provide foods rich in vitamins and minerals Fortify staple foods with micronutrients Provide nutritional supplements in a variety of forms Educate about balanced diets and the importance of

personal responsibility in dietary choices

Genetically modified foods? Genetically modified foods is controversial. People

dislike that the food is being changed genetically, as it is “unnatural”, even though they are usually beneficial: Pros

○ Products can last longer and can be grown in harsher environments/conditions

○ Products contain more nutrients, or nutrients they do not naturally contain

Cons○ Possibility of people having allergic reactions (allergenicity)○ May have different effects on human health