A Note on the 'Twelve Mavals' of Poona DistrictAuthor(s): Ian RaesideReviewed work(s):Source: Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1978), pp. 393-417Published by: Cambridge University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/312227 .Accessed: 25/09/2012 01:24

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

.

Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to ModernAsian Studies.

http://www.jstor.org

Modern Asian Studies, 12, 3 (1978), pp. 393-417. Printed in Great Britain.

A Note on the 'Twelve Mavals' of Poona District

IAN RAESIDE

School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

A MAVAL1 is the generic name for one of the fertile river valleys which run east from the watershed of the Western Ghats in the Poona District of Maharashtra. They are called mavals only so long as they are fairly narrow and enclosed between the many spurs which run east from the summit crest of the Ghats and they end roughly at a line drawn north- south just short of Poona city itself, so that the whole belt of country west of Poona, about 25 miles wide and 70 miles from north to south is often called 'the Maval'. The sub-district of Maval Taluka which lies north-west of Poona and through which run the main road and railway to Bombay, is only a small part of this area. It was in the Maval that

Sivaji first established the power base which, after many vicissitudes, developed into the Maratha kingdom and the hardy mountain people who formed his guerrilla forces and raiding parties were known as mavale. The word probably derives from the Marathi verb mdvalanem- 'to set, of the sun or any other heavenly body', and so the Maval was

originally just 'the West' if you happened to live in Poona. An alterna- tive name for some of the higher and narrower valleys is khor.2

This much can be learned from many an obvious reference work and

dictionary. A little further pursuit into purely Marathi works of refer- ence will produce the phrase bard mdvalem-'the twelve mavals', and from this point matters become less clear-cut. The concept of the twelve mavals almost certainly dates back at least to the sixteenth century, to the period of Muslim rule when the area round Poona was successively under the control of the Nizamshahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar and the Adilshahis of Bijapur.3 Rajavade states that the oldest document in which he has seen the two words together was a sanada of Saka 1536

1 In Marathi mavala, plural mdvalem. Except in direct quotations from Marathi texts the word will be anglicized as maval, pl. mavals.

2 Marathi khorem, pl. khorzm will similarly become khor, khors. 3 Hiroshi Fukazawa, drawing on published Persian and Marathi sources, has

described in some detail the organization of the Adilshahi territories, but there is no mention of mavals here. Hiroshi Fukazawa, 'A Study of the Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate (A.D. 1489-1686)', The Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, III, 2 (I963), pp. 37-67.

393

(1614) .4 The earliest history of Sivaji's reign, written in 1697, tells us that Sivaji came to Poona and 'seized the twelve mavals',5 while in the Ballad of Tanaji Malusare which was perhaps written not long after the events it describes (the capture of Simhagad in i670)6 come the famous lines (bard mdvala punyakhalim bard mdvala junardkhalim- 'twelve mavals under Poona, twelve mavals underJunnar'.7

But which twelve ? The reference books normally supply a list derived from V. K. Rajavade which is as follows:

List i (Rajavade)8 Andara mavala Nane mavala Pavana mavala Ghotana mavala Pauda khorem Mosem mava!a Muthem mava}a Gunjana mavala Velavanda mavala Bhora khorem

Sivata(ra) khorem Hiradasa mavala

Rajavade nowhere justifies this list but it is doubtless drawn up from his own vast experience of the seventeenth and eighteenth century Marathi documents that he devoted his life to collecting. However, if one looks at those documents which have been published, by Rajavade and others, one finds variations.

In Volume 45 of Selections from the Peshwa Daftar is an incomplete,

4 V. K. Rajavade, Mard.thydncya itihdsdcim sddhanem (hereafter referred to as MIS), IV, 2nd edn (Poona, Saka 1845 (1923)), p. 74. The first edition of this volume of MIS (Poona, I900) is much rarer than the second and is not available to me.

5 'bara mdvalem kdbfja kelim'. V. S. Vakasakara (ed.), Srf Sivaprabhucem caritra, 2nd edn (Poona, I960), p. 5. This chronicle, usually referred to by Marathi historians as sabhdsaddcf bakhara, was translated by S. N. Sen, Extracts and Documents Relating to Madrdthd History: I. Siva Chhatrapati (Calcutta, 1920), pp. 1-154.

6 There is some doubt about this and the poem as we now have it may be eighteenth century. Cf. D. V. Potadara, 'Simhagada povddd samakdlina nasdvd', Bhdrata Itihdsa Samsodhaka Mandala Quarterly (hereafter BISMQ), XIX, I (1938), pp. 13-16.

7 H. A. Acworth and S. T. Saligrama, Itihdsaprasiddha purusdnce va strfydnce povdde, 2nd edn (Poona, 91 I), p. 24. The ballad of Tanaji is translated, very freely, in H. A. Acworth, Ballads of the Marathas (London, 1894), pp. I4-55. The twelve mavals under Junnar are outside the scope of this note.

8 Rajavade, MIS, IV, p. 75.

394 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 4TWELVE MAVALS'

undated but reasonably old document (mid-eighteenth century?) which lists the office holders (Deshmukhs and Deshpandes) of Poona and neighbouring districts and which begins with fragmentary lists of the territorial divisions set up by the Muslim rulers of the area and subsequently by Shivaji. Here we find under the heading 'I2 mavale':

List 2 (PD 45)9 I Nane mavala i Pona mavala I Paudakhora I Muthekhora I Kanadakhora I Gujana mavala I Velhavada khora I Hiradasa mavala i Rohidakhora i Korabarase i Khedebare

II

I Tamhanakhora

The lay-out is perhaps significant. It is as though the compiler had found the last name as an afterthought, having discovered that his list added up to only eleven.

In another document, a list of territories supposedly sent to the Moghal emperor in 1719, there are further variants:

List 3 (MIS 8)10 mavale tarpha I2:

KarySt mavala Kanapakhorem Khedebarem Gunjana mavala Nane mavala Bhorakhorem June mavala Muthekhorem Savadakhorem

9 G. S. Saradesai (ed.), Selections from the Peshwa Daftar (hereafter PD), Vol. 45 (Bombay, 1934), No. I, p. 2. References to PD will be by volume and document number, and by page number only when the document is a long one.

10 MIS VIII.78, p. 103.

395

Hiradasa mavala Siravala Rohidakhorem

As against this an apparently older document of 1656 gives only eight maval districts:

List 4 (PD 31)11 tarpha mavale:

I Pona mavale I Nane mavale i Mose khora

5 Tamhana khore I Muthe khore I Rohida khore i Pauda khore I Kanata khore

Lists 2 and 3, although they come from documents that are some- what dubious in status, undoubtedly represent an eighteenth-century shot at identifying the twelve mavals. Rajavade's List I we may take as his own educated guess, but other and later historians have produced other and possibly less educated guesses. Sen in a footnote lists: 'Rohid- khor, Velvand, Muse, Muthe, Jor, Kanad, Sivthar, Murum, Paud, Gunjan, Bhor and Pavan'12 while Vakasakara, expressing his indebted- ness to Rajavade and to information supplied by 'the well-known historian Y. R. Gupte', emerges with a list of I2 mavals plus 7 khors.13

Upon inspection this turns out to be a conflation of Lists I and 3 and the attempted distinction between a maval and a khor is not valid.

Although it seems likely that a khor usually implies a valley that is narrower and more enclosed than a maval, it actually occurs more

frequently with most of the place names of the lists quoted above. Indeed, to anticipate in this matter the appeal to the documents which follows, only Nane Maval, Pavan Maval, Gunjan Maval and Hiradas Maval are consistently so named. The rest are khors.

It seems then that the lists alone are not much help. Indeed, I am sure that the quest for the 'true' twelve mavals is largely illusory. Like

1 PD 31, 1933, 24, p. 20. The figure 5 put against Tamhana khore is meaningless except as a later alteration to bring the number up to the traditional twelve.

12 S. N. Sen, Siva Chhatrapati, p. 3. The identical list appears in G. S. Saradesai, Mara.thi riyasata, 2. Sakakarta Sivdjz (Bombay, I935), p. 26. In fact, I suspect that Sen has followed Saradesai but have not been able to check this in the first edition of the Rijyasata.

13 Vakasakara, Srf SivaprabhScem caritra, p. 5.

396 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS'

ANDHRA LAKE

..Ja.mb"aval"---, Thoran Khed * U N M3& .i Kondivade A.M.

^^^^ ^/, < JNigade

.. "

'

' "I: Kon divad.e N.Mb. B le Kune

Khanda!e . -/an - Ca,kan -Lonavale ? *

A LOHAGAD , M K Thug5v Urse Dehu ai

=Bha'-raval^ auna RnParandavaqi Khds

TUNGO S,othurne Adale B. Alande

TIKONA D Ca.,dakhed J

""-

) RORIGAD , Kasing) Katarakhadak

~\J n3?g^^v^-Rih Mahalu n Java Is-Rihe ?Telbaila ' aa e

Clunge--. <^ ̂ v SBraga. h *

*vad Sus

*Dakhali Lavate Poona Pimpari- MULSH. .;Mulasi K. A Ambavali. Pirangut

u a K ravade

Tg/

M

\ \?: B^.^^ ^ ^* Khadakav asale

/ live 7 kQr.ar ;::>Km KHADAK VASLA LAKE

Kanva G d A a\rh Godale ^ pKes'mbegv SIMHAGAD / K alyin ' '4- EhArav a

Gondekhal^; P j l Khe> Sasavad .

KoHavA adiK avadi

A^ ^ f ^ <TamhGu?njavane Sangah5^ia RSing!pur Ra a ta k a v a bD

PRT APGA K amD^^ HatveXUmSB. j Kapuravahal )

t KehladaPth Pna Mohari

Karna ra ; Sytarole

Si BS S v / Bhota t>\@QX ngavali

V^ Q ~~~ ~ ( ^ r

-Bhor- n -Vadagav rirav al gi /'v<//><yl'^*~~ Utrauli

/ ^ / Hirdogi * at HIDA :Kanhavadi

55 Mahad /^~V v / -- 1 1S *Sangavi

K<3 aUri

RAIRESVAR S L

a:J a ^^i^'^~^^Smbali

./~Gohalev . > a

^ J3' vali K oVelang

g PRATAPGAD urA P * Malcolm *' Pncagani

Figure i. Villages of the 'Twelve Marlals'.

397

IAN RAESIDE

-V

Figure 2. Approximate extent of the Maval regions.

398

A NOTE ON THE CTWELVE MAVALS'

so many other Indian categories (from the 64 arts to the eight signs of

love) it is an ideal concept. Everyone will agree on about three-quarters of the members of the set, but the remainder is rather fluid and provides a rich field for stimulating argument. There is clearly considerable

overlap between the lists that I have quoted so far, but the names are not always readily identifiable and each list has at least two suspect items. I propose therefore to abandon the search for the ideal twelve and

by using published Marathi documents of the seventeenth and eight- eenth centuries, identify and delimit as far as possible all the place- names that appear in the lists together with any other mavals and khors that are mentioned. This description will be far from complete, for it

depends greatly on the hazards of preservation and publication which have left some districts much better covered than others, but it will, I hope, provide a framework into which further evidence can be fitted or substituted as it appears.

The documents that relate to the mavals are published mainly in

Rajavade's MIS, but there are also some in PD 31 and 45 and in the series Siva caritra sahityal4 and other publications of the BISMQ. A little information can also be gleaned from the village lists in the revised edition of the Poona Gazetteer,15 where some of the old territorial divi- sions are occasionally used in order to distinguish between two villages of the same name. The river valleys will be dealt with as far as possible in north to south order.

I. Andhra Maval (List i)

The upper valley of the Andhral6 river, most of which is now drowned 14 Siva caritra sdhitya (SCS), Aitihdsika pharasi sdhitya (APS) and Aitihasika sankfrna

sahitya (ASS) are all three series of primary sources which were published partly in the Quarterly (Traimdsika) of the Bharata Itihisa Samsodhaka Mandala of Poona, and partly in the Svfya Granthamdld or the Puraskrta Granthamdla of the same institution. The vicissitudes of all the BISM series are extremely complicated and they are normally referred to by volume and document number only, as if they were all separate publications. Here, where any section referred to is embedded in the Quarterly, a reference to the volume and part number of the Quarterly is added in square brackets to aid identification.

15 Gazetteer of Bombay State (later Maharashtra State Gazetteers), Revised Edition, District Series Volume XX, Poona District (Bombay, 1954).

16 Spelt Andra in the Poona Gazetteer and in almost every conceivable way in the Marathi documents. In the spelling of the names of natural features I follow that of the Indian Survey I :63360 maps where possible. Village names are normally cited in the romanized form of the Poona Gazetteer lists, except that to avoid un- necessary diacritical marks the tilde is not used and anusvara is recorded only when it is pronounced as a nasal consonant. Village names as shown on the I.S. maps are very approximate: e.g. Malaodi for Malavadi.

399

IAN RAESIDE

beneath the old Gibbs Lake, now Andhra Lake. Although it was clearly a maval in the nineteenth century, for the Gazetteer distinguishes, for example, Kondivade A.M. from Kondivade N.M. (Nane Maval),17 I have so far seen no Marathi documents which call it either a maval or a khor. It is usually simply tarpha andara.l8 However, the documenta- tion on Andhra is very defective. None of its villages are anywhere named, but obviously the border with Nane Maval came well up the Andhra river since Mfau and Nigade were both in the latter district.19

2. Nane Maval (Lists I-4)

The broad valley of the Indrayani through which the Poona-

Bombay road runs gently up to the Bhor Ghat at Khandala. In the PD 45 list, Nane Maval is said to contain 88 villages equally divided between the Garatada Deshmukhs and the Dalavi Deshmukhs, with each half again equally divided between two different lineages of

Deshpandes.20 This arrangement seems suspiciously regular and un-

fortunately the names of the villages, though given in the original document, were not printed. There is confirmation, however, in an

agreement of 1645 which lists the holdings of the two Deshpandes of the first moiety, here called Garavada and amounting to only twenty villages each.21 From these and other references it is clear that Nane Maval included not only the valley of the Indrayani at least as far east as Ambi,22 but the whole of its tributary the Kundali up to Jambavali and Thoran plus the lower reaches of the Andhra north to Maui and Nigade.

17 These old names do not seem to have been in use in the earlier British period when 'Mawul Talooka' covered not only the present Maval Taluka, called 'the mamlutdar's division', but also 'Moolsee petta' (see Paud Khor) which was 'the mahalkurry's division'. Papers Relative to the Introduction of Revised Rates of Assessment into the Mawul Talooka of the Poona Collectorate, Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government (hereafter Selections), n.s. lxx (Bombay, I863), pp. 7-9. In the later settle- ment reports (Selections, n.s. ccxi, 1887; dlxv, 1919) the names 'Andar Maval' and 'Nane Maval' reappear, presumably in response to persistent popular usage.

18 BISMQ VIII.3, p. 124. An unpublished eighteenth century document in the archives of the B.I.S.M. (S. G. Jogi daptar, rumal i) leaves the name similarly unadorned: paudakhore, karydta mdvala, mosekhore, ndne mdvala, ddara, yekunua paca mdhiia. A tarpha is a subdivision ofaparagand (district); cf. Fukazawa, 'Local Adminis- tration of Adilshahi Sultanate', pp. 4I-2. A mahala is normally synonymous with a tarpha, but is a more general term, not used in the formation of proper names before the nineteenth century. For instance, one might say that tarpha Patas was one of the mahalas (revenue districts) of paraganai Poona; cf. A. R. Kulkarni, Maharashtra in the Time of Sivaji (Poona, 1969), pp. 148-9.

19 See Nane Maval. 20 PD 45. 1, pp. 4-5. 21 SCS VIII. I, p. 2 [in BISMQ XXIII.2]. 22 MIS XIV. 6-1764.

4oo00

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS

The district takes its name from the village of Nane which is fairly central but seems to have no other distinction. It is described both as a tarpha23 and as a tape24 and is part of prdnta Maval.25

3. Pavan Maval (Lists I, 2 and 4)

The valley of the river Pauna26 that runs south of Lohagad from a whole cluster of small tributaries around the hill-fort of Tung,27 and including the two larger but unnamed tributaries which run from the north-east of the fort of Tikona to join the main river lower down. There are not many published documents dealing with Pavan Maval and the few that give village names come mostly from the Sendpati Dibhade Daphtara because the Dabhades were given, or claim to have been given, the overlordship (saramokadami) of Pavan Maval, Nane Maval and numerous other districts in I 7I o.28 Most of the names quoted are, as one would expect, of villages in the Pauna basin,29 but there are others30 south of the watershed in the two valleys that run down

23 MIS XVIII.2I, p. 41-I675. 24 PD 45. I, p. 4. In this part of the Maratha country, tarpha and tape are often used

indiscriminately, while paragaan is rare. Tarpha is the more general and vague term, rather like 'section', so that one could say 'the Dalavi Deshmukh's tarpha of tarpha (or tape) Nane Maval', whereas a tape could never be part of a tarpha. On the other hand, it is dangerous to put too much faith in any of the Marathi documents on such niceties. Both editing and printing of the published texts are often suspect and in the cursive modi script in which nearly all the original documents were written both tarpha and tape are abbreviated commonly to the character 'ta' plus various combinations of vowel signs. Similarly with the abbreviations for pranta, paragazn and petd, there are endless possibilities for confusion between the modi original and the printed page.

25 maujejdbhola ta. (tarpha) nade mdvala pra. (pranta) mdvala, BISMQ XXXI.2-3, 6i, P. 49-1720.

26 Pavna in the Poona Gazetteer and pavana, pona or pauna in the documents. 27 Tung is confusingly described in the Gazetteer (p. 686) as being in Bhor Taluka,

whereas it is actually in Maval Taluka. This mistake is the result of inadequate revision, since at the time of the original Poona Gazetteer Tung was part of Bhor State.

28 BISMQ VIII.3, p. 124; BISMQ XXXI.2-3, 2I, p. 19. BISMQ XXXI.2-3 is entirely devoted to the first part of the Sendpati Ddbhdde Daphtara. No subsequent part has been published. Mr Frank Perlin has pointed out to me that 'overlordship' is a very inadequate translation since saramokadami meant little more than the right to take a small percentage of the revenue.

29 E.g. Adhale Budrukh, Bhadavali, Kothurne, Thugav, Urse. See esp. BISMQ XXXI.2-3, 49, 51, 56. The most easterly named villages are Parandavadi and Candakhed (mouje cdndakhe.da ta. pauna-mavala pranta mdvala-ibid., 35-17I9), suggesting that the east limit of both Nane Maval and Pavan Maval corresponded roughly with the present border between Maval and Haveli Talukas.

30 E.g. Rihe (ASS.I.5, p. 30 in BISMQ IX.3), Savaragav (SCS V.937, p. I90 [in BISMQ XXI.i]) daksne, probably Dakhane (BISMQ XXXI.2-3, 48). The un- published document mentioned in Note i8 also names Kasing and Khamboli as being under the control of the Ghare Deshmukhs of Pavan Maval.

401

to the Mula, the western being named on maps as the Walki River while the eastern contains the village of Javal and is Javal Khor. In effect, Pavan Maval had become a political rather than a geographical region from the earliest period for which we have evidence-the late seventeenth century. The probable reason is that the dominant fort of Tikona needed to control its own approaches on all sides. The PD 45 list divides Pavan Maval between the Ghare Deshmukhs and the Sinde Deshmukhs with 43 and 37 villages respectively, both tarphas being represented in all four subdistricts: tugi mavala, javala khore, valakz khore and pona mdvala.31 In 1750 Tung and Tikona with their dependent region became part of the territory of the Pant Sachiv (later Bhor

State) in exchange for Simhagad32 and this was later known as the Paunmaval Taluka of Bhor State until Bhor was incorporated into Poona District in I949. Another section of Paunmaval Taluka in the nineteenth century occupied the upper basin of the Mutha, that is Muthe Khor (q.v.), the two halves being completely separated by Mulshi Peta of Poona District.33 With this rather complicated history, therefore, it is important to know with which stage of Pavan Maval one is dealing at any one time.

4. Tung Maval

Part of Pavan Maval (q.v.) and presumably the upper tributaries of the Pauna around Tung. However Silim, which is very close to Tung and is often mentioned as being the home village of the Silimkar Desh- mukhs of Gunjan Maval, is always referred to as being in Pavan Maval rather than in Tung.34

5. Javal Khor

A subdivision of Pavan Maval (q.v.), it is the valley of the stream

31 PD 45. I, p. 5. There is no mention in this document of the Dabhades, which may indicate that it is in fact late seventeenth century rather than eighteenth.

32 V. G. Ranade and V. N. Joshi, A Short History of Bhor State (Poona, I930), p. 20

and Map. 33 There seems to be no record of when Bhor State was formally divided into

talukas on the model of British India, but it probably took place under the rule of the reforming Chimnaji Raghunath in the mid-nineteenth century. Muthe Khor was transferred to the Paunmaval Taluka of Bhor quite late on. Col. Godfrey in I896 refers to 17 villages having been transferred 'since the survey' (Papers Relating to the Original Survey Settlement qf the Prachandgad Taluka of the Bhor State, Selections, n.s. ccclxxxviii, I899, p. i). These must be the villages of Muthe Khor.

34 MIS XVII.2, p. 4.

402 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS'

that rises near Katarakhadak and runs south-east to join the Mula near Ghotavade. Javal is on the right bank about half-way down.

6. Valaki Khor

A subdivision of Pavan Maval (q.v.), it is the river marked on maps as the Walki that runs from Kasing beneath Tikona south-east to the Mula near Paud.

7. Ghotan Maval (List i)

Unidentified and mentioned nowhere but in Rajavade's list. There are no villages called Ghotan in Poona District either in the Gazetteer or in the Mahdrdstra grama kosa.35 Is it perhaps another name for Javal Khor derived from the village of Ghotavade at its mouth?

8. Paud Khor (Lists I, 2 and 4)

The upper valley of the Mula. The name is taken from the village of

Paud, headquarters of the present Mulshi Taluka, previously Mulshi Peta before the incorporation of Bhor State. There are very few refer- ences to named villages in Paud Khor36 and the situation is complicated by all the headwaters of the Mula having been drowned in Mulshi Lake. From PD 45 there seem to have been three sub-districts: Girhare

(perhaps Girhe)37 with 40 villages, Tamhanakhore with I2 and Kora- barasa with 28, all controlled by the Dhamale Deshmukhs.38 Tamhan

35 N. G. Apate (ed.), Mahardstra gramakosa (Poona, Tilak Maharastra Vidyapith, 2 vols, 1967). This publication is less useful than at first appears. The lettering on the maps is frequently unreadable, each taluka map is drawn to a different scale and there is no attempt at gridding. Furthermore, as D. V. Potadara complains in his introduction, many of the village names have been haphazardly transcribed back into Devanagari from Roman approximations, thus bearing little relation to their original form.

36 Dakhali (SCS V.939, p. I90 [in BISMQ XXI. ]); lagapauda and ndndeda-both unidentified (MIS XV.324, p. 349). In 1707 the Dabhades acquired from the Dhamale Deshmukhs in ta. paudakhore pra. mdvale the villages of ka. (kasaba) pauda, modade, yelabelf, nivakheda and vadavdthara (BISMQ XXXI.2-3, I6, p. 15). The last two are now drowned in the lake, at the east end of its northern arm, yelabelz may perhaps be Telabaila and modade is undiscoverable unless it is a misreading for Manded.

37 ddbhade desdi ta. gire tamhanakhore (ibid., 39, p. 33); girhe tdmhanakhore yethila desdipana (ibid., 47, p. 39).

38 PD 45.I, pp. 6-7. Cf. PD 31.81-2. Phrases like 'controlled by' or 'under' such and such a Deshmukh should not be taken to imply any judgement on the powers

4o03

Khor is the southern tributary, now the southern arm of Mulshi Lake, which rises near the villages of Tamhani Budrukh and Khurd.39 Possibly Korabarase was the northern arm and Girhe the main west- east valley down to Paud. It is highly aggravating that merely to save

space, the names of the villages in PD 45. I were not printed. If living memory retains these old regional names they have yet to be recorded.

9. Tamhan Khor (List 2)

Io. Korabarase (List 2)

Both subdivisions of Paud Khor (q.v.).

I . Muthe Khor (Lists I-4)

A small district which is again somewhat thinly documented. The PD 45 list gives it only I8 villages under the control of the Marane Deshmukhs and with no subdivisions.40 Only four of its villages are

unambiguously named41 but from these it is clear that, as with Pavan Maval, Muthe Khor was a political unit rather than a simple river

valley at least from around 700 onwards. Presumably it included the

upper stretch of the Mutha down to its confluence with the Mose, but Ambegav, Ambavali and Uravade all lie to the north-east, on the shortest road to Poona but on land which drains north through Piran-

gut to the river Mula. This north-east prolongation of Muthe Khor

explains the bulge of Bhor State around Pirangut, and this in turn is reflected in the course of the boundary at this point between the

present Haveli and Mulshi talukas.

of the maval Deshmukhs. These no doubt varied widely in time, with the relative strength of the central government, and in place, according to the distance of their inam villages from a well-garrisoned fort. From some of the tales in the family histories one has the impression that powerful families like the Jedhes or the Bandalas were at times as little subject to outside control as mediaeval barons.

39 Papers relating to... Mulshi Petha of the Haveli Taluka of the Poona Collectorate, Selections, n.s. cclxxiv, I893, p. 2. The 'mahalkurry's division' of Maval Taluka (see note 17) was transferred to Haveli Taluka in 1866-67.

40 PD 45.1, p. 7-ta. muthekhore . . gambhirarda mdrane desamukha ... deha 18. 41 Ambavali (mouje dmbavali ta. muthem khorem pra. mavala-MIS XIII. 147-1719),

Bahuli (PD 3I.10, p. 6 and MIS XVIII.48, taking bhdvali, otherwise unidentifiable, as a variant spelling), Ambegav and muravade (Uravade?) (MIS XVI.56, p. 64). Ambegav is also mentioned as one of the villages acquired by Nana Phadnis (ASS III.I84, p. 26 [in BISMQXXI.3]).

4o4 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS'

12. Mose Khor (Lists I and 4)

With Mose Khor the documentation becomes much more abundant.42 The two rivers which come together just above the head of Khadaka- vasla Lake are both called Mose,43 presumably because the term Mose Khor has always embraced both river basins. The district was largely under the control of the Pasalakara Deshmukhs from the earliest records44 and Baji Pasalkar was one of Sivaji's first supporters in the Maval.45 Other villages in Mose Khor came under the Kadu Desh- mukhs46 and the PD 45 list shows an unknown number of villages divided into three tarphas: those of the kada, the nivagane and a major one further divided between five Pasalakara lineages.47 There is a document dated i651 which gives an almost complete list of the villages of Mose Khor similarly divided up between those of the Kadu, of the Nivangane and of the 'five sons of Lakhamai [Pasalakar]'.48 From this it seems that the Kadu villages were all on the left bank of the southern Mose between Ambegav Khurd and Gondekhal plus Kuran Budrukh. The Nivangane Deshmukhs had Kuran Khurd and a block round Ambi and Rule, plus a few villages much further west between Managav and Khanu. The rest, including the whole of the northern Mose valley belonged to the Pasalakara. On the east Mose Khor included Katavadi, Sangariin, Soniapir and Nigade, being roughly the boundary between modern Velhe Mahal and Haveli Taluka.49

There are a number of other casual references to the villages or the

42 The term Mose Maval is never found. 43 The text of the Poona Gazetteer anglicizes the name as Musa, but on the map it

is Moshi. 44 Balaji Pasalakara in gaka 1561 (i639) was the member of a court or majalasa

(MIS XVIII.7, p. 18). 45 'In the Mawuls were three persons with whom Sivajee constantly associated;

their names were Yessjee Kunk, Tannajee Maloosray and Bajee Phasalkar. The last was Deshmookh of Moosay Khora' (Grant Duff, History of the Marathas, rev. edn (London, 1921), Vol. I, p. 103).

46 bajirda pasalakara va tadnaj ndaka kadu desamukha ta. mosekhore ... (MIS XVI.36- 1707).

47 PD 45. I, pp. 7-8. It is more than odd that in spite of all this detail Mose Khor is missing from List 2 which supposedly comes from the same document.

48 S. N. Josi, 'pdsalakara ghardnem', BISMQ VII.3o, pp. 105-20, lekha I, pp. 107-10. There is a brief history of the Pasalakaras in SCS V.773, pp. I6-I7 [in BISMQ XVI. ].

49 However, Jambali, Sangarun, Sonapiur and the completely detached outlier of Ambi are now part of Haveli Taluka, while Katavadi is in a protuberance of Mulshi Taluka east of the Mutha. The rulers of Bhor State hoped at one time to recoverJambali and Sonapuir as part compensation for land lost beneath the reservoirs of Bhatghar and Khadakvasla. Cf. Ranade and Joshi, History of Bhor State, p. 83.

4o05

Deshmukhs of Mose Khor50 but strangely it is nowhere explicitly described as forming part of Subha Prant Maval. In I660 it apparently came under paragana Poona.51

13. Karyat Maval (List 3)

The region called karydta or karyati mdvala is not a maval at all but the semi-upland region, broken by low hills, that lies west and south of Poona beneath the fort of Simhagad. It covers the lower course of the Mutha with its minor tributaries from the border of Mose Khor as far east as Kondhave and Undri which lie south-east of Poona city. To the north it stretches as far as the Mula including Mandavi, Ahire, Bhukfim, Lavale, Sius and Mahalunge. Being close to Poona it was always administered from the city so that there are several lists of its villages in MIS XVIII which is devoted to the records of the Poona Deshpandes.52 Although Karyat Maval was closely connected with the Maval region and at one time at least came under the same Jamidar it was quite clearly not one of the bard mdvalem.53 The word karydta (Persian qaryat) is in some regions synonymous with tarpha, but usually implies a some- what smaller sub-district-in the case of Karyat Sasvad of ten villages only.54 Karyat Maval is normally credited with 36 villages,55 for al-

though its area is quite large most of the northern half is uncultivated with only a few villages widely separated. It is described as a tarpha of

paragand Poona.56 In short, the name should be understood not as 'the Maval called Karyat' but as 'the Karyat called Maval'--because it was on the Maval side of Poona.

I4. Khedebare (Lists 2 and 3)

The valley of the Sivaganga with all its tributaries from Kalyan 50 MISXV.270, 306, 308; XVI.33, 36, 37, 40, 56; XVII.2, p. 5; 7, p. 12; XVIII.7,

p. 8; ASS IX.47-8 [in BISMQ XXV. I-2]. 51 tape musekhore paragaee . .. puner (APS II.34, pp. 73-4 [in BISMQ XVI.3]). 52 MIS XVIII.2I and 38. See also SCS II.28I, pp. 275-9; ASS.I.I39, p. 137 [in

BISMQ X.4]; PD 31.62, 187. 53jamidara bira mdvale va karyati mdvala (PD 31.185, p. I7 I-1689). 54 Fukazawa, 'Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 42. 55 pra.punepaiki deha 56; 36 ta. karyata mdvala (PD 45.1, p. 2). Also MIS XVIII.22,

p. 43; PD 31.185, p. 172. 56 ASS 1.I39 -695. Elsewhere one finds ka. mdvala ta. khadakavdsale pa. putn d (PD

31.21, p. I7-1654) as if Khadakavasale, which always seems to have been the chief village of the district, had given its name to a sub-district. In Peshwa times there are signs of the modern name for the region taking over: mouje khadakavdsale ta. haveli karydta mdvala (ASS I. 7, pp. 17-1734 [in BISMQ IX.2]).

406 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS'

beneath Simhagad to its junction with the Gunjauni57 west of Umbare. Much of its course is now followed by the main Poona-Satara road, but before the opening of the Katraj pass in the mid-nineteenth century it was an isolated valley that commanded the southern approaches to the hill forts of Simhagad and Purandhar on either side.58 It also in- cluded the valley of the Mand river59 and the left bank of the combined

Sivaganga-Gunjauni all the way to the Nira, Sarole being the most

easterly village mentioned.60 South of Nasarapuir, where the western rim of the Sivaganga basin peters out, the river itself was the boundary with Gunjan Maval.61 Khedebare was controlled by the Konde Deshmukhs62 and, like the rest of the southern mavals, formed part of the territory granted to the Pant Sachiv at the beginning of the

eighteenth century. Some of the northern villages were lost along with

Simhagad in 1750 and this, together with the presence of various

inliers,63 has produced the extremely tortuous boundaries between Bhor, Haveli and Purandhar Talukas which persist to this day.

The name Khedebare presumably comes from its main village, the kasaba or market town of Khed-now called Khed Sivapur.64 The east bank of the Sivaganga from here to Kamathadi was the personal property of Sivaji's mother Jijabai.65 It is called variously a tarpha,66 a tape67 and a petad68 but never a maval or a khor. In 1716 it was obvi-

57 Spelt also Gunjavani, Gunjvani etc. 58 As Karyat Maval similarly covered the north approach to Simhagad, the two

districts came under the same Havaldar in 17I7 at least (PD 31.187, p. I76). 59 Devadi and Ketakavale (SCS 1.26-I638), Harigcandri and Kapuravaha!a

(BISMQ XXX.3-4.72, p. 52-1784). 60 BISMQXXX.3-4, ibid. Sarole is actually an outlier. Other references to Khede-

bare villages are at ASS V.74, pp. 78-80 [in BISMQ XXIV.3]; ASS VII.32, pp. 32-8 [in BISMQ XXVII.3-4]; SCS III.624-629, pp. 207-212; 633-5, pp. 214-17; SCS VII.3x; BISMQ XXX.3-4.i34, p. 97; 191, p- 140.

61 Umbare is in Khedebare (PD 45.7, p. 57). Nidhan and Sangavi Khurd, im- mediately west of the river, are Gunjan Maval villages (MIS XVII.7, p. 15).

62 MIS XVII.7, p. I3; ASS V.70, pp. 75-6 [in BISMQ XXIV.3]; PD 31.126; PD 45.I, p. 9.

63 E.g. Kamathadi and Umbare-villages of Purandhar Taluka that were com- pletely surrounded by Bhor State lands before 1949 and are still anomalies within Bhor Taluka unless there has been a recent rationalization of boundaries. Bhor hoped in vain to recover them in I909 (see note 49).

64 Sivapur was a new quarter of Khed on the opposite side of the river, said to have been founded by Sivaji's mentor, Dadaji Kondadev: kasaba khedebdre tyd sthali sivdpura petha vasavili (Sivachatrapatici 9g kalami bakhara, ed. V. S. Vakasakara (Bombay, I930), kalam 21, pp. 40-3).

65 M. G. Josi, Konde dedamukha, BISMQ XXIV.2, pp. I 1-12. 66 MIS XVI.2; XVIII.4, 7; PD 31.69. 67 MIS XVII.7, p. 12. 68 MIS XVI.5; XVIII.42.

4o07

ously part of subhd prdnta mJvale69 as one would expect from its being part of the Pant Sachiv's fief.

I5. Kanad Khor (Lists 2-4)

The heart of Kanad Khor is the river that runs north of the fort of Torna and joins the Gunjauni near Sakhar. It is called Kanand Nadi on the Indian Survey maps. Velhe, which is now the administrative

capital of Velhe Mahal, lies about half way along it and the village of

Kanand, from which it presumably takes its name, about two miles further west. Its 33 villages were under various branches of the Marala Deshmukhs70 and it is well documented-MIS XVI being largely devoted to the papers of this family.71 Once again it is seen not to be confined to the one river valley. It spills out over the watershed to the north by the Pabe pass and includes the villages of Khamagav,72 Kondagav and Ranjane73 in the valley that drains north to the Mutha west of Simhagad. On the south the Maralas had a hand in capturing Torna,74 later called Pracandagad, and although they did not neces-

sarily control the fort itself75 their lands seem to have spread around it in the same way as happened with Tikona,76 and by I 734 at least they held Pasali and Senavadi south of the fort77 and at the head of a stream which is also labelled Kanand Nadi on the maps.78 To the east Kanad

69 A grant of land in kasabe khedebare and mouje dravf ta. khedebdre is officially notified to all the officials of subhd pranta mavale (ASS VII.3I, p. 31 [in BISMQXXVII.3-4]).

70PD 45.1, p. 8; MIS XV.3o6. 71 See also: SCS IV.747-56, pp. 1o8-14 [in BISMQXIV.i & 3]; SCS V.946-50,

954, pp. 198-205, 209-10 [in BISMQ XXI.2]. 72 MIS XVI.55, p. 60-1734. To be distinguished from Khamagav Maval (i.e.

Karyat Maval) in the same valley but further downstream. 73 MIS XVI.22, p. 38-1666. 74 MIS XVI.27 -690. Torna was first taken by Sivaji in I646 but seems to have

been lost and regained an indeterminate number of times between then and the departure of Aurangzeb's armies in I706.

75 Hill forts normally were commanded by havaldars or killedars from outside the district. They fed their garrison from the land immediately surrounding the fort (the ghera killa) and were frequently in dispute with the neighbouring villages over boundaries and encroachments (cf. MIS XVI.4o; XVII. 18-both relating to Torna).

76 See Pavan Maval. 77 MIS XVI.55; XX.266, p. 379-tora.nydkhale Senavadz gava kdnadakhordcd ahe. 78 It is hard to believe that both rivers were ever actually called Kanand. Probably

both were referred to as 'the Kanad Khor rivers' by whoever supplied the cartograph- ers with place-names. The nomenclature of these valleys seems to have defeated even the survey officers. In Papers relating to ... Prachandgad Taluka, Selections, n.s. ccclxxxviii, the description (p. 2) and the map are both wrong in different ways.

408 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS

Khor's furthest villages were Katavadi, Kolavadi and Vinjhar,79 but south of the river it ended at Kondhavali80 and the border then ran west along the ridge that divides the Kanand from the upper Gunjauni (in Gunjan Maval) and turned south beneath Torna. This part of the divide between Kanad Khor and Gunjan Maval was preserved in the

boundary between the Prachandgad and Rajgad Talukas of Bhor State and is well shown on the I.S. one-inch map 47.F.II.

As usual, Kanad Khor is referred to both as a tarpha and a tape and it comes under the jurisdiction of mdmale rdara8l or of subha mdvale,82 or subha prdnta mdvala,83 or mdmale raira va bard mdvale.84

16. Gunjan Maval (Lists i-4)

This is a large and ramifying district which holds over 80 villages and is spread over several river systems. It's heart seems to have been Murum

Khor,85 the upper valley of the Gunjauni which runs from Hatve north of Rajgad to the eastern slopes of Torna and contains the village of

Gunjavane which may be presumed to have given its name to the maval and to the river. In the early seventeenth century the name of the sub-division or petd was murumbadeva86 and we are told that muru- madeva was the name of the mountain before Sivaji built Rajgad on it.87 Indeed Rajgad was still being called kile murumbadeva in i657.88

MIS XVII is full of the disputes and counterclaims between various 79 MIS XVI.5, 7, 22, 55. Vinjhar was somehow lost by Bhor State, perhaps

going along with Simhagad, and still forms a prong of Haveli Taluka that reaches down to the river.

8o MIS XVI.55, p. 6i. 81 MIS XVI.6, 7, 51, 78. Mdmale rdira was the Nizamshahi district (mudmala) of

Rairi, called Raygad after Sivaji had taken it and made it his capital in 1662 (Kolaba District Gazetteer, rev. edn (Bombay, I964), p. 932.) In relation to the mavals the name is used only in the Kanad Khor documents and once about Gunjan Maval (SCS III.624, p. 207-I627), but it is strange that it does not appear in Fukazawa's list of Muamalas ('Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 43).

82 MIS XVI.38-I7IO. 83 MIS XVI.2I, 60. 84 SCS V.947-I626 [in BISMQ XXI.2]. 85 Although MIS XVII has the sub-title Murumakhorem-Silimakara desamukha,

the name Murum Khor appears in only one late document (MIS XVII.2, p. 2- 1796).

86 ta. gunjana mdvala pra. (?) murumadeva (MIS XVI.2, p. I ); pa. murarhadeu (!) (MIS XVI.5-I6I6); petd murumadeu tape gunjanamdvala (MIS XVII.4, p. 7). Cf. also SCS III.624, p. 207-1627; SCS V.950, p. 203-1632 [in BISMQ XXI.2].

87 Sivjrdjem . . . murumadevdcd dongara sake I562 ... ghetald (ASS 1.120 [in BISMQ X.3]). In fact, it was not just a hill but already a fort-kilah murubadeva (APS 1.39- I634). Elsewhere we hear that Rajgad was built on the sdhdm.rga parvata (SCS X.4I, p. 54 [in BISMQ XXXIV.3-4]) but this name seems implausibly Sanskritic.

88 MIS XVII. Io, p. 22.

4o09

branches of the Silimakara Deshmukhs, and between them and the Sindes and Coraghes whom they seem to have displaced.89 From the earliest share-outs90 it is clear that the Silimakaras had already spread far to the west, occupying all the land between the Torna-

Rajgad ridge91 and the main line of the Western Ghats which here runs almost east-west for ten miles or more92-in other words the valleys named on maps as the (southern) Kanand Nadi and the Welvanda Nadi. They had all the north bank of the Velavand as far east as

Kambare, after which Velavand Khor begins. Gunjan Maval's borders with Kanad Khor and Khedebare have already been defined. North of the Gunjauni it covered all the small tributaries round Vangani93 and

Kurangavadi, and south of the river it ran as far as Mohari Khurd, overlapping Khedebare.94

One would have expected such a large area to have been divided

up into smaller regions, but there is no trace of this in the documents of MIS XVII. The PD 45 list, however, mentions three tarphas: vangin, bhutonde mavala and sivapatana.95 The first is obviously the area round Vangani, already mentioned.96 Bhutonde is three miles south- west of Rajgad in the high valley of the southern Kanand, so Bhutonde Maval might be one or both of the far western valleys. I cannot identify sivapatana.97

Gunjan Maval is called both a tarpha and a tape and is once referred to as gunjana khore.98 It is described or implied as being in subhd mdvale, prdnta mavala and subhd prdnta mavala.99

17. Murum Khor (Sen's list)

i8. Bhutonde Maval

For both see Gunjan Maval.

89 See esp. MIS XVII.2. 90 MIS XVII.7-I637. 91 Except Pasali and Senavadi (see Kanad Khor). 92 Karnavadi and Singapur actually lie on the seaward slope of the Ghats. 93 But not Kitavadi and Kolavadi (see Kanad Khor). 94 All the villages mentioned and many more can be found in the huge lists of

MIS XVII.7 and Io, also 12, 39, 40. It is not worth giving a reference for each one. 95PD 45. , p. 8. 96 Vangani, like Vinjhar, was also lost by Bhor and is now a southern prong of

Haveli Taluka. 97 Unless it refers to the area close to the Sivaganga bordering Khedebare. 98 MIS XVII.21 -169o. 99 MIS XVII.22, 28, 29, 39. See also, on Gunjan Maval generally, SCS II.25o-8,

pp. 251-7; SCS IV.705, p. 57 [in BISMQXIII. ].

4IO IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE TWELVE MAVALS'

I9. Velavand Khor (Lists i and 2)

The lower valley of the Welvanda Nadiloo which is now drowned in

Bhatghar Lake since the completion of Lloyd dam in 1928. From a few stray references it seems that Velavand Khor's main village was Harnas which was a kasaba,101 and that it included the villages between Karindi and Narhe on the north bank and between Velavand village and Bare Budrukh on the south, plus Jayatapada which lies up a

tributary valley.102 In fact it would probably be more correct to say that this tributary was the true head of Velavand Khor and that the river which joined it at Velavand, coming from Gunjan Maval territory, was once considered to be the tributary. In which case the name Welvanda Nadi, which the map ascribes to the stream which runs from the west between Kelad and Sangavi, probably has as littlejustifica- tion as the (southern) Kanand Nadi just north of it.103

Velavand Khor was controlled by the Dhora Adhalarav Deshmukhs. 104

It is called a tarpha ofprdnta mdvalalo5 and once a petd.l06

20. Sivatar Khor (Lists I and 4)

All we hear of this is that it was a tarpha (or a tape) and was represented by a khota, Yasavantarav Athagavkar, who appears twice as the member of a majalasa in the early seventeenth century.107 Known more commonly now as Sivataraghal,108 it is a triangular re-entrant in the main wall of the Ghats and its river runs west into the Savitri at Mahad. Since it is interlaced between Gunjan Maval and Hiradas Maval it is easy to see why it might have been included among the mavals but there is

100 So named on the I.S. survey maps, but see below. o10 ASS III.304, p. 59 [in BISMQXVIII.3]. In 1672 Harnas was important enough

to be the site of a majalasa that met to settle a dispute about some villages downstream in Siraval (MIS XX.54).

102 ASS III.304; MIS XV.277; XVII. . This last source, which Rajavade suggests is probably a late forgery anyway, also names kamarem, but elsewhere (MIS XVII.7, p. I5; 10, pp. 27-9) the two villages of Kambare Budrukh and Khurd are clearly included in Gunjan Maval.

103 See Kanad Khor and note 78. Col. Godfrey (Papers relating to ... Prachandgad, p. 2-see note 78) calls these respectively Kelad Khor and Pasali Khor. No doubt these are the local names but I have not found them in the documents.

104 MIS XV.3o6; XVI.6i. PD 45. , p.9, spells the name dohara and gives Velavand Khor 32 villages.

105 MIS XV.277. 106 MIS XVI.62. 107yasavantardu atagdvakara khota ta. sivatarakhore (MIS XVI.2, p. I ); yasavantarau

athaga.the ... (MIS XVI.5). 108 Kolaba Gazetteer, p. 963.

4II

IAN RAESIDE

no evidence that it ever was. Nor does it seem ever to have been under the rule of the Pant Sachiv and thus become part of Bhor State.109

21. Hiradas Maval (Lists i-3)

Hiradas Maval occupied the upper valley of the Nira. On the left

(north) bank it included all the tributary streams, Bholavade, which is

just across the river from Bhor town,110 Sangamnerlll and perhaps Sangavill2 at the bottom ofVelavand Khor and as far east as Alande1l3 and Ingavali where the last few miles of the Gunjauni river divided it from Khedebare. On the south bank it was much more restricted, stopping short of the stream on which lies Kari, the seat of the Jedhe Deshmukhs of tarpha Bhor.114 From here on was Rohid Khor. To the west Hiradas Maval extended over the watershed and covered the

villages of Kund and Rajivadi. It is described once as a tarpha ofprdnta Mavalll5 and was controlled

by the Bandala Deshmukhs.116

109 According to Rajavtade (MIS IV, p. 75) the Citragupta bakhara says that sivatara khorem was controlled by Babaji Kondadev. I have not been able to pursue this reference.

110 mouje bholdvade ta. hiradasa mdvala najika kasabe bhora (BISMQVII.30, 'pasalakara gharanem', lekha 5, p. I I6).

111 This and other villages in Hiradas Maval not separately referenced can be found in G. H. Khare and N. K. Josi, 'bdndala ghardncydci eka takarira', BISMQXLIX, pp. 1-13. This long document, part of which consists of a distribution of villages made to members of the Bandala family in 1678, is the only major source of information published on Hiradas Maval. An unpublished document in the B.I.S.M. (S. G. Josi daptar, rumal 9/6) gives a few extra village names. Copies of this and of all other unpublished B.I.S.M. documents mentioned in this paper have been made available to me by Mr. G. J. Smith whose Ph.D. thesis, provisionally entitled 'Law and Justice in Maharashtra: 1750-I850', is nearing completion.

112 Unfortunately there are two Sangavis in Hiradas Maval. The Gazetteer lists five villages called Sangavi in Bhor Taluka and fails to locate them adequately. Sangavi Budrukh and Sangavi Khurd are both in Gunjan Maval, respectively five miles west and one mile south of Nasarapur. Sangavi Velvandakhore cannot possibly be 5-6 miles S.W. of Bhor and 24 miles by road at the same time, as described in the Gazetteer. This must be the Sangavi shown on maps three miles S.E. of Bhutonde and twelve W. by N. of Bhor, which would be about 24 by road. There remain, on the map, one Sangavi six miles S.W. of Bhor and another two miles N.E. These must be the ones attributed to Hirdas Maval in the Gazetteer.

113 MIS XVI.2, p. I I; SCS V.946 [in BISMQ XXI.2]. 114 Rayari was Hiradas Maval's most easterly village south of the Nira, on the

stream that flows due north from Rairesvar and not to be confused with Ratiri (see note 8 ).

15 SCS V.774, p. I8-I741 [in BISMQXVI.3]. 116 MIS XV.3o6. For some reason PD 45.1 has no further mention of Hiradas

Maval.

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS4

22. Bhor Khor (Lists I, 3 and 4)

This term is found nowhere in the published documents which

invariably refer to Bhor as a tarpha of Rohid Khor (q.v.).

23. Rohid Khor (Lists 2-4)

Rohid Khor takes its name from the fort of Rohida which lies on a

south-pointing spur south-west of the town of Bhor and was renamed

Vicitragad under the Pant Sachivs. The region was a major territorial division at least from the I62os when it is usually described in the Persian documents as a kille (kilah) or a tape (tapah).117 An undated

(seventeenth century?) document which purports to give the history of the settlement of this area describes how 'the two Rohid Khors'

(doni rohidakhornm) were divided by the killedar of Rohida, Hakim Sekh Akhu, between the Jedhe Deshmukhs of Kari who took tarpha Bhor and the Khopade Deshmukhs who had tarpha Utrauli.118 From the villages listed here and elsewhere it is clear that the Jedhe country was west of the Rohida spur on both sides of the stream, called Dul Oda on the I.S. maps, that runs down to the Nira from the plateau of Rairesvar, plus the Kari valley which is the next right-bank tributary upstream.ll9 This is tarpha Bhor tape Rohid Khor.120 The Khopade villages of tarpha Utrauli, also described as coming under kille Rohida or tape Rohid Khor,121 are in the basin of the stream named Ram Oda to the east of Rohida. The eastern ridge of this valley was the east

boundary of Bhor State and is still the boundary between Bhor Taluka and Khandala Mahal of Satara District. However, Kanhavadi, in a

triangle of Khandala Mahal which spills over the watershed, was in

I717 still part of tarpha Utrauli.122 The north-east corner of Utrauli

117 APS 1.34, 36, 40, 44 [in BISMQXII.4 & XIII.2]. 118 MIS XVI. I, p. 3. The text has ubhavali but this must be a misreading. Elsewhere

the spelling variants utrauli, utravali, utaroli, utroli can all be found. 119 Rohid Khor is exceptionally well documented. See esp. S. G. JoSi, 'khopade

desamukha', BISMQ VIII. 1-2, pp. 94-7; APS I.vii, 'karf jedhe', 34-47, pp. 38-55 [in BISMQ XII.4 & XIII.2]; APS II.v, 'ambade khopade', 20-28, pp. 23-34 [in BISMQ XV.3-4]; SCS II.xi, 'kdrfjedhe desamukha', 198-239, pp. 204-40; SCS II.xiv, 'pdnavahdla kondhalakara', 249, pp. 250-I; SCS II.xxii, 'kdri mulave', 336-8, pp. 324-33; SCS V.iii, 'ambade khopade', 760-2, pp. 4-5 [in BISMQ XV.4]; SCS XI.64-9, pp. 36-40 [in BISMQ XXXVIII]; MIS XV.266-324, 325-65; XVII.43-4; XX.264-5. There are major village lists at SCS II.2I8 and MIS XV.27I, 279, 307.

120 MIS XV.295, 308, 343, 356 etc. 121 Exceptionally APS 11.22, p. 27 has tape utravali kile rohi.dd. Cf. APS I.44-tapah

bhor kilah rohirah. 122 MIS XX.264.

4I3

was at Vadagav,123 2? miles east of Bhor, and beyond this, south of the Nira, came Siraval.

Once again the conclusion must be that Rohid Khor was a political division from as far back as we have evidence and covered the two valleys that are dominated by Rohida fort.124 In the early Maratha period it was included within subha Maval.125

24. Siraval (List 3)

The paragand of Siraval lay downstream from Bhor on the Nira and

mainly on the right bank south and east of Siraval town. It came under

pranta Wai126 and its leading Deshmukhs were the Nigade family.127 There is no suggestion that it was ever considered part of the Maval and it probably got into list 3 by virtue of having been transferred to the Pant Sachiv in exchange for Simhagad.128 Siraval was made a muni-

cipality and became the headquarters of the Vicitragad Taluka of Bhor in the late nineteenth century. After the merger the territory reverted to Satara District and became, with a certain amount of

tidying-up, Khandala Mahal.129

25. Jor Khor (Sen's list)

The headwaters of the Krishna from its source near Mahabaleshvar to its junction with the Walkhil30just west of Dhom. In I649 it was given to one of the Jedhes,131 but I have found only one further mention of a Jedhe connection.132

123 MIS XV.307, p. 325. 124 Fukazawa, 'Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 43, lists Bhor and

Utrauli as parganas under Adilshahi rule, but I have found this word used only once and of the larger unit: paragane kile rohidd (APS 11.27-1665). However, since both Bhor and Utrauli are occasionally called tape (see note 121) I imagine that Fukazawa was generalizing from his conclusion that Tappa was normally synonymous with Pargana (ibid., p. 41). 125 MIS XV.340-I678; XX.264--I77.

126 MIS XV.306. But see note 145 for a discrepancy. 127 PD 45.1, p. 3. Documents relating to giraval can be found in SCS 1.9, 10, 21,

49, 55; SCS II.x, 'siravala deSapande', I86-97, pp. I98-204; MIS XX.53-62. 128 Ranade and Joshi, History of Bhor State, p. 20. 129 The rest of Khandala Mahal had previously been the Mahalkari's division of

Wai (Papers relating to the revision survey settlement of 92 government villages of the Wai Taluka of the Satara Collectorate, Selections, n.s. cclxx, 1893, p. I).

130 The Satara Gazetteer spells it Valki. On the Grdmakosa map it appears as vardaki nadi. 131 MIS XV.335.

132 A document of I784 in the B.I.S.M. (Ghadani, rumal 46I/5) was witnessed by: dnandardva sajydsiva jedhe mokadama mouje velanga ta. jora khore pra. vdt. Velang is i miles west of Dhom.

414 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS'

In an undated list of the villages ofprdnta Wai, kasabajora is given in the division ofsamata murhe133 which seems to have included both valleys, the Walkhi and the upper Krishna. They are distinguished in another undated document as two tarphas, jora khore and jdbula khore, the latter

being the Walkhi valley in which lies the village ofJSmbali.134 Towards the end of the eighteenth century Jor Khor appears to have been de- tached from Wai and become one of the tarphas ofsubhd prdntaJavali.135 The village of Jor was one of the acquisitions of Nana Phadnis.136

26. June Maval (List 3)

This is probably a misreading although 'the old maval' might mean

anything, especially as List 3 omits several of the commonest names such as Mose, Pavan and Paud.

27. Savad Khor (List 3)

This is another mysterious name. In the conflated list supplied by Vakasakar it has been interpreted as sasavaea khorem137 which, if accepted is as inappropriate as Siraval. Sasavad, which is well east of the maval

region, is a karyata13s and once perhaps a pe.t,139 but never a khor or a maval.

The wider region

It is to be hoped that the list given above contains all the regions that were contained within the Maval. It does not, of course, exhaust all the valleys and districts of the Western Ghats which have been given names ending in khor, for these can be found further north in Khed

133 MIS XX. I75, p. 230. For samata see Fukazawa, 'Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 42. Murhe is a Marathi word meaning 'mist' and by extension 'the misty part', the top of the Ghats where the clouds hang for weeks during the monsoon. It is the third item of Grant Duff's 'Mawuls, Khoras and Mooras'.

134 MIS XX. I76, pp. 246-50. 135 ASS IX.78, p. 57-1763 [in BISMQ XLVI]. Subhd Javali was Sivaji's creation

(PD 45.1, p. 2), centred on the land that he seized from the Mores of Javali, but to talk of subhd prdnta jvali in 1763 is probably a piece of grandiloquence on the part of the now much diminished kingdom of Satara. Javial or Jaoli remains the name of a taluka of Satara District, although the village from which it takes its name is now in Mahabaleshvar Mahal.

136 ASS III. i84, p. 266 [in BISMQ XXI.3]. 137 See above p. 396. 138 MIS XVIII.3-i6o8; 6, p. 17-1638; 44, p. 64-I706. 139 MIS XVIII.47--7Io.

415

and Junnar Talukas and further south in Satara District. It might be

helpful to end with a summary of the evidence for the wider territorial divisions of the area that can be gleaned from the documents that I have used.

Under the Nizamshahi rulers of Ahmadnagar and their successors the Adilshahi kings of Bijapur mdmale riara included at the least Kanad Khor and Gunjan Maval (note 81) and the name persisted in persian- ized documents as late as I726.140 In tapah kanatakhora was kilah

toranah,141 and in Gunjan Maval was the peta and kilah of murumadeva

(notes 86-7). To the south-east was tapah and kilah rohirah-Rohida

(notes, I 17, 12), and to the north-east was kile kondhdnd-later Simha-

gad.142 Under Sivaji's rule in 1656143 the maval tarphas (as given in list 4)

and the tarphas of mdmale rtira were separated but came under the same

Sarsubhedar, who also controlled subhd ceula-Chaul. From now on the term subhd prdnta Maval appears regularly and specifically in con- nexion with Nane Maval (note 25), Pavan Maval (note 29), Paud Khor (note 36), Muthe Khor (note 4I), Khedebare (note 69), Kanad Khor (notes 82-3), Gunjan Maval (note 99), Velavand Khor (note Io5), Hiradas Maval (note II5) and Rohid Khor (note 125). Rather

surprisingly, perhaps, Mose Khor, though well documented, is not in this list and once in I66o it even appears to be a tape ofparagand Poona

(note 51). Poona itself is almost invariably called a paragand, either unambigu-

ously144 or by various dubious contractions (see note 24), and includes

Karyat Maval (note 56) and various other tarphas further east. It comes under subhd Junnar,145 as also does paragand Siraval,146 but unfortu-

nately several villages in tarpha Haveli are described as being in prdnta Poona.147 Finally, to add to the confusion, in the 1698 document which confers saramokadami rights on Khanderav Dabhade, the tarphas of Andhra, Nane Maval, Paud Khor, madha khorem (Muthe Khor?) and Paud Khor, and the paragands of Poona and Pavan Maval are all

given as being in prdnta sarakarajunara.148

140 MIS XVI.5 I 141 SCS V.950, p. 201-I632 [in BISMQ XXI.2]. 142 Ibid; MIS XVIII.3, p. 2-I608. 143 Assuming PD 31.24 to be authentic. 144 MIS XVIII.8, p. 2I1-642. 145 ASS 1.139, p. 137-1695 [in BISMQX.4]; MIS XVIII.37-i696. 146 SCS II.I9I, p. 200-1704. 147 SCS V.996, p. 285-1699 [in BISMQ XXII.3-4]; BISMQ XXVII. -2, 37,

p. 237-1762; MIS XVIII.53-1732. 148 BISMQ VIII.3, p. 124.

416 IAN RAESIDE

A NOTE ON THE 'TWELVE MAVALS' 417

Further research is needed to make complete sense of all this, but

provisionally one might guess that Prant Sarkar Junnar, being the old Nizamshahi name for the whole region that was ruled by Malik Ambar, persisted as a form of words long after it had any specific meaning; that

Sivaji organized the highland territory that he conquered into the two Prants or Subhas of Maval and Javali, and that the original paragand of Poona, being cut off from Junnar which was still unconquered, was

upgraded to a Prant.