p\krN - 2 : a>g\[J an[ g&jrit) nvlkYiai[mi> g\iÀyp(rv[S

K>D - 1 : g\iÀyp(rv[S an[ t[n) lix(Nktiai[

g\iÀy, p(rv[S an[ g\iÀyp(rv[S : S¾d an[ aY<

g\iÀyp(rv[Sn) lix(Nktiai[

K>D - 2 : a>g\[J nvlkYiai[mi> g\iÀyp(rv[S

K>D - 3 : g&jrit) nvlkYiai[mi> g\iÀyp(rv[S

64

K>D-1 g»iÀy p(rv[S an[ a[n) liÈi(Nktiai[ :-

p\At&t t&lniRmk Si[F-(nb>Fni k[ºWAYin[ C[ Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin)

nvlkYiai[mi> (n$piy[li[ g»iÀy p(rv[S.'g»iÀy p(rv[S" n&> t_v d&(nyini> tmim si(hRykiri[mi>

a[Tl&> min)t&> bnvi piÀy>>& C[ k[ a[ mi#i S¾d n rh[ti a[k si(h(Ryk s>Xi k[ Avt>#i (vOiy

tr)k[ a[ni[ ud``Bv Yyi[ C[ an[ a[n[ a[k Äyipk (vOiy tr)k[ Av$p aipvimi> a>g»[J

si(hRymi> Yi[ms hiD„ an[ g&jrit) si(hRymi> c&n)lil m(Dyini[ fiLi[ (vS[Oi rh[vi piÀyi[

C[.ai Si[F-(nb>Fni> p\Ym p\krNmi> t&lniRmk si(hRyni (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yismi>

g\iÀyp(rv[S ke r)t[ smiv[S pim[ C[ a[ ji[y&>. hv[ ai p\krNmi> g\iÀy p(rv[Sn) (vBivni

ApOT krvini[ ah)> upk\m C[.t[Y) ph[li g\iÀp(rv[Smi> smi(vOT g\iÀy an[ p(rv[S S¾dn[

an[ t[ni[ aY< smjvini[ p\yRn kr)S&>.

g»iÀy, p(rv[S an[ g»iÀy p(rv[S : S¾d an[ aY< :

'gim" a[ g&jrit)mi> m*L s>AkZt S¾d 'g»im" n&> p\ikZt Av$p C[. gim a[Tl[ ''Sh[rY)

nini piyi prn&> miNsni vsviTn&> AYL""1.Bgvd`gi[m>DLmi> 'gim" S¾dni[ aY< ai p\miN[

ni[>Fvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ : ''Sh[r aYvi ngrY) nin&> gimD&>; ¶yi> k[Tli>k Gr an[ Yi[D)k vs(t

hi[y a[v&> q[kiN&>>.""2

upri[kt 'gim" S¾dni> aY<mi> 'gim" an[ 'gimD&>" S¾di[ vμc[ ki[e B[dr[Ki di[rvimi> aiv)

nY), pr>t& a>g»[J S¾dki[Oimi> gim miT[‘Village’ S¾d p\yi[Ôy C[, ¶yir[ nini gimDi> miT[

‘Hamlet’ S¾dni[ upyi[g Yiy C[.3 The pocket Oxford Dictionary mi> 'Village’ S¾d miT[ ai p\miN[ kh[vimi>

aiÄy&> C[ ‘Group of Houses etc. larger than hamlet and smaller than town’4 hv[

'hamlet" S¾dni[ aY< Yiy C[; ‘Small villege especially one without Church"5

65

aim 'Hamlet" a[Tl[ a[v&> gimD&> jyi> vst) a[Tl) n(hvt` hi[y k[ jyi> cc< pN hi[t&> nY).

upri[kt S¾diY[i<n[ ¹yinmi> riKvimi> aiv[ ti[ aipN[ kh) Sk)y[ k[ Yi[ms hiD„ an[ c&n)lil

m(Dyi a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> 'Village" a[Tl[ k[ a[k gimn) viti[ kr[ C[. 'Village"

S¾dni[ aºy a[k aY< ai p\miN[ pN aipvimi> aiÄyi[ C[: 'Small Group of houses and

other buildings in a country area".6 ai Äyi²yimi> 'Country’ S¾dni[ aY< mh_vni[

C[ an[ aipNi> a¿yisni an&s>Finmi> a[ C[; ‘land with a special nature and

character".7 upri[kt Äyi²yi prY) a[ bibt ApÖ Yiy C[ k[ 'Village" a[Tl[ a[vi[

(vAtir j[n) pi[tin) aigv) (vS[Oitiai[ hi[y C[. 'Country" S¾dni[ aºy a[k aY< C[;

‘Open regions of fields and woods etc. as distinct from town or the capital’.8

aim ‘Country’ a[Tl[ a[vi[ (vAtir ¶yi> K[tri[ an[ v|Zxi[ a[n[ ngr an[ m&²y Sh[ri[Y)

alg piD[ C[. aim, ‘Village’ a[Tl[ gim an[ gim miT[ g&jrit)mi> kh) Sk)y[ k[

miNsni> vsviT miT[n&> a[v&> AYL j[ ngrY) nin&> an[ gimDi>Y) mi[T&> hi[y, j[n) pi[tin) Sh[r

k[ ngrY) alg piDt) (vS[Oitiai[ hi[y-j[ni p\kZ(t- K[t) mhRvni a>gi[ hi[y.

‘gim’ S¾d nim C[ an[ ‘g»iÀy’ a[ a[n&> (vS[OiN C[. a[ni[ aY< tirv) Skiy k[,

‘gimD>in&> -n[ lgt&>- t[v) r)tBitn&>’9. aim, gim an[ gimDi> vμc[ s*Èm B[dr[Ki di[r)

Skiy, pr>t& ai b>n[ miT[ vprit&> (vS[OiN 'g»iÀy" a[ simiºy j C[. aºy a[k (vS[OiN C[

'gim(Dy&>", j[ gim k[ gimD>in) nkiriRmk bibti[ j[v) k[ ri[>cipN&>, B[iqi>pN&>, a(S(xt,

as¿y, aniD) miT[ simiºy r)t[ viprvimi> aiv[ C[.10 aiY) gimDi>n) lix(Nktiai[n[

(vOiy tr)k[ rj* krt) bibti[ miT[ 'g»iÀy" (vS[OiN vF& yi[³y si(bt Yiy C[, j[n[ miT[

a>g»[Jmi> ‘Rural’ S¾d p\c(lt C[, j[ni[ aY< Yiy C[; ‘Concerning country areas and

village life’11

66

g&jrit) Ô[DN) ki[Oii[mi> 'p(rv[S" S¾d miT[ t[jn&> k&>&DiL&>, G[r, p(rG j[vi aYi[<

aipvimi> aiÄyi C[,12 pr>t& 'p(rv[S" a[k si(h(Ryk s>Xi C[ an[ si(hRyx[#i[ a[ni[ (vSiL

aY< tirvimi> aiv[ C[ j[m k[; 'viti<, nvlkYi k[ niTkmi> (vgtvir rj* Yti[ smy an[

AYLni[ s>dB<13 'p(rv[S" s>Xin) nJkn) aºy s>Xiai[ C[, 'B*(mki," 'piV<B"* j[ni[ aY< n)c[

p\miN[ Yiy C[:

''m*L[ (c#iklini s>dB<mi> p\yi[Ôt) ai s>Xi t[ni (vS[Oi aY<mi> si(h(RykZ(tni

(vv[cn miT[ p\yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[.(c#in) m&²y (vgtn[ upsivvimi> t[n[ an&k*L piVB*<n)

zNvTBr) (vgti[ mhRvni[ Big Bjv[ C[. kYi si(hRymi> AYL (vS[Oini vN<ni[mi> ai p\(v(F

(c#ikLin) mifk j p\yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[. nvlkYini S$aitni Bigmi> t[n) asrkirk

mi>DN) krvi miT[ l[Kk AYL, kiL, pi#iil[Kn ai(d (vgti[ oiri kYini m*LvAt&n[

upsivvini h[t&Y) B*(mki bi>F[ C[. t[ aY<mi> pN ai s>Xi p\yi[Ôy C[.""14 aim, p(rv[S

a[Tl[ ki[e si(hRykZ(tmi> ki[e ci[kks AYL an[ kiLn&> (n$pN. a>g»[Jmi> p(rv[S miT[

'Setting" S¾d p\yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[.15 upri[kt aY< an[ s>Xin) smj aipN[ kh) Sk)a[

g»iÀy p(rv[S a[Tl[ gimDi>ni AYL, kiL, pi#ii[ vg[r[ vAt&ai[n&> (vgt[ (v(SOT vN<n.

g»iÀy p(rv[Sn) lix(Nktiai[ :-

smg» (vVmi> (Bºn-(Bºn Av$pni> gimDi> aiv[li> C[.(v(vF d[Sni gimDi>ai[mi>

(vAtir, JvnS]l) an[ simiJk miLKimi> v](v¹y rh[l&> C[. am&k (vAtiri[mi> C*Ti>Cviyi>

aivisi[viLi> gimDi> Ô[vi mL[ C[.aivi (vAtiri[ni> k[ºWmi> a[k p\m&K gim hi[y C[. ai p\m&K

gimmi> smijni[ mi[Bidir vg< vs[ C[ t[mj ai m&²y gim upri>t smg» gimni Big$p b[ k[

vF& upg»imi[ hi[y C[. am&k p\d[Si[mi> ki[e ci[kks j³yia[ mi[Ti>Bign) vs(t k[(ºWt Yy[l)

hi[y C[, j[mi> li[ki[ ci[kks Bi]gi[(lk AYL upr vsviT krti hi[y C[ an[ t[mni K[tri[

67

gimn) frt[ aiv[li hi[y C[.ai p\kirni> gimDi>ai[n[ k[(ºWt Av$pni> gimDi> kh[vimi> aiv[ C[.

Birtmi> mi[Ti Bigni gimDi> ai p\kirni C[. aim, rh[qiNni> miLKi>n) bibtmi>

gimDi>ai[mi> v](v¹y ji[vi> mL[ C[. ai j p\miN[ a[k p\d[Sni gimDi>ni> li[ki[ni[ Ki[rik,

ph[rv[S, r)t(rviÔ[, bi[l), uRsvi[ vg[r[ aºy p\d[Sni gimDi>Y) Bi]gi[(lk p(r(AYt)n[ aiF)n

alg pDti hi[y C[, Cti> g»iÀy p(rv[Sn) k[Tl)k lix(Nktiai[ simiºy hi[y C[ j[ n)c[

m&jb rj* kr) Skiy.

{1} p\kZ(tn&> si(n¹y an[ s>GOi< : gimDi>mi> K[D*ti[n&> Jvn a(n(Vttiai[Y) Br[l&> hi[y C[. ¶yir[ vrsidn) j$r hi[y C[

Ryir[ sKt tip pD[ C[. tipn) rih j&a[ C[ Ryir[ k[Tl)k vKt stt vrsid aiv[ C[.t]yir

pikmi> k[Tl)k vKt ri[g lig& pD[ C[, Jvit pD[ C[,t[mj pS&-p>K)ai[ sim[ pikn&> rxN krv&>

pD[ C[. a(tÄiZ(OT k[ aniv|Z(Ö a[mni> kZPkJvnni> simiºy cQiv-utir C[. aim,

g»imvis)ai[ p\kZ(tni> si(n¹ymi> Jv[ C[ an[ p\kZ(t siY[ stt s>GOi<mi> pN rh[ C[.

g»iÀy smijn) an[k(vF (v(SOTtiai[ p\kZ(t aiFi(rt hi[y C[.t[mni JvndS<nmi>,

t[mni Fm<mi>, t[mni uRsvi[mi> p\kZ(tni> (v(vF t_vi[ vNie gyi> hi[y C[.aiY) j t[ai[ni[ Fm<

p\kZ(tp\Fin hi[y C[.jm)n j t[ai[n&> Jvn C[, t[mni[ jm)n siY[ni[ niti[ BiviRmk rh[vi

piÀyi[ C[. t[ai[ jm)n p\Ry[ (v(SOT mmRv Friv[ C[ an[ jm)nn[ t[ai[ Frt)miti tr)k[

ai[LKiv[ C[. g»im)N li[ki[ni> (rviÔ[ an[ Äyvhiri[ p\kZ(tni> ät&ck\ upr aiFi(rt hi[y

C[.gimli[ki[ni> th[viri[ an[ uRsvi[ ät&ni f[rfir siY[ aikir l[ti hi[y C[. g»im)N li[ki[mi>

Ô[vi mLt&> Bi³yvid) vlN k>ek a>S[ p\kZ(t siY[ni s>b>Fi[mi>Y) (vkAy&> C[. p\kZ(t pr aiFi(rt

68

kZ(OiÄyvAYi an[ p\kZ(t siY[ni stt s>pk< tYi s>GOi<n[ l)F[ g»im smd&&iymi> a[k (v(SOT

JvnS]l) (vks[ C[. {2} aY<ÄyvAYi :- gimDi>n) aY<ÄyvAYi m&²yRv[ kZ(PaiFir)t hi[y C[.kZ(P j a[mn) aiJ(vki C[.

kZ(PaiFi(rt p\vZ(_iai[mi> m&²yRv[ pS&ni[ an[ minv~mni[ upyi[g k[ºWAYin[ rh[ C[. g»imjni[

mhd>`S[ kZ(Oi oiri pi[tin) Jvn j$(ryiti[ s>ti[Oiiy a[Tl&> uRpidn kr) l[ C[.kZ(Oini[ Äyvsiy

g»imjni[ miT[ (nvi<hlx) hi[y C[. li[ki[ m&²yRv[ K[t) upr aiFir riK[ C[.gimDi>mi> aºy

Äyvsiyi[ pN kZ(PaiFi(rt p\vZ(_iai[ an[ Äyvhiri[ siY[ s>kLiy[li hi[y C[. K[t)n[ p*rk tYi

gim j$(ryit p*rti aºy myi<(dt Äyvsiyi[ pN (vkAyi hi[y C[. K[t)ni[ Äyvsiy am&k

Xi(tai[ni[ $(Qgt Äyvsiy hi[vi Cti>, aºy U>c) k[ n)c) Xi(tni li[ki[ ci[Ês Äyvsiy

krti hi[y C[. j[mk[ gimmi> p&ri[(htn&> kiy< mi#i b\iMN j kr[ C[, miT)ni visNi[ bnivvin&>

kiy< k&>Bir j kr[ C[, xi]rkm< mi#i viL>d j kr[ C[, s&Yir)kim mi#i s&Yir an[ cm<kim mi#i

cmir kr[ C[. aim, a[k>dr[ Xi(tni $(Qgt Äyvsiyi[ virsigt ciÃyi aiv[ C[.

{3} k&T&>b an[ smij : gimDi>mi> dr[k g»imvis) aºyi[ºyY) p(r(ct hi[y C[.g»iÀyli[ki[ni pirAp(rk s>b>Fi[

p[Q) dr p[Q) ciÃyi aivti hi[y C[. a[kb)Ôn) p\Ryx hijr), prAprn) ai[LK, t[mj T)ki-

mÆkr) j[v) ani]pci(rk p\y&(kt oiri simiJk (ny>#iN Yiy C[. prAprn) mdd k[ºWAYin[ rh[

C[. g»iÀy smijn&> p\iY(mk an[ piyin&> a[km s>y&kt k&T&>b C[. K[t)kim a[ s(hyir) ki]T&>(bk

jvibdir) C[.t[Y) k&T&>bni aºy s¿yi[n) mdd aivÆyk bn[ C[, aim K[t)a[ smg» k&T&>bni[

Äyvsiy bn) rh[ C[. aiY) gimDi>mi> k&T&>bvid) vlN (vks[ C[. a[Tl[ k[ gimDi>ni k&T&>bmi>

Äy(ktgt (htn[ p\iFiºy hi[t&> nY), pr>t& k&T&>bni (htn[ p\iFiºy mL[ C[.gimli[ki[ni[ bhirn)

69

d&(nyi siY[ni[ s>pk< myi<(dt hi[y C[. t[mni simiJk, ai(Y<k an[ Fi(m<k s>b>Fi[ mhd>`S[

pi[tini gim k[ pDi[Sni gim p&rti (sm)t hi[y C[.gimDi>mi>> a[kY) vF& Xi(tai[ hi[y C[. ai

j&d) j&d) Xi(tai[ prAprivl>b) hi[y C[ an[ t[ bF) Xi(tai[ gimni simiJk, Fi(m<k,

ai(Y<k an[ vh)vT) s>gqnmi> s&g\(Yt Yy[l) hi[y C[.

{4} a[k$pti :- g»im sm&&diymi> a[k p\kirn) a[k$pti k[ sm$pti Ô[vi mL[ C[. gimli[ki[ lgBg

a[ksrKi vitivrNmi> Jvn Jv[ C[. a[ li[ki[n) BiOii, bi[livin) Qb, r)t(rvij,

JvnS]l), pi[Sikn) Qb vg[r[mi> a[k>dr[ sminti Ô[vi mL[ C[.ah)> Xi(tai[n&> v](v¹y hi[y C[,

pr>t& ai Xi(tai[ smg» simi(jk Jvnmi> s&g»(Yt Yy[l) hi[y C[. ai simiJk v](v¹ymi>-

Äyvhirmi> a[k$pti rh[l) C[.T*>kmi>, g»im smd&&iymi> ai(Y<k, Fi(m<k, simiJk, si>AkZ(tk

a[k$pti ji[vi mL[ C[.g»im sm&&diyn) aigv) s>AkZ(t ai a[k$pti sj<vimi> mhRvni[ Big

Bjv[ C[ an[ ai a[k$pti j a[mni simi(jk s&g»Ynn) mh_vn) kD) C[.

{5} shkir an[ a]ky :- Birtni[ mi[TiBigni[ g\iÀysmij (v(vF Xi(tai[ni[ bn[li[ hi[y C[. biH W(OTa[ Ô[ti>

sim&&di(yk Bivni pi[tpi[tini> nini j*Ymi> (vBiJt Yy[l) jNiy C[. aim Cti> g»im sm&diy

a[k a]ky bn) rh[ C[.g»im sm&&diymi> rh[l) a[kti ci[kks p(r(AYt)ai[ an[ (v(SOT

s>ji[gi[mi> Äykt Yt) hi[y C[. a(tvOii<, d&OkiL, kipN), p&r an[ uRsvi[ j[v) GTniai[mi>

g»imvis)ai[ shkir an[ s>pY) kiy<-p\v|Z(>tai[ kr[ C[. ai bibt t[ai[n[ a[ktini b>Fnmi>

bi>F[ C[. l³n, jºm, mrN j[vi p\s>gi[a[ g»imjni[ pi[tini simiºy tfivti[ an[ mnd&&:K k[

kDviS B&l) Ôy C[ an[ a[kti Äykt kr[ C[. aini[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[ gimDi>mi> s>GOi<ni[

sd>tr aBiv hi[y C[. s>p*N< a]ky, ki[epN sm&hmi> aSky C[. aim Cti> g»im sm&&diymi>

70

a[k>dr[ a]ky rh[l&> C[. gimn&> Ki[T&> d[Kiy t[v) bibtn) mi(ht) aji·yi> Äy(ktn[ aipvin&>

t[ai[n[ r&ct&> hi[t&> nY).

{6} (v(SOT JvnS]l) : g»im smd&&iyni li[ki[n) JvnS]l) (v(SOT Av$pn) C[. ah)> pr>prigt Jvnn&>

p\iFiºy rh[l&> hi[y C[ an[ p(rvt<n p\Ry[ g\imjni[mi> a[k p\kirn) a$(c an[ aNgmi[ Ô[vi

mL[ C[.g»imjni[ni aivisi[ a[mni K[tÄyvsiyn[ an&$p simiºy an[ sidi> hi[y C[.

mkini[n) sÔvT tYi t[ miT[n) bi>FN)mi> sidg) hi[y C[.g\imjni[ni ph[rv[S, viN)-vt<N*k,

SZ>girni siFni[, ain>d-p\m[idni> siFni[ aÃp hi[y C[. g»imjni[ni s>b>Fi[mi> pN s_ii an[

tib[dir)n&> $(Qgt t_v njr[ pD[ C[.

g»im sm&&diyn) a[k JvnS]l) hi[y C[, kirNk[ g»imvis)ai[ hj& pN B*tkiLmi> j[v&>

Jvti> hti> t[v&> Jvn ai[C[v_i[ a>S[ Jv[ C[. Birt)y gimD&> hj& pN Birt)y Bivnin)

B*tkil)n p\Nil)n&> k[ºW C[. t[n) m*Ãy-p¹F(t an[ smg» s>AkZ(tmi> B*tkil)n Birt)y s>AkZ(t

an[ m*Ãyi[ni> dS<n Yiy C[. g»iÀysmijmi> k[Tl)k nv) p¹F(tai[ diKl Ye hi[vi Cti> j*n)

p¹F(tn&> sitRy Ô[vi mL[ C[. $(Qrxk g»imvis)ai[ p\c(lt p\Nil)ai[n[ Tkiv) riKvi

p\yRnS)l rh[ C[.

g»imjni[ n]s(g<k an[ Bi](tk jgtni XinY) v>(ct hi[y C[, t[Y) t[ai[mi> a[k

p\kirn) aXinti, vh[m an[ S>ki (vkAyi> hi[y C[. ai smg» p(r(AY(tn[ l)F[ g»im sm&&diymi>

p(rvt<n F)m&> aiv[ C[. g»imjni[ $(Qc&At hi[y C[ a[n&> kirN a[ C[ k[ a[mni simiJk an[

si>AkZ(tk (rviÔ[ a[mn[ slimt) an[ (AYrtin) ligN) p*r) piD[ C[. a[Tl[ (rviÔ[ bdlvin)

AvBi(vk r)t[ a[mn) mrJ hi[t) nY).

71

g»iÀyp(rv[Sni> upri[kt j[ AY*L lxNi[ ni[>Fvimi> aiÄyi t[ g»imjni[ miT[ sin&k*L k[

p\(tk*L p(r(AY(tai[n&> (nmi<N kr[ C[ an[ a[ p(r(AY(tai[mi> g»imjni[ni viN), Äyvhir, vt<n

k[vi hi[y C[ a[ bibtn&> (n$pN (vVni> GNi> si(hRykiri[a[ pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> ky&>< C[. ai j

p\miN[ Yi[ms hiD„ pi[tin) nvlkYimi> Di[rs[T prgNi>n[ 'Wessex" nim aip) a[ni g»iÀy

p(rv[Sn[ ail[K[ C[, ti[ c&n)lil m(Dyi si]riOT^ni g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> pi[tin) nvlkYiia[imi>

(n$pN kr[ C[.

72

K>D-2 a>g»[J nvlkYiai[mi> g»iÀyp(rv[S

miNs h>m[Si ki[en[ ki[e p\kirn>& mni[r>jn z>Kti[ aiÄyi[ C[. miNs vicn oiri pN

mni[r>jn m[Lv[ a[ miT[, nvlkYi $p) si(hRy Av$pni[ jºm Yyi[. hilmi> nvlkYia[ j[

Av$p FirN ky&<> C[ a[ ph[li> ai si(hRyAv$p an[k tbkkiai[mi>Y) psir Yy&> C[.nvlkYini[

ud`Bv m¹yy&gni kiÄyprk gw {poetic prose) mi>Y) Yyi[ C[. m¹y&gmi> riÔ aiY<r n)

an[k d>tkYiai[ p\c(lt ht). ai riÔ (vOi[n) d>tkYiai[n[ a[k sL>g viti< tr)k[ lKvini[

p\Ym p\yRn p>drm) sd)mi> m[li[r) {Malory} nimni l[Kk[ kyi[< an[ a[ viti<n&> (SOi<k ht>&,

Morte De Arthur. ai viti<mi> si] p\Ymvir aipNi nvlkYini p\iY(mk lxNi[ j[vi k[

S$ait, a>t, ¼li[T vg[r[ Ô[e Sk)a[ C)a[. an[ a[ r)t[ Ô[ti ‘Morte De Arthur’ a[

nvlkYin) (dSimi> upD[l&> p\Ym pg(Yy&> ht&>. aºy a[k mhin si(hRykZ(t j[mi> aipN[

aiF&(nk nvlkYini lxNi[ Ô[e Sk)a[ a[ ht), Yi[ms mi[r {Thomas More} n)

'Utopia’. ai p&Atk[ a>g»[J si(hRymi> a[k nvi y&gn) S$ait kr). ai nvlkYin[ The

first monument of modern socialism, The master–piece of English

Humanism an[ The true prologue to the Renaissance j[vi upnimi[Y)

nvijvimi> aiv). r[n[si a[ b[ bibti[n&> p(rNim ht&> ;

{1} dr)yie m&sifr) oiri nvi d[S an[ Tip&ai[n) Si[F an[

{2} p\i(cn Xin p¹F(tn&> p&nrigmn, an[ ai b[ bibti[ Yi[msmi[rni 'Utopia' ni

piyimi> ht), a[n&> miLK&> tRkil)n d(ryie m&sifr) oiri j[ nv) Si[F Ye rh) ht) a[ni

upr aiFi(rt ht>& an[ a[n) p\[rNi g»)k (fli[si[fr ¼l[Ti[ a[ a[ni Republic mi> j[ aidS<

73

rijyn) kÃpni kr) ht) a[mi>Y) l[vimi> aiv) ht). ai p&Atk nvlkYini e(thismi> K*b j

mh_vn&> si(bt Yiy C[.

F)m[ F)m[ m¹yy&gni> 'ri[m[ºs"ni[ a>t aiv[ C[ an[ si[Lm) sd)ni> m¹yBigmi> a[n&>

AYin eTil)yn gwvti<ai[a[ l)F&>, j[ni[ a>g»[Jmi> an&vid krvimi> aivti[ hti[.ai

viti<ai[n[ nvlkYi a[Tli miT[[ kh) Skiy k[ a[mi> t[ smyni li[ki[n) r)tBit, m*Ãyi[

viAt(vk Jvnmi> bnt) GTniai[ vg[[r[n&> (n$pN krvimi> aivt&>. ai eTil)n viti<ai[mi>Y)

a[k Avt>#i p\kirn) '(pkir[Ak" nvlkYini[ jºm Yyi[.16 ai p\kirn) nvlkYimi> n[S {Nash)

n) ‘j[k (vÃTn’{Jack Wilton} aYvi ‘F anfi[T&<n[T T^iv[lr’{the unfortunate

Traveller} ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. ai nvlkYimi> h[n\) aiqmini[ hj*r)yi[ j[k (vÃTn (vVni

(v(vF d[Si[ j[vi k[ f\i>s, jm<n), eTil) vg[r[n) m&sifr) kr[ C[.ai m&sifr) dr(myin a[ an[k

sih(sk kiyi<[ kr[ C[ an[ a[ni sihsi[ ai nvlkYin&> kYivAt& bn[ C[.ai j smy dr(myin

ri[bT<g»)n {Robert Greene} nimni l[Kk[ pi[tin) viti<ai[mi> l>Dnni a>Dr-vÃD<n&>

viAt(vk (c#i rj* krvini[ p\yRn kyi,[< ti[[ b)J bij&, jhi[n l)l) {John Lyly} oiri

lKvimi> aiv[l {Euphues) a[ nvlkYini e(thismi> mh_vn) kZ(t C[. ai si(hRykZ(tmi>

l)l) t[ smyni simiJk m*Ãyi[, r)tBit, rij(nt) t[mj (SxN vg[r[ bibti[n[ pi[tin)

nvlkYini[ (vPy bniv[ C[, an[ a[ bibti[ni (n$pNmi> aipNn[ aijn) nvlkYini lxNi[

ji[vi mL[ C[.

si[Lm) sd)ni a>tBigmi> a[k nvi j p\kirni t_vni[ um[ri[ nvlkYimi> Yyi[. 15 m)

an[ 16 m) sd)mi> j[ ki[e viti<ai[ bhir aiv) a[ mi[Ti> Sh[r) (vAtirni piV<B*mi> lKit)

aiv) ht). pr>t& 1580-90 n) aispis nvlkYimi> g»iÀy p(rv[Sn[ ail[Kvini[ nvi[ c)li[

S$ Yyi[. g»iÀyJvn n[ ail[Kt) ai p\kirn) nvlkYiai[‘Pastoral Novel’ tr)k[

74

ai[LKie.17 p[ATi[rl pr>primi> lKit) nvlkYimi> viti<ni[ di[r k>ek ai p\miN[ hi[y C[:

kYini[ niyk hk)ktmi> Sh[r)jn hi[y C[. pr>t& Sh[r) Jvnni a[k srKi GTnik\mY) k>TiL)

a[ gimDi>n[ z>K[ C[. GN)vir a[ni a[ k>TiLin&> kirN p\[mmi> mL[l) (nOfLti hi[y C[. t[Y) t[

Sh[r)jn BrviDni Avi>gmi> g»iÀy (vAtirmi> BTk[ C[ an[ gimD)yiai[ siY[ BL) Ôy C[.

niyk a[mn) rmti[, th[viri[, Fi(m<k (k\yiai[ vg[r[mi> Big l[ C[. ai g»iÀy (vAtirmi>

rzLpiT drÀyin a[ni (m#in&> ÀiZRy& Yiy C[ a[ni (m#ini ÀiZRy&ni Si[kn[ l)F[ kÃpi>t krti

krti a[n[ a[ dfniv[ C[. ai drÀyin a[ni[ B[Ti[ ki[e a¼sri siY[ Yiy C[ j[ a[n[ aiVisn

aip) ad`B*t p\d[Si[mi>Y) psir kr) a>t[ a[ni ´ir[ di[r) Ôy C[.

ai p\kirn) nvlkYi a[k viti< krti g»iÀy p\d[Sni> (c#ii[n) hirmiLi vFir[ ht).

a[mi> s&g»(Yt ¼li[T hi[y k[ n pN hi[y Cti>, g»iÀy p(rv[S p[ATi[rl nvlkYin&> simiºy lxN

C[. j[ a[n[ Jv>t bnivt&> ht&>. vZxi[ an[ K[tri[, Äy(Yt k[ ain>(dt g»imjni[, p\[m)ai[ miT[

s>g)tmy ligN)ai[ Äykt krvin&> mi¹ym bnti hti. p\kZ(t pN e(ºWyjºy ain>d p\din

krt) ht) an[ Äy(ktn) s&K d&:Kn) ligN)ai[ni[ p\(tsid aipt) ht); vZxi[ ai>s& sirti,

f*li[ (Amt lh[rivti an[ ät&ai[ ain>(dt Yt) aYvi d&:Km³n bnt). Jvnmi> htiS Yy[li

li[ki[n[ s&>dr K)N, sri[vr an[ zrNi>ni si(n¹ymi> psir krvimi> aivti[ smy ~[× riht

aipti[ hti[. p[ATi[rl p\[m) miT[ p\kZ(t a[k (vSiL b(gci smin ht). fL-f*l, p\iN), px),

nd), Fi[F, bFi> j a[k g»im)N uRsvn) ujvN)mi> shBig) Yti hti.

aim, a>g»[J nvlkYimi> Äy(kt an[ p\kZ(tni[ p\Ym s>b>F p[ATi[rl nvlkYimi>

AYi(pt Yyi[ an[ RyirY) g»iÀy p(rv[S[ a>g»[J nvlkYini a[k agRyni a>g tr)k[ aikir

l)Fi[.

75

sr f)l)p s)Dn) {Sir Philip Sydeny} n) 'aik<D)ai" {Archadia -1580) an[

Yi[ms li[j {Thomas Lodge)n) ‘ri[s[l)>>D’{Rosalynde-1590} mi> p[ATi[rl nvlkYini

lxNi[ Ô[vi mL[ C[.

16 m) sd) dr(myin nvlkYini[ p*rti[ (vkis Yyi[ n(h> a[ni m&²y b[ kirNi[ C[ :

{1} a[ smy[ nvlkYi a[ni p\iY(mk tbkkimi> ht). {2} an[ b)J bij&, niTki[ a[n)

li[k(p\ytin) priki×ia[ phi[>μyi hti. an[ a>g»[J si(hRymi> a[v&> vir>vir Ô[vi mL[ C[ k[

jyir[ niTkni[ (vkis Yiy C[ Ryir[ nvlkYini[ g»if n)c[ aiv[ C[ an[ jyir[ nvlkYini[

(vkis Yiy C[ Ryir[ niTkni[ g»if n)c[ aiv[ C[. aim, Cti> 17m) sd)mi> a[k nvi p\kirni

gw lKiNni[ bhi[Li[ f[livi[ Yyi[, j[ Heroic Romances tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.18

18m) sd)mi> nvlkYini lKiNi[ an[ vicnmi> B*tkiLmi> kyir[y ni[>Fiyi[ n hi[y

a[vi[ vFiri[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. a[n[ miT[ an[k p(rbLi[ jvibdir C[. ai smy dr(myin niTki[

aviAt(vk an[ an](tk bºyi. t[Y) mni[r>jn m[Lvvi miT[ aºy p\kirni si(hRy Av$pn)

j$(ryit uB) Ye an[ a[ j$(ryit nvlkYia[ s>ti[Oi). nvlkYini (vkismi> a[ smy[

p\ki(St Yti simi(yki[a[ pN mhRvn) B*(mki Bjv). nvlkYin) BiOii ri[J>d), shj an[

srL hi[v) Ô[ea[, an[ ai bibtni[ (nd[<S a[D)Sn-AT)l, {Addison - Steele} ni

(nb>Fi[mi> Ô[vi mÇyi[. smicirp#ii[ an[ simi(yki[a[ t[ smyni li[ki[n[ vicn trf viÇyi

an[ a[mn[ (ny(mt vicnn) lt lgiv). a[ smy[ uμc m¹ymvg<n) à)ai[ p&$Oin) F>Fi-

ri[jgir j[v) biH p\vZ(tai[mi> shBig) Yt) n ht). t[Y) t[ai[n[ pi[tini Grmi> j nvriSni[

p&OkL smy mL) rh[ti[ hti[. t[Y) t[ai[a[ p[itini[ smy vicn oiri Äy(tt krvi nvlkYi

upr ¹yin k[(ºWt ky&<> an[ t[Y) j ai smy dr(myin k[Tli>k l[Kki[a[ à)ai[ni rs-$(cn[

¹yinmi> riK) nvlkYiai[ lK). nvlkYin[ a[n) li[k(p\ytini (SKr[ phi[>ciDvimi> a[

76

smyni m&²yRv[ cir nvlkYikiri[ jvibdir C[ an[ a[ C[ r)ciD<sn {Richardson},

f)ÃD)>g {Fielding}, Ami[l[T {Smollett) an[ ATn< {Stern}. ai cir nvlkYikiri[n[ ‘the

four wheels of the novel wain’tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[. ai ph[li> e>³l>[Dni

nvlkYikiri[ udhirN$p nvlkYi miT[ aºy d[Si[ upr njr di[Divti hti, pr>t& ai cir

nvlkYikiri[a[ a[v) nvlkYin) si(hRy jgtn[ B[T aip) k[ j[ aºy miT[ udihrN$p

si(bt Ye. a[Tl&> j nh) h[n\) (fÃD)>g {Henry Fielding} n[ ti[ ‘The Father of

English Novel’ tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.a[mn) nvlkYi ji[s[f a[ºD\*zmi> aipNn[

g\iÀyp(rv[Sni k[Tli>k lxNi[ ji[vi mL[ C[.

jiƒs[f a[ºD*\z {Josheph Andrews - 1742) jiƒs[f a[ºD*\z n) Picaresque Novel tr)k[ (vS[Oiti a[ C[ k[ a[ni mi[Ti Bigni

pi#ii[, l[D)b&b)n[ bid krti, g»iÀy p(rv[S Frivti hi[y C[. kYini[ niyk ji[s[fni

pi#iil[Knmi> aipNn[ a[ni g»iÀy p(rv[Sni[ p(rcy Yiy C[. t[ a[k gimD)yi[ Ci[kri[ C[. t[Y)

j nvlkYin) S$aitmi> j a[n[ g»iÀyp\d[Smi> px)ai[ an[ k*tri>n) s>BiL riKvin) kimg)r)

si[>pvimi> aiv[ C[.19l[D)b&b) Ô[s[fn) kimg)r)Y) p\sºn Yiy C[ an[ a[n[ pi[tini a>gt

ni[kr tr)k[ l>Dn le Ôy C[. jyi> a[ni[ Sh[r) Jvnn) r)tBitn[ an&$p v[SplTi[ krvimi>

aiv[ C[. l>Dnm>i Ô[s[f s>g)tn&> rspin kr[ C[ an[ s>g)t (SKvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[, a[ l>Dnni

Y)y[Tri[mi> niTk j[ivi Ôy C[, aim Cti>, Sh[r) Jvnni d&OiNi[ j[vi k[ di$, j&gir a[ni[

ApS< kr) Skti nY). a[ni biH p(rv[Smi> p(rvt<n aiv[ C[, pr>t& a[ni ai>t(rk Äy(ktRvmi>

ki[e f[rfir liv) Skt&> nY). ai s>dB<mi> Henry Fielding lK[ C[: ".....However, if he was outwardly a pretty fellow, his morals

remained entirely uncurrupted "20

77

an[ t[Y) j l[D)b&b) jyir[ a[n&> Sir)(rk Si[OiN krvini[ an[ aikOi<vini[

p\yRn kr[ C[ Ryir[ a[mi> a[ fsiti[ nY). l>Dnni Sh[r) Jvnn) s>AkZ(t a[n[ akLiv[ C[, an[

a[N[ a[n) bh[n pim[lin[ lK[li p#imi> Sh[rn[ Ci[D) g»iÀyp\d[Smi> piCi frvin) eμCi Äykt

kr[ C[. a[ lK[ C[:

"I shall return to my old master's county seat .....London is a bad

place, and there is so little good fellowship , that next- door neighbours don't

know one another "21 Sh[r)Jvnn) ai kZ(#imti, mi#i biH cLkiT, sic) ligN) an[ h&>fni[ aBiv a[n[

nvlkYini a>t[ g\iÀy p\d[Smi> piCi frvi miT[ frj piD[ C[ .

ai upri>t nvlkYini GNi> nini mi[Ti pi#ii[ g»iÀy p(rv[Smi>Y) aiv[ C[. a[mn)

r)tBit, (vcirsrN) ph[rv[S vg[r[ni (n$pN oiri l[Kk Sh[r an[ g»iÀy p(rv[S vμc[ rh[li

(vri[FiBisn[ Äykt krvin&> kiy< kr[ C[ an[ ai (vri[FiBis nvlkYi mh_vni j[ (vOiyi[ni[

ApS< kr[ C[, a[mi>ni[ a[k (vOiy C[.

nvlkYimi> (n$pvimi> aiv[l) aiF&(nk Sh[r) s¿ytimi> aipNn[ d>B an[ an)(t

Ô[vi mL[ C[. jyir[ g»iÀy p(rv[Smi> aipNn[ a[k p\kirn) sidg) an[ (ndi[<Oitini dS<n Yiy

C[. Sh[r) vitivrNmi> h>&f p\[mni[ aBiv C[. jyir[ g»iÀy p(rv[Smi> an[k Kim)ai[ hi[vi Cti>,

a[n) pr>prigt JvnS]l)mi> (SÖcir rh[li[ C[. g»imvis)ai[ a[kb)Ô siY[ ligN)S)l

s>b>Fi[ Friv[ C[. ‘jiƒs[f a[ºD*\z’ni S$aitni an[ a>(tm p\krNi[mi> ai (vri[FiBisn[ GN&>

p\iFiºy aipvimi> aiÄy&> C[.

nvlkYini p\ir>(Bk p\krNi[mi> Sh[r a[k g»im)N W(Öki[NY) an[ gimD&> a[k Sh[r)

W(Öki[NY) a[kb)Ô p\Ry[ k[vi a(Bgmi[ Friv[ C[ a[ni[ aiDktri[ uÓ[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.

l[D)b&b) a[ni g»im)N pDi[S) siY[ vitc)t s&¹Fi> krvin&> TiL[ C[. srYi[ms pN ki[epN

78

Äy(ktn&> m*Ãyi>kn a[ni ph[rv[S an[ s>p(_ini aiFir[ kr[ C[. jyir[ gimDi>ni li[ki[ aAvμC

an[ gr)b hi[viY) t[ai[ gimD)yi li[ki[ p\Ry[ aNgmi[ an[ t)rAkirn) ligN) Friv[ C[.

pis<n aidm apvid$p[ a[k umdi an[ p\imi(Nk Äy(ktRvni[ mi(lk hi[vi Cti> l[D)b&b) an[

srYi[ms a[n) siY[ a[k n[ikr j[v) vt<N*k kr[ C[. (m(sz Al)psi[p pis<n aidm miT[ min

Frivt) hi[vi Cti> a[ a[v&> min[ C[ k[ t[ vir>vir l>Dn jt) hi[viY) t[n[ pis<n aidm krti

d&(nyidir)n) vF& ÔNkir) C[ an[ ai bibtn) dr[k[ ni[>F l[v) Ô[ea[.

Ô[s[f jyir[ l>Dn phi[>c[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[ni siY) ni[kri[ni s>pk<mi> aiv[ C[. a[ li[ki[

a[ni mnmi> a[n) g»im)N JvnS]l) an[ (vcirsrN) p\Ry[ GZNi uRpÒ krvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[.

a[n) r)tBit, ph[rv[S, aidti[n[ Sh[r) aiF&(nktini[ ai[p aipvimi> aiv[ C[. pr>t& Ô[s[f

a[mni Jvn m*Ãyi[ an[ mipd>Di[ni[ aAv)kir kr[ C[ an[ a[mi> a[ni Sh[r p\Ry[ni aNgmin&>

s*cn rh[l&> C[. l>Dnmi> rh)n[ a[ akLimN an&Bv[ C[. t[ t[n) bh[nn[ lK[li p#imi> a[v&>

s*cn kr[ C[ k[ Sh[r ti[ miNsn[ a[kb)ÔY) aLgi kr) d[ C[ an[ l>Dnn[ miT[ kh[

C[,‘London is a bad place’.22 f)ÃD)>g smijn&> ‘high people’ an[ ‘low people’ a[m b[ (vBigi[mi> vg„krN

kr[ C[, a[mi> pN Sh[r an[ gimDi> vμc[ni[ (vri[FiBis Äykt krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.23 a[mni mt

m&jb 'hiep)pl" f[SnviLi li[ki[ C[, jyir[ li[ p)pl f[Sn vgrni li[ki[ C[. hiep)pl ki[T<,

mi[T) sBiai[, niTygZhi[ j[vi> AYLi[a[ Ô[vi mL[ C[, jyir[ li[p)pl nini bg)ci, ziD)viL)

j³yiai[, m[Li>ai[ vg[r[ AYLi[a[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. ai b>n[ vg<ni li[ki[ cc<n) m&likit l[ C[ pr>t&

a[ AYL[ pN a[ li[ki[ ni[>Fpi#i r)t[ a[kb)ÔY) a(l¼t rh[ C[. ai b>n[ vg<ni li[ki[ a>gt

r)t[ a[kb)ÔY) p(r(ct hi[vi Cti> Ôh[rmi> a[kb)Ôn[ ai[LKvin&> TiL[ C[.

79

aim, h[n\) f)ÃD)>g[ nvlkYini e(thismi> p\Ymvir Äyv(AYt Bi]gi[(lk p(r(AY(tn[

¹yinmi> riK)n[ nvlkYi lK) an[ a[ni pi#ii[n[ AYi(nk r>g[ r>³yi. a[N[ aidm an[ Ô[s[fn)

l>Dn an[ si[mrs[Tsiyr vμc[n) yi#iin&> aib[h*b vN<n ky&<. a[ vit sic) k[ a[n&> p\kZ(t an[

GTni AYLi[n&> vN<n pr>prigt C[. Yi[ms hiD„ j[vi nvlkYikir[ p\kZ(t an[ a[n) s>AkZ(tn[

a[mn) nvlkYimi> j[Tl&> mh_v ai¼y&>, an[ a[mni minvJvn siY[ni s>b>Fn[ tiÑS kyi<

a[v&> h[n\) f)ÃD)>g[ n ky&><, Cti> a[ vit ti[ (n(átpN[ kh) Skiy k[ B(vOymi> g\iÀyp(rv[S

nvlkYini (vPy tr)k[ j[ AYin p\i¼t krvini[ C[ a[ni[ (nd[<S ti[ ci[ÊspN[ a[N[ kyi[< j C[.

1761mi> r)ciD<sn ÀiZRy& pim[ C[, f)ÃD)>g 1754mi>, Ami[l[T 1771mi> an[ ATn<

1768mi> ÀiZRy& pim[ C[. ai cir mhin nvlkYikiri[ni[ kiy<kiL lgBg 40 vOi<ni[ C[. ai

smygiLi bid nvlkYini (vkismi> ai[T aiv[ C[. Ryirbid GN) nvlkYiai[ lKiy ti[ C[,

pr>t& a[ nvlkYiai[n) g&Nv_ii srKimN)mi> GN) utrt) kxin) C[. nvlkYini ai ptn

miT[ GNi> kirNi[ jvibdir C[. f)ÃD)>g, r)ciD<sn, Ami[l[T an[ ATn< a[ nvlkYini x[#i[ t[

smy[ mi[Ti> vTvZx smin hti>, j[ni pDCiyimi> aºy nvlkYikiri[ a[ li[ki[ j[Tl) u>cie

ai>b) Skyi nh). ai cir mhin nvlkYikiri[a[ nvlkYi si(hRy Av$pmi> rh[l) tmim

Skytiai[n[ (s¹F kr) l)F) ht), t[Y) nv[[i(dt nvlkYikiri[ miT[ kS>& nv>& k[ mi](lk kiy<

krvin&> bik) rh[t&> n ht&>, (sviy k[ t[ai[ t[mni p&ri[gim) nvlkYikiri[n[ an&sr[. a[ li[ki[mi>

a[ ²yilni[ aBiv hti[ k[ nvlkYi si(hRy Av$p tr)k[ k[Tl&> sbL an[ sxm C[. t[ai[

mi#i p]si kmivvi miT[ nvlkYi lKti. p(rNim[ nvlkYin) g&Nv_ii kYL). r)ciD<sn an[

f)ÃD)>gni smymi> nvlkYin&> j[ Atr, min an[ mi[Bi[ hti t[ Ryirbidni nvlkYikiri[

ÔLv) Skyi nh), an[ nvlkYi mi#i sAt& mni[r>jn m[Lvvin&> siFn bn) rh[vi pim).

(vv[cki[a[ pN nvlkYin) avgNni kr) an[ a[mn&> ¹yin kiÄy an[ niTk j[vi aºy

80

si(hRy Av$pi[ upr k[ºW)t ky>&<. pr>t& nvlkYini aivi kprikiL dr(myin pN a[k nvlkYi

apvid$p[ aigL aiv[ C[ an[ a[ C[ a[il)vr gi[ÃD (AmY n) 'F (vkir ai[f v[ek(fÃD".

'F (vkir ai[f v[ek(fÃD" : (The Vicar of Wakefield - 1776)

gi[ÃD (AmY[ ai a[kmi#i nvlkYi lK) ht) an[ Cti> ai kZ(ta[ a[n[ nvlkYini

e(thismi> mh_vn&> AYin apiÄy&>. aºy mhin si(hRy kZ(tai[n) j[m ai nvlkYin&> pN

an[k W(Öki[NY) rspin kr) Skiy C[. a[mi>n[i a[k mh_vni[ W(Öki[N C[, a[mi> (n$pvimi>

aiv[li[ g»iÀyp(rv[S. gi[ÃD(AmY ph[li>n) nvlkYiai[ni k[ºWmi> l>Dn an[ Ryi>ni li[ki[n&>

Sh[r) Jvn ht&>, pr>t& gi[ÃD(AmY[ ph[l)vir nvlkYin[ s>p*N< r)t[ g»iÀy p(rv[Sni $pr>g[

r>g), an[ a[ r)t[ ai nvlkYi ni[>Fpi#i bn[ C[. ai nvlkYimi> gi[ÃD(AmY a>g\[J g»iÀy

Jvnn&> a[k rspd (c#i rj* kr[ C[.

a>g\[J g»iÀy smijmi> p]sidir vg< gr)bvg< siY[ k[vi viN), Äyvhir an[ vt<n

aicr[ C[ a[n&> viAt(vk vN<n a[N[[ ai nvlkYimi> ky>&< C[. a[n) siY[ siY[ l[Kk[ a[ni

smyni g»imvis)ai[n) JvnS]l), r)tBit, simi(jk (rviÔ[, a[mni mni[r>jnni siFni[

vg[r[ni (n$pN oiri nvlkYimi> Jv>t g»iÀy vitivrN sj<vini[ sfL p\yRn kyi[< C[.

g»iÀy Jvn : ai nvlkYin) a>dr g»iÀy Jvnn&> a[k ci[Ês miLK&> rj* krvimi> aiÄy>& C[.

g»iÀysmijmi> pidr) an[ jm)ndir a[ b[ K&b j mh_vni (nN<iyk p(rbLi[ C[. a[k aidS<

pidr) g»iÀy smijn) n](tk uºn(tmi> mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv) Sk[ C[, jyir[ a[k d&ricir)

jm)ndir a[n) aij&bij& rh[li tmim li[ki[ni Jvnmi> d&:Kni phiDi[ KDi kr) Sk[ C[, an[

a[ni d&ricirni[ Bi[g bnniri gr)b g»imvis)ai[ a[k p\kirn) licir) an&Bv[ C[. pidr)mi>

rh[l) sjjnti an[ minvtini g&Ni[n[ l)F[ g»imvis)ai[ a[n[ a[Tli[ p\[m kr[ C[ k[ jyir[

81

pidr)n&> k&T&>b v[ek(fÃD Ci[D) jnir hi[y C[, Ryir[ t[ai[ mi[T) s>²yimi> a[n[ vLivvi aiv[

C[24 an[ jyir[ pidr)n[ j[lni sL)yi piCL Fk[l) d[vimi> aiv[ C[ Ryir[ t[ gimni gr)b

g»imvis)ai[ s_ii sim[ lD)n[ pN a[mni vhili pidr)n[ m&kt krivvi t]yir Yiy C[.25

pidr)ni K[trmi> aiv[li Grmi> aig lig[ C[ an[ a[ Gr bL)n[ Kik Ye Ôy C[. Ryir[ a[

gimni sãdy) g»imvis)ai[ a[ni k&T&>bn[ j$r) simg») p&r) piD[ C[ a[Tl&> j nh), pr>t&

pidr)ni k&T&>bn[ rh[vi miT[ a[ gimmi> j a[k Gr pN fiLv) aip[ C[.26 gimni[ d&Ö jm)ndir

a[ni rh[qiNY) ds mieln) a>dr aiv[li tmim ´iri[ j[n) a[ m&likit l[ C[ a[n[ pi[tini

pipcirY) B\Ö kr[ C[. T*>kmi>, gimni dr[k gr)bi[ d&:K), d(rW an[ k>giL Jvn Jv[ C[ an[

a[ li[ki[ a[ pi[tini s&K d&:Kn) p(r(AY(tmi> F(nk vg<ni dyidin pr aiFi(rt rh[v&> pD[ C[.

g»iÀy mni[r>jn :

gimDi>ni li[ki[ pi[tini[ nvriSni[ smy k[vi p\kirni mni[r>jnmi> Äy(tt kr[ C[ a[n&>

gi[ÃD(AYm[ s&>dr (c#i rj* ky>&< C[. g\imjni[ Sh[r) JvnY) a[Tli a(l¼t an[ ap(r(ct C[ k[

a[mni s>pk<mi> aivti Sh[r)jni[n) cilik) an[ ct&rien[ t[ai[ ai[LK) Skti nY). h>m[Si

kZOi)ni sKt kimkijmi> psir Yti ri[J>di (dvsi[mi> r(vvir[ cc<mi> hijr) a[ a[mni miT[

m&²y v](v¹y p&$ piD[ C[. gimn) nJkmi> Briti[ m[Li[ a[mni miT[ mi#i, ain>dp\mi[d m[Lvvi

miT[n&> AYL j nY), pr>t& a[ g»imvis)ai[ miT[ pi[tin) j$r) c)jvAt&ai[ni Kr)d-v[ciN

miT[n&> bÔr pN p&$> piD[ C[. g»imjni[ mni[r>jn an[ smy psir krvi j[ p\ÄiZ(_iai[ kr[ C[ a[

s)F)-sid) an[ srL C[. g»imvis)ai[a[ p\i(cn g»im)N rmti[, li[kg)ti[ an[ nZRyi[n)

pr>prin[ ÔLv) riK) C[. an[k aifti[ siY[n) aYDimNmi> pN (vkirn&> k&T&>b hst>&, rmt>&

an[ git& rh[ C[. g»im)N g)t, s>g)t a[mn[ a[k p\kirn) min(sk rihtni[ an&Bv kriv[ C[.

simi(jk (rt-(rviÔ[ :

82

ai nvlkYimi> t[ smy[ g»iÀysmijmi> p\vt<min (rt)-(rviÔ[n&> pN s&Èm vN<n

krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. l³n j[vi> simi(jk p\s>gi[mi> pN k&T&>bn) ai(Y<k p(r(AY(t mh_vni[ m&Ñi[

bn) rh[ C[. (vlmi[T j[vi Fnni li[B) mi·is j nh), pr>t& li[ki[n[ Jvnmi> Bi](tkvidY)

(vm&K Yvini[ upd[S aipnir '(vkir" pN a[ni s>tini[ni l³nn) bibtmi> sim[ni k&T&>bn)

ai(Y<k (AY(t ¹yinmi> riK[ C[. (vlmi[T jm)ndir siY[ pi[tin) d)kr) ar[b[lini l³n nkk)

krti ph[li> pi[tin) d)kr)n) tmim s>p(t jm)ndirni nim[ lK) aipti dAtiv[j pr pi[tin)

m>j*r)n) mhi[r mir[ C[.27 ti[ b)J bij&, jyir[ jm)ndirni d&ricirni[ pdi<fiS Yiy C[, Ryir[

(vlmi[T ar[b[li an[ jyi[j<ni l³nn[ a[ Srt[ m>j*r kr[ C[ k[ hilmi> gr)b (vkir n[ jyir[

a[n) s>p(_i prt mL[ Ryir[ t[N[ ar[b[lin[ C hjir piu>D aipvi.28

smijmi> à)ai[n&> Atr K&b n)c&> C[. A#i)ai[n[ uqiv) jv), a[mn&> Sir)(rk Si[OiN

krv&>, bLiRkir j[v) GTniai[ avir nvir bnt) rh[ C[. ab&F g»imjni[ jyir[ ri[Jri[T) miT[

Sh[rmi >AYLi>tr kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[mN[ aikr) ksi[T)mi>Y) psir Yv&> pD[ C[. gr)bi[ miT[ kiyd[i

(nd<ypN[ kDk kqi[r C[, an[ b)Jbij&, F(nkvg< miT[ k*N&> vlN diKv[ C[. pidr)ai[n) aivk

mj*ri[ krti pN ai[C) C[. Yi[n<h)l j[vi jm)ndir g»iÀyp\d[Smi> aRyicir aicr[ C[ an[

Sh[ri[mi> je (vlis) Jvn Jv[ C[. d[hi>td>Dn) sÔ simiºy C[. simi(jk uRYin an[

uºn(tni[ aiFir, sr (v(lym j[vi minvtivid) Äy(ktai[ upr j rh[li[ C[.

ai(Y<k asminti :

ai(Y<k asmintini[ s&r smg» nvlkYimi> si>BLvi mL[ C[ an[ a[ni s>dB<mi> j

nvlkYimi> mi[Ti Bign) GTniai[ GT[ C[. Di[. (p\mri[z (vkir a[n) s>p(_in&> ayi[³y an[

a(vcir) ri[kiN kr[ C[ an[ a[n&> k&T&>b ai(Y<k r)t[ piymil Ye Ôy C[ an[ a[ piymil)ni

p(rNimi[ nvlkYini[ (vOiy bn[ C[.Di[. (p\mri[zn) piymil)ni smicir si>BL) v)lmi[T

83

pi[tin) d)kr)ni (vkirni (dkri jyi[j< siY[ni l³n rd kr[ C[, kirN k[ a[n[[ miT[ Di[.

(p\mri[zni k&T&>bni sd`g&Ni[ krti s>p(_i vFir[ mh_v Friv[ C[. (p\mri[zni pRn) pN min[ C[ k[

tm[ l³n Ryir[ j kr) Ski[ jyir[ tm[ ai(Y<k r)t[ s¹Fr an[ tmir) sim[n) Äy(kt j[Tli j

sxm hi[vi ji[ea[. (vkir a[ni k&T&>bni s¿yi[n[ sid&> an[ srL Jvn Jvvin) slih aip[

C[, kirN k[ a[mni k&T&>bn[ vF& pDti[ d[KiDi[ an[ d>B ai(Y<k r)t[ pi[Oiiy a[m nY) an[ t[Y)

j ti[ a[ni Grn) à)ai[ pi[tini li>bi pi[Oiikn) kipk*p kr) a[mi>Y) k&T&>bni nini biLki[

miT[ni vài[ bniv[ C[. F(nki[ pi[tin) ai(Y<k svi[<p(rtini[ d&$pyi[g kr[ C[. gimni F(nk

jm)ndir (vkirn) y&vin (dkr)ai[ siY[ aCijy C\*TCiT l[ C[ j[ aºy ki[e simiºy y&vin

le Skyi[ n hi[t. (vkirn&> k&T&>b a[mn) nbL) ai(Y<k (AY(t s&Firvini an[k p\yRni[ kr[ C[

Ryir[ (vkir an&Bv[ C[ k[ a[mni p\yRni[ ÄyY< C[ an[ a[ a[mn[ brbid) trf di[r) jS[. (vkir

n)c[ m&jb T)¼pN) kr[ C[: " Such as are poor and will associate with none but the rich, are hated

by those they avoid, and despised by those they follow.Unequal

combinations are always disadvantageous to the weaker side, the rich having

the pleasure and the poor the inconveniences that result from them."29

(vkir pN d&ºyv) Äyvhiri[Y) a(l¼t hi[vi Cti> si[f)yi jyir[ bc[<lmi> rs diKv[

C[ an[ a[ (vkirni> Grn) avir nvir m&likit l[y C[ Ryir[ t[ aNgmi[ Äykt kr[ C[, kirN

k[ bc[<l gr)b C[. aipN[ Ô[ea[ C[ k[ (vkir n](tktini mipd>Di[ni aiFir[ bc[<l bibt[ ki[e

vi>Fi[ uqiv) Sk[ a[m nY). pr>t& a[n) nbL) ai(Y<k (AY(t siY[ a[ smiFin kr) Skti nY).

smijmi> p\vt<min ai(Y<k asmintin[ l)F[ gr)bi[a[ k[vi p\kirn)-kyir[k d&:Kd, ti[ kyir[k

(vOim, ti[ kyir[k hiAyiApd p(r(AY(tmi> m*kiv&> pD[ C[ a[n&> aib[h*b vN<n gi[ÃD(AYm[ ai

nvlkYimi> ky>&< C[.

84

aim, ai nvlkYimi> gi[ÃD(AYm[ a[k g»iÀy ki]T&>(bk Jvnni> simiJk, ai(Y<k,

si>AkZ(tk pisi>ai[ pr p\Ymvir p\kiS piDyi[ an[ a[ r)t[ nvlkYini[ aikir pimti (v(vF

(vOiyi[mi> g»iÀyp(rv[Sn&> a[k v](v¹ysBr (vOiy tr)k[n&> AYin s&(n(át ky&<.

19m) sd)ni ph[li> dskimi> g»iÀy p(rv[Sn[ (vOiy bniv)n[ lKti nvlkYikiri[mi>

ph[l>& nim m(rai a[jvY< {Maria Edgeworth} n&> aiv[ C[. vOi< 1800 mi> a[[mN[ lK[l)

nvlkYi ‘kƒsl r[kr[ºT’ {Castle Rackrent) nvlkYini e(thism>i (smi(ch`n$p C[.

kirN k[ ai nvlkYini sj<n oiri a[mN[ nvlkYi miT[ a[k nvi j p\kirni si(hRyx[#in)

Si[F kr). a[mni ph[li>ni nvlkYikiri[ nvlkYimi> bnt) GTniai[ni AYL bibt[ sBin n

hti. a[mn) nvlkYimi> piV<B* tr)k[ aivti GTni AYLi[ s&(n(át an[ ApÖ n hti.

mi(rai a[jvY[< nvlkYimi> aivti AYL an[ AYini[n[ ci[kks nim ai¼yi an[ t[mni[ Ryi>

vsviT krti li[ki[ siY[ni[ s>b>F pN AYi(pt kyi[<. T*>kmi> a>g»[J si(hRymi> p\id[(Sk nvlkYi

{Reglonal Novel} lKvin) S$ait m(rai a[jvY[< kr) an[ a[ni[ p\d[S hti[ aiyrl[ºD

{Ireland}.

kƒsl r[kr[ºT {Castle Rackrent - 1800}

ai kZ(t a>g»[J si(hRyn) p\Ym p\id[(Sk nvlkYi C[. ai nvlkYimi> mi(rai a[jvY[<

r[kr[ºT k&T&>bn) cir p[Q)ai[ni ki]T&>(bk e(this an[ JvnS]l)n&> (n$pN ky>&< C[. smg» viti<

a[mni j*ni vfidir ni[kr Y[D)ni m&K[ kh[vimi> aiv) C[. Y[D) a[k simiºy gimD)yi[ C[, pr>t&

a[n) gimq) bi[l)mi> an[ Äy(ktRvmi> aiyr)S miT)n) mh[>k an&Bv) Skiy C[. r[kr[ºT

k&T&>bn) kYini ~vNn) siY[ siY[ aipNn[ aiyr)S g»iÀy (vAtirmi> p\c(lt jm)ndir) p\Yi,

kZOik p¹F(tai[ an[ smij ÄyvAYini[ pN aiCi[ pitLi[ ²yil mL) rh[ C[.

85

j[m k[ a[ smy[ aiy<l[ºDmi> a[vi[ a[k vg< hti[ j[ m¹yAY) {Middlemen} tr)k[

ai[LKiti[ j[ (vSiL K[tri[ jm)ndiri[ pis[ BiDipT[ riKti[. ai m¹yAY)ai[ fr) a[ (vSiL

K[trni nini Bigi[ gr)b K[D*ti[n[ a(tBir[ BiDi pT[ aipti. ai nini K[D*ti[ Under

Tenants tr)k[ ai[LKiti j[mn) m*L jm)ndir Bi³y[ j m&likit l[ti[, jyir[ m¹yAY)ai[

m*L jm)ndirn[ a[n&> BiD*> c&kvvimi> (nOfL Ôy Ryir[ m*L jm)ndir a[ BiD* vs&l krvi miT[

pi[tini a>gt miNsi[n[ pi[tini K[tr[ mi[klti[ j[ai[ nini K[D*ti[ni Qi[r-Qi>Kr an[ a[mni

oiri mhimh[nt[ ugiDvimi> aiv[l pik j¼t kr) l[ti. GN)vir p(rNim a[v&> pN aivt>& k[

ai gr)b nini K[D*ti[a[ m¹yAY) an[ m*L jm)ndir a[m b>n[n[ BiD* c&kvv&> pDt>&.

m¹yAY)ai[n&> vt<n m*L jm)ndir p\Ry[ K*Sim(ty&> rh[t>&, ti[ p[TiBiD*ti[ a[vi gr)b K[D*ti[ p\Ry[

t[ai[ b[rhm vlN aKRyir krti.

aiyl[<ºDni> jm)ndiri[ v]Bv) an[ (vlis) Jvn Jvti hti. j[m k[ sr p[(T^kn&>

(nvisAYin h>m[Si mh[mini[n) hijr)Y) hy>&<By>&< rh[t>&. t[ai[ h>m[Si pi[tini (m#ii[ an[

mh[mini[ siY[ BÄy mni[r>jn miNvimi> ÄyAt rh[ti, t[ai[ a[mn) aigti-Avigti miT[ smg»

p>Ykmi> ÔN)ti an[ min)ti hti. li[ki[ pN a[mn) p\s>Si krti Yikti nh). di$n) mh[(fli[

an[ (mjbin)ai[ a[mni[ ri[J>di[ k\m hti[. a[mni ÀiZRy&bidn) dfn(vF) mi> pN a[k p\kirni[

Bpki[ hti[. ai nvlkYimi> aipNn[ r[kr[ºT k&T&>bn) cir p[Q)n) kYi kh[vimi> aiv) C[. a[ kYin)

siY[ siY[ aipNn[ t[ smyni aiyl<[ºDni li[ki[ni[ Ki[rik j[vi[ k[ e>Di, mF, miKN, anijni[

li[T, mi>s, miCl) k[ a[mni m&²y Äyvsiyi[ j[vi k[ K[t), pS&piln, vNiTkim vg[r[ni[ pN

p(rcy mL) rh[ C[. ti[ ki[e j³yia[ a[mn) a>F~¹Fi li[kviykini[ uÓ[K pN Yy[li[ Ô[vi

mL[ C[.

86

aiyl[<ºDni g»iÀy (vAtiri[mi> a[v) li[kviyki ht) k[, Banshee a[Tl[ k[ a[k p\kirn&>

B*t j[ a[k (bhimN) Di[S)ni $pmi> p\gT Yt>&.a[ j[ Grmi> nJkni (dvsi[mi> ÀiZRy& Yvin&> hi[y

t[n) bir) n)c[ (vlip krt&>.

Y[D) a[k aBN gmir ni[kr C[, j[ni[ jºm an[ uC[r r[kr[ºT k&T&>bmi> Yyi[ hti[. t[Y)

t[ a[k k&T&>b miT[ vfidir) an[ pxpit Friv[ a[ AvBi(vk C[, pr>t& r[kr[ºT k&T&>bni> srp[IT^k,

sr m&Ti<G, sr k)T an[ sr k[iºD)n) Jvn (vOiyk mi(ht)ai[ j[Tl) Y[D) miT[ rsp\d C[

a[Tl) Bivkpx[ rsp\d si(bt Yt) nY). Y[D) aiyl[<ºDni g»iÀy(vAtirni j[ jm)ndir vg<

an[ a[mn) JvnS]l)n) viti[ kr[ C[, a[niY) j[ Bivki[ p(r(ct hi[y t[ j mi#i Y[D)n)

viti[n&> t¸y tpis) Sk[, n(h ti[ a[ bibti[ aºy simiºy Bivki[n[ a(vVsn)y lig[ C[.

tLpd) bi[l)ni[ p\yi[g kZ(tn[ viAt(vk bniv[ C[. pr>t& a[ni[ vF& pDti[ upyi[g kZ(tmi>

(klÖtiai[ uRpºn kr[ C[. an[ Y[D)ni> GNi> viky p\yi[gi[ni[ aºy BiPimi> an&vid krvi[

lgBg aSky C[. aim, 'k[sl r[kr[ºT" a[ a>g»[J nvlkYin) p\Ym p\id[(Sk nvlkYi C[, a[

bibtn[ bid krti aºy Ø(Öki[NY) a[ kZ(t (vv[cki[ an[ Kis kr)n[ Bivkpx[ Kis ni[>Fpi#i

bn) rh[t) nY).

mi(rai a[jvY<ni j smkil)n aºy mhin m(hli nvlkYikir j[n ai[AT[n {Jane

Ansten}C[. a[mN[ a[mn) C kZ(tai[ oiri nvlkYi x[#i[ mh_vn&> p\din ky&<. j[n ai[AT[nni[

jºm an[ uC[r d(xN e>³l[>Dni a[k gimmi> Yyi[ hti[. t[ai[ l>Dn an[ biY Sh[rn) kv(ct

j m&likit l[ti. t[mn&> k&T&>b a[k m¹ym vg„y ht&>, an[ t[ai[ a[k simiºy g»iÀy (vAtirn)

kºyin&> Jvn JÄyi hti. a[mN[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[ pi[tini a>gt an&Bvi[n[ aiFir[ lK).

a[mn) nvlkYimi> bnt) GTniai[n&> AYL d(xN e>³l[>Dni gimDi>ai[ C[. a[mn[ Sh[r)

Jvnni[ k[ie an&Bv n hti[. t[Y) t[ai[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> mi#i gi»Àyp(rv[Sn[ j

87

ail[K[ C[. t[ai[ t[mn) dr[k nvlkYiai[mi> m¹ymvg„y k&T&>bn) JvnS]l)n&> j (n$pN kr[

C[. smijni (ncli vg<ni pi#i[i k[ uμc s¿y smijni pi#ii[ a[mni Jvnni an&Bvi[Y)

bhir hti>. t[Y) t[mn[ a[mn) nvlkYi jgtmi> AYin mLt&> nY). aim, j[n a[iAT[n mi#i

myi<(dt g»iÀy Jvn, ki]T&>(bk an[ simiJk s>b>Fi[Y) j p(r(ct hti>, j[n&> (n$pN a[

pi[tin) nvlkYimi> kr[ C[ an[ a[mn) nvlkYin) viti<ai[ an[ pi#ii[mi> v](v¹y Ô[vi mÇit&>

nY). pi[tin) y&vin kºyiai[ miT[ a[mn) miti oiri yi[³y y&vinn) Si[F a[ a[mn)

nvlkYiai[ni[ m&²y (vOiy C[. a[mn) nvlkYimi> aiBn[ ai>bt) mhRvki>xiai[ k[ aiv[S k[

aiv[gni[ aBiv Ô[vi mL[ C[. a[mn) nvlkYini pi#ii[ g»iÀy (vAtirni m¹ymvg„y k&T&>bn)

l³ni[Rs&k kºyiai[ an[ y&vini[ C[. k[ie k\*r, Ktrnik Klniyk a[mni Jvnmi> p\v[S krt[i|

nY). vF&mi> a[mn) nvlkYimi> mi[T) s>²yimi> pi#ii[ni[ m[LivLi[ Ô[vi mÇiti[ nY). ki[e a[k

gimD&> an[ a[mi> rh[ti b[ k[ #iN k&T&>bi[, a[mn) pr>prigt p\id[(Sk JvnS]l), uÔN),

Bi[jn, nZRy, g»iÀy (vAtirmi> cilvi jv&>, piDi[S) an[ sgi s>b>F)ai[n) m&likiti[, a[mni

ai>t(rk s>b>Fi[, vg[r[ g»iÀy Jvnn) d](nk bibti[, a[mn) nvlkYin) siFn simg\) C[. ai

s>dB<mi> j[n a[iAT[n pi[tin) B#i)Jn[ lK[li a[k p#imi> jNiv[ C[, “Three or four

families in a country village is the very thing to work upon.""30 j[n ai[AT[n

pi[tini vtnni gimn) bhir Bi³y[ j gyi hti. an[ t[ smyn) hcmciv) niKnir a[v)

dr[k GTniai[Y) a(l¼t hti>>>>>.f\>isn) k\i>(t k[ ai]wi[(gk k\i>(tn&> a[mn[ mn ÔN[ k[ ki[e a(AtRv

j n ht&>. t[Y) t[mn) nvlkYimi> ai bibti[ni[ ki[e uÓ[K krvimi >aiÄyi[ nY). t[ai[ ki[e

smijs&Firk n hti>. tRki(ln simiJk p\âi[ an[ a[mn) vμc[ ki[e s)Fi[ s>b>F n hti[.

a[mN[ mi#i g»iÀy (vAtirmi> vsviT krti m¹ymvg„y JvnS]l)n&> avli[kn krvimi> s>ti[Oi

miºyi[ an[ a[ avli[kn n[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> rj* ky&<>.

88

p\ieD aļD p[\j&(Ds {Pride and Prejudice -1813 ) j[n ai[AT[nn) nvlkYiai[ 'Novels of Manners" tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[ an[

‘Pride and Prejudice’pN upri[kt ¼li[Tni piVB*mi> a>g\[J g»iÀy smijn) r)tBit rj*

krt) ai p\kirn) j nvlkYi C[. ai nvlkYimi>> e>³l[>Dni g»iÀy (vAtirmi> vsviT krti a[k

k&T&>bn&> (c#i rj* krvimi> aiÄy>& C[. ai k&T&>b C[, (m.b[n[T, (m(sz b[n[T an[ a[mn) pi>c

(dkr)ai[. ai k&T&>b li[>gbi[n< nimni gimmi> Si>t an[ airimdiyk Jvn Jv[ C[. a[mni

Jvnmi> j[n[ mhin kh) Skiy a[v) ki[e GTni bnt) nY). l³n (vOiyk bibti[ a[mni

rs$c)ni[ m&²y (vOiy C[. nvlkYini tmim mh_vni pi#ii[, m). b[n[T, Dis„, (b>³l[, g»iÀy

piVidB* Friv[ C[. an[ a[kFir&> ri[J>d& g»iÀy Jvn Jv[ C[. ai nvlkYimi> rj* krvimi>

aivti tmim k&T&>bi[ ai(Y<k r)t[ s¹Fr C[ an[ a[ li[ki[n[ bi[lDiºs, Bi[jn smir>B, Grg¸Y&>

rmti[ g)t-s>g)tmi> smy Äy(tt krvin&> pi[Oiiy C[. a[mni[ pi[Oiik, r)tBit, ai]pci(rkti,

(SÖicir vg[r[ bibti[ p\Ry[ aipN&> Kis ¹yin di[riy C[. 18 m) sd)n) g»iÀy s¿yti, r)t-

(rviÔ[, viN) Äyvhirn&> viAt(vk (c#i ai nvlkYimi> rj* krvimi> aiÄy>& C[. a[ smy

dr(myin pi[t[ j[ smijmi> jºÀyi hi[y a[ (sviyni smijmi> à)ai[ni p\v[Svi pr p\(tb>F

hti[. j[n ai[AT[n[ a[ smyn) li[ki[mi> p\vt<min m*K<ti, C[trimN), b[jvibdir) vg[r[n&>

avli[kn ky&<> an[ a[n) pi[tin) nvlkYimi> rj*ait kr).

aij&bij&ni> sgi>-s>b>F)n) m&likiti[, aim>#iN, l³ni[ nvi aig>t*k (vOi[ ÔNvin)

uRs&kti an[ p*CprC, bi[lDiºs miT[n&> aikOi<N, p\Ny (kAsiai[, afviai[ vg[r[mi> aipNn[

18m) sd)ni g»iÀy smij an[ Jvnn) zi>K) mL[ C[ an[ ai bibti[ni aiFir[ ‘Pride and

Prejudice" ni[ ¼li[T t]yir Yyi[ C[. a[kFiri cilti g»iÀy Jvnmi> ki[e Kl[l pDt) nY).

18m) sd)n) g»iÀy (vAtirmi> vsviT krt) mi[TiBign) mitiai[ni Jvnn) m&²y jvibdir)

89

an[ (c>ti pi[tin) d)kr)ai[ miT[ s¿y k&T&>bni[ F(nk vr Si[Fvin) ht). 'Pride and

Prejudice’ mi> pN n[Fr(fÃD an[ li[>gbi[n< a[m aiDi[SpiDi[Sni gimi[mi> rh[ti k&T&>bi[

pi[tini Grn) d)kr)ai[ni l³n F(nk y&vk siY[ Yiy a[ miT[ a[kb)Ô siY[ hr)fie kr[ C[

an[ a[ miT[ t[ai[ an[k p\kirn) y&(kt-p\y&(ktai[ kr[ C[. g»iÀy (vAtirmi> Th[lvi jv&>,

bi[lDi>sn&> aiyi[jn, Bi[jn miT[ aim>#iN vg[r[ pi[tin) d)kr) miT[ y&vkn[ fsivvin&> CTk&>

j hi[y C[.

ki[e F(nk yjmin oiri ci[kks smyni ai>tr[ gi[qvvimi> aivti bi[lDiºs a[ g»iÀy

(vAtirmi> m&²y aikOi<Nn&> k[ºW C[. bi[lDiºsn&> aiyi[jn y&vk-y&v(tai[n[ a[kb)Ôni s>pk<mi>

aivvin) tk p&r) piD[ C[. pr>t& a[ni[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[ h>m[Si ki[e s&>dr y&vt) ki[e F(nk

y&vkn[ fsivvimi> sfL Yiy j. kirN k[ ai p\kirni s>b>Fi[mi> simiJk mi[Bi[ mhRvni[ Big

Bjv[ C[. simi(jk lG&ti l³n (vOiyk (vVmi> li>Cn$p gNiy C[. smijni[ s¿y F(nk vg<

j m¹ymvg„y g»iÀy k&T&>b p\Ry[ a>tr jiLv[ C[ an[ a[n[ F&Rkir[ C[.

aim, j[n ai[AT[nn) ‘Pride and prejudice" mi> 18m) sd)ni g»iÀy Jvnn&>

viAt(vk an[ Jv>t (c#i aipNn[ (nhiLvi mL[ C[. tRki(ln smijmi> simiºy r)t[ Ô[vi

mLti dr[k p\kirni pi#ii[ a[mn) nvlkYimi> AYin pim[ C[. pidr), pi[tin) d)kr) miT[ yi[³y

m*r(tyi[ Si[Ft) m*K< mi, Dis„ j[vi[ Gm>D) an[ a(Bmin) y&vk, l)D)yi j[v) aXin) an[

bil)S y&vt), (vkhim j[vi[ fi>kDi[ pr>t& l&μci[ y&vk, kivtriKi[r m)s (b>³l[, a[l)zib[Y j[v)

s&>dr pr>t& p*v<g\hp\[(rt y&v(t vg[r[ ai tmim pi#ii[ l³n (vOiyk bibti[ oiri s>ci(lt (vVni

k[ºW AYin[ C[. a[mni ai p\id[S)k jgtmi> l)D)yin&> (vkhim siY[ nis) jv&> a[ si]Y) vF&

snsniT) f[livnir GTni C[. j[n ai[AT[nn) nvlkYini bFi> j pi#ii[ p\id[S)k C[. a[mn)

rh[N)krN), pi[Oiik, r)tBit, (rviÔ[ (v(SÖ p\kirni C[, pr>t& a[mn) AvBivgt

90

lix(Nktiai[ an[ mni[v]Xi(nk (vÅl[OiNmi> v](Vkti rh[l) C[. ai s>dB[< j[n ai[AT[nn)

srKimN) S[ks(pyr siY[ krti m[ki[l[ {Macaulay) lK[ C[: "Shakespeare had had neither equal nor second. But among the writers

who, in the point which we have noticed, have approached nearest to the

manner of the great master, we have no hesitation in placing Jane Austen, a

woman of whom England is justly proud."31

j[n ai[AT[nn) nvlkYimi> piV<B* tr)k[ gimD&> hi[vi Cti>, a[mi> K[trmi> kiL) mj*r)

krti K[D*ti[ k[ p\kZ(tni[ p\ki[p shn krti g»imvis)ai[ni p\Åni[ ji[vi mLti nY). t[ai[ mi#i

d(xN e³l[>Dni g»iÀy (vAtirmi> vsviT krti m¹ymvg„y k&T&>bn) JvnS]l) an[

(vcirsrN)n) (vgt[ rj*ait kr[ C[ an[ a[mi> j a[mn) (v(SOTti rh[l) C[.

(vkTi[r)yn y&gni S$aitni Bigmi> aipNi (vOiy g»iÀy p(rv[Sni s>dB<mi> Ô[ea[

ti[ mh_vni nvlkYikiri[ cili<[T b\i[>T {Charlotte Bronte} an[ a[(ml) b\i[>T {Emily

Bronte} C[. ai b[ bh[ni[a[ a>g»[J nvlkYi x[#i[ mh_vn&> p\din ky&† C[. a[mn) nvlkYimi>

aipNn[ kÃpni an[ a[k p\kirni ai>t(rk aiv[S-aiv[gni dS<n Yiy C[. a[mN[ j[n

ai[AT[nn) j[m ki[e a>t(ryiL g»iÀy (vAtirni li[ki[ni (r(t-(rviÔ[n&> s*Èm vN<n pi[tin)

nvlkYimi> nY) ky&†, Cti> a[mn) nvlkYimi> yi[k<Siyrni g»iÀy p(rv[S an[ p\kZ(tni s&>dr

(c#ii[ rj* krvimi> aiÄyi C[. a[mni p\kZ(tni vN<ni[ kiÄyiRmk C[, j[mi> aipNn[ p\kZ(t an[

Äy(ktni[ s>b>F AYi(pt Yti[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. a>g»[J nvlkYimi> g»iÀy p(rv[S an[ p\kZ(t siY[

adÀy aikOi<N an[ tidiRmy an&Bvti pi#ii[mi>n&> a[k pi#i j[n a[yr C[. cirli[T b»i[>Tn)

nvlkYi 'j[n a[yr"mi> kYin) ni(yki an[ p\kZ(t vμc[ s)Fi[ an[ ApÖ s>b>F dSi<vvimi>

aiÄyi[ C[. g»iÀy p(rv[S a[n) min(sktini[ a[k Big C[.

j[n a[yr {Jane Eyre -1847 )

91

upri[kt nvlkYimi> j[nn&> Jvn k&l C AYLi[a[ Äy(tt Yt&> dSi<vvimi> aiÄy&> C[ :

{1} g[eT-S[D hi[l {2} li[v&D Ak*l {3} Yi[n<f)ÃD hi[l {4} Gr-bir (vni j[n {5} m&r

hius {6} fn<D)n. p\At&t nvlkYini> tmim GTni AYLi[ g»iÀy (vAtirmi> aiv[li C[. j[n a[ni Jvnni

p\Ry[k tbÊ[ an[ AYL[ a[klti an&Bv[ C[, pr>t& g»iÀy p(rv[S an[ a[n) p\kZ(tn&> si(n¹y

a[n[ a[klti shn krvin) S(kt an[ (vOim p(r(AY(tmi> riht aip[ C[.g»iÀy p(rv[Sni>

piV<B*mi> pi>grt) ai p\NykYin) (v(SÖti a[ C[ k[ j[n nvlkYin) S$aitY) a>t s&F) a[k

aniY Ci[kr)n) v[dni an[ yitni shn kr[ C[. a[n) ai>t(rk bLtrimi> j[n mi#i p\kZ(t

siY[ni tidiRmymi> j Si>(t an[ slimt) an&Bv[ C[. li[v&D Ak*l Ci[Dyi pC) a[ ki[e mi[Ti>

Sh[rmi> AYiy) Ye Sk) hi[t, pr>t& a[n[ Yi[n<f)ÃD hi[ln&> p\ikZ(tk vitivrN j an&k*L aiv[ C[.

Yi[n<f)ÃD hi[l Ci[Dyi bid bij&mi> j ai]wi[(gk ngr m)lki[Tni ki[e kirKinimi> kim kr)

Sk) hi[t, pr>t& a[m n krti aniyis[ g»iÀy (vAtirmi> rKDti-rKDti a[ 'm*rhius" phi[>c[

C[. Gr Ci[D)n[ pN a[ mi[T<n nimni gimmi> (S(xkin) ni[kr) S$ kr[ C[. aim, a[ni Jvnmi>

GN)vir a[v) p(r(AY(tai[n&> (nmi<N Yiy C[ k[ jyir[ a[ni smi[vD) ki[epN Ci[kr)a[ Sh[rn)

viT pkD) hi[t. pr>t&, j[n ‘Daughter of Mother Nature’ C[, an[ a>t[ a[ni si(n¹ymi>

j fn<D)nni p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Smi> a[ni p\[m) siY[ Jvn (vtivvin&> ps>d kr[ C[.

a[m)l) b»i[ºTn) nvlkYi vF&r)>g hieT`s ‘Wuthering Heights’ n&> pqn a[Tl[

vt<min d&(nyini drviÔY) d*r yi[k<Siyrni g»iÀyp(rv[Smi> smy Äy(tt krvi[. a[mn[ pi[tini

ai ujjD an[[ v[rin g»iÀy p\d[Sn&> aikO<iN a[Tl&> adÀy ht&> k[, t[ai[ e.s.1836 mi>

gvn[<sn) ni[kr) miT[ hi[lf[x gyi hti> a[ Ci[D) piCi vtn prt Yyi hti. a[mn)

nvlkYikir tr)k[n) p\(tOqi a[mN[ lK[l) a[kmi#i nvlkYi ‘Wuthering Heights’ pr

92

aiFir)t C[. a[mn) t)v» kÃpniS(kt, sj<niRmk xmti an[ tijg)sBr mi](lktini (vrl

s>(m~NY) ai nvlkYi a(Út)y bn) C[. a[mni JvnkiL dr(myin ti[ a[mN[ ai nvlkYi

Yk) p\S>si p\i¼t kr) j ht), pr>t& a[mni JvnkiL bid pN ai nvlkYini aY<GTn, S]l)

an[ miLKini ¼iZ¸YkrNni $p[ an[k p&Atki[ an[ l[Ki[ lKiyi C[. Cti> hj& a[mn) ai kZ(t

a[k ki[yDi$p rh) C[, an[ t[n&> aiKr) an[ s>p*N< aY<GTn bik) C[. ai ki[yDini[ a[k Big

C[ kYi an[ l[(Kkini Jvn vμc[ni[ rhAymy s>b>F. l[(Kkin>& simiºy (SxN an[ pidr)

(ptini Grmi> smijY) a(l¼t a>t(ryiL g»iÀy p\d[Smi> psir Yy[l&> a[mn&> a[kik) Jvn

Ô[ti> t[ai[ aiv) ad`B&t ri[mi>ck kYi k[v) r)t[ lK) Skyi a[ a[k rhAy C[. p\[mY) s>p*N<

aÔN, aiJvn k&>vir) l[(Kki asimiºy Biviv[Si[n&> aiv&> tiÑS an[ viAt(vk (c#i ke

r)t[ ail[K) Sk) t[ smÔt&> nY). ai an[ aivi an[k p\Åni[a[ (vv[cki[ an[ JvnkYi

l[Kki[n[ t[mni Jvn a>g[ p\i¼y sGL) mi(ht) m[Lvvi an[ ¼iZ¸YkrN krvi p\[yi< C[. ain[

kirN[ t[mn) JvnkYiai[ni[ Qgli[ Yyi[ C[ an[ vi>cki[n&> ¹yin j[Tl&> a[mn) kZ(t prRv[ di[riy&>

a[Tl&> j a[mni a>gt Jvn prRv[ pN di[riy&> C[.

Äi&Fr)>g hieT`s { Wuthering Heights - 1847 )

p\At&t nvlkYin) tmim GTniai[ e³l[>Dni[ a[k a(t s&>dr, pr>t& a[ki>t K*Nimi> aikir

pim[ C[ an[ a[ K*Ni[[ y[ik<Siyr m&s< C[, j[n) a[k bij& brfiμCi(dt T[kr)ai[ aiv[l) C[, ti[

aºy bij&a[ l)li[Cm K)N p\d[S. ai g»iÀy p\d[Sn) p\ikZ(tk s>&drti avN<n)y C[ j[ni p\Ry[

k[Y[r)n adÀy aikP<N an&Bv[ C[.uniLimi> smg\ K)Np\d[S upr l)li K[tri[ Cvie Ôy C[.

jyir[ aikiS ci[²K&> hi[y C[ Ryir[ ai g»iÀy p\d[S s*rjni si[n[r) tDkimi> Anin kr[ C[. pr>t&

jyir[ aikiS vidLCiy&> hi[y C[ Ryir[ t[ p\d[S G[ri[ an[ gmg)n d[Kiv FirN kr[ C[. aim m&s<

minvJvnni b[ mh_vni pisi> s&K an[ d&:K n[ p\(tkiRmk r)t[ p\d(S<t kr[ C[. a[(m(l b»i[ºT[

93

pi[tini vtnni ai g»iÀy p(rv[Sni v](v¹ysBr $pr>g an[ aikirn[ aiRmsit` kyi< hti

an[ a[n[ pi[tin) nvlkYi 'v&Fr)>g hieT`s"mi> p\At&t kyi<.

nvlkYimi> GN) GTniai[ (SyiLini q>Di an[ ti[fin) vitivrNmi> GT[ C[. pr>t& Ryirbid

trt j vs>t, g»)Om an[ pinKrn&> t[mn) tmim s&>drti siY[ aigmn Yiy C[. a[(m(l

b»i[ºTni vitivrN an[ ät&ai[mi> aivti bdlivni (n$pNmi> aipNn[ a[mn) s&Èm

avli[kn S(kt an[ vN<nS(ktni dS<n Yiy C[. nvlkYimi> aivti pi#ii[ an[ a[mn)

p\ÄiZ(_iai[n&> p\kZ(tni vN<ni[ siY[ kliRmk s>yi[jn krvimi> aiÄy&> C[: “ I (Nelly) put on my bonnet and sallied out… she (Cathy) bounded

before me, and returned to my side and was off again like a young grey

hound. I found plenty of entertainment in listening to the larks singing far

and near , and enjoying the sweet warm sunshine and watching her, my pet

and my delight, with her golden ringlets flying loose behind and her bright

cheek as soft and pure in its bloom as wild rose, and her eyes radiant with

clouldless pleasure.”32

p\kZ(tn) an&B&(tni (n$pN$p[ upri[kt gwi>S Kr[Kr kiÄyiRmk C[. n[l)n) njrmi>

p\kZ(t an[ k[Y) b>n[ a[ksmin an[ aikOi<k C[. hk)ktmi> k[Y) p\kZ(tn) s&>drtini[ j a[k Big

C[ t[Y) a[ni vN<nmi> a[n) aispisn) p\kZ(tn) s&>drtini[ shj r)t[ smiv[S Ye Ôy C[.

dr[k ät&ai[ an[ p\kZ(tni> (v(vF Av$pi[ a[(ml) b\i[ºTn[ smin Atr[ ain>d)t an[

aik(Oi<t krti. a[mN[ j[ s&>drti an[ ri[mi>c uniLin) h>&fiL) pvnn) lh[rk)ai[ Yk)

an&BÄyi>, a[j an&B*(t (SyiLimi> v)>ziti ti[fin) pvni[mi> an&B*v). a[mn[ j[ ain>d

si[n[r) s*Â<(krNi[Y) p\ki(St aikiS aipt&>, a[ j ain>d a[mn[ G[ri> vidLi[Y) aiμCi(dt

aikiS aipt>&. aim Cti> a[mn) nvlkYimi> (SyiLi[ an[ a[n&> p\(tk*L vitivrN mi[T[Big[

Ô[vi mL[ C[. nvlkYini[ mi[TiBigni[ smy vs>t an[ (g»Om krti ti[fin an[ (hmvOii< vF&

94

ri[k[ C[. nvlkYin) S$ait j (SyiLini> ti[fin) vitivrNY) Yiy C[, jyir[ m). li[kv&D

vF&(r>g hieTsn) m&likit l[ C[. m&s<n&> q>D&> vitivrN Ryi> vsti pi#ii[n) t>d&rAt) pr p\(tk*L

asr piD[ C[. (m.li[kv&Dn[ t)v» q>D)n[ l)F[ t)v» Srd) Yiy C[ an[ a[mN[ smg» (SyiLi

dr(myin pYir)vS Yv&> pD[ C[. an[ ai j Srd) (l>Tnni ÀiZRy&n&> kirN bn[ C[. ät&ai[mi>

aivti p(rvt<nn) p\(k\yimi> vs>t an[ (g»Omni[ uÓ[K Yiy C[ Kri[, pr>t& (SyiLi[ ÔN[ vs>t

an[ (g»Omn) eOyi< krti[ hi[y t[m trt j pi[tin&> Sisn AYipvi tRpr rh[ C[.

ai nvlkYimi> p\kZ(tni (n$pNn&> aºy a[k mh_vn&> pis&> p\kZ(t an[ Äy(kt vμc[n)[

tdiRmyti C[.(hYkl)f Sir)(rk an[ min(sk a[m b>n[ r)t[.'Heath' {v[rinB*(m} an[

'Cliff"{KDk}n&> s>(m~N C[. an[ ai b[ t_vi[ nvlkYini piV<B*ni aigL pDti lxNi[

C[.l)ºTnni[ nrm an[ srL AvBiv Y»Sk\i[sg»[>jn) ain>(dt aibi[hvin[ an$p C[.jyir[

(hYkl)f an[ k[Y[r)nn) (h>sk ÄiZ(_i v&F(r>g hieT`sn) aispis f*>kiti vivizi[Din[ Äykt kr[

C[. nvlkYimi> GNi p\s>gi[ a[vi C[ j[ pi#ii[n) ai>t(rk mn:(AY(t an[ biH p\kZ(tn[ a[k

smin r)t[ rj* kr[ C[.

j[mk[ jyir[ (hYkl)fn[ ÔN Yiy C[ k[ k[Y[r)n (l>Tn siY[ l³n krvi mi>g[ C[ Ryir[ t[

v&F(r>g hieT`s Ci[D) Ôy C[. ai bibtn) ÔN k[Y[r)nn[ Yti t[ Äy(Yt Yiy C[. an[ t[ j

smy[ bhir f*>kit& ti[fin t[n) a>dr uBi Yy[li b[kib* bn[l) ligN)ai[ni ti[finn[ p\(tkiRmk

r)t[ Äykt kr[ C[.33ai j p\krNmi> k[Y[r)n pi[tini p\[mn) ligN)ai[n[ p\kZ(tni x(Nk an[

SiVt Av$p siY[ srKivti n[l)n[ kh[ C[:

"My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods; time will change it

.....as Winter changes the trees.My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal

rocks beneath ;Nelly, I am Heathcliff ! He's always , always in my mind

.....So don't talk of our seperatoin again ; It is impracticable ."34

95

aim, a[(m(l b»i[ºT y[ik<Siyrni biH p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Sn[ K&b j kliRmk r)t[ pi#ii[n)

ait>(rk mn:(AY(t siY[ si>kL) l[ C[. a[mni ai p\kirni (n$pNmi> a[k uRkZÖ rs$(c,

ligN)S)lti an[ viAt(vktini dS<n Yiy C[. a[mn) s*Èm s>v[dnS)lti, sSkt kÃpni

an[ ji[rdir j&Asi[ a[mn[ a[mni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn) s&>drti, BÄyti an[ rhAy rj* krvimi>

mdd$p Yiy C[. a[mni p\kZ(tni sxm vN<ni[ vickn) Xin[(ºWyi[n[ s(k\y an[ st[j kr) d[ C[.

nvlkYini e(thismi> ai v&F(r>g hieT`s a[ aÔ[D kZ(t gNiy C[ an[ ,

"What makes this work almost unique in the annals of English fiction is

its extraordinary fusion of realism and fantansy , imaginative extravagence

and the everyday world."35

v&F(r>g hieT`s an[ Y»Sk\i[Sg»[>j aipN[ aigL Ô[y&> t[ m&jb nvlkYimi> pi#iil[Kn a[mn) aispisni vitivrNni

an&s>Finmi> krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. pi#ii[n) n](tkti an[ m*Ãyi[ni[ a[ li[k[i j[ vitivrNmi> rh[ C[

a[n) siY[ s)Fi[ s>b>F AYi(pt krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[, t[Y) Bivk a[mn[ an[ a[mn) p(r(AY(tn[

vF& sir) r)t[ smJ Sk[ C[. ai nvlkYi a[ni piV<B*n[ l)F[ pN aºy nvlkYiai[ krti

ani[K) tr) aiv[ C[. m*LB*t r)t[ ai kZ(t b[ k&T&>>bi[ vμc[ni p\[m an[ (Fkkirn) kYi rj* kr[

C[. nvlkYini ai (vOiy upr a[ k&T&>bi[ j[ b[ Grmi> rh[ C[ a[n) vμc[ rh[li (vri[FiBis oiri

Bir m*kvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. nvlkYimi> mi[TiBign) GTniai[ v&F(r>g hieT`s an[ Y»Sk\i[sg»[>jmi>

AYin l[ C[. ai b>n[ Gri[ yi[k<Siyrni (nj<n g»iÀy (vAtirmi> aiv[li C[. a[(m(l b»i[ºT pN

ai j (vAtirmi> jºÀyi an[ uCyi<. t[Y) a[mn&> pi[tini ai (vAtirn&> vN<n K&b Jv>t lig[

C[. pi[tini vtnni g»iÀy p(rv[Sni G(n× p(rcyni[ upyi[g a[mN[ pi[tin) nvlkYini

pi#ii[ni mni[vlNi[ Äykt krvimi> kyi[<. (hYkl)f j[vi v&F(r>g hieT`sni rh[vis)ai[ simiºy

r)t[, k\i[F), Äy(Yt, kyir[k an](tk an[ v[rÄiZ(t Frivniri C[. a[[mni Äy(ktRvn&> ai vlN

96

v[rin g»iÀy (vAtirn) a[k T[kr) pr aiv[li a[mni (vSiL pr>t& udis)n an[ gmg)n mkin

'v&F(r>g hieT`s" oiri Äykt Yiy C[. jyir[ 'Y»Sk\i[sg»[>j" a[ yi[k<Siyr m&s<ni K)Np\d[Smi>

aiv[l&> Si>t an[ s¿y mkin C[. a[ni a[Dgr (l>Tn j[vi rh[vis)ai[ simiºy r)t[ s>Akir),

n](tk an[ si]Ày AvBiv Friv[ C[. aim, j[Tli[ (vri[FiBis b[ k&T&>bni s¿yi[ni AvBivmi>

rh[li[ C[, a[Tli[ j (vri[FiBis a[ li[ki[ j[ mkini[mi> rh[ C[ a[ni biH p(rv[Smi> p·i rh[li[

C[. an[ ai bibt pN nvlkYin[ rsp\d bniv[ C[.ai nvlkYini a¿yis dr(myin aipN[

(hYkl)f an[ a[ j[ mkinmi> rh[ C[ a[n) vμc[ an[k smintiai[ siF) Sk)a[ C)a[. j[mk[

ai mkinn&> vN<n n)c[ni S¾di[mi> krvimi> aiÄy&> C[ :

"Grotesque with strong ......narrow .....windows ......deeply set in the

wall and the corners defended with large , jutting stones "

ai j p\kirn&> ke>k vN<n (hYkl)fni d[Kiv (vOi[ Ô[vi mL[ C[:

"brows lowering, the eyes deepset........black eyes withdrawn so

suspiciously under their brow "

ainiY) (v$¹F Y»Sk\i[sg»[>j an[ a[mi> rh[t& (l>Tn k&T&>b s¿y an[ s>Akir) C[. ai mkin

h&>f an[ uÔsY) Br[l&> C[. t[ s&>dr an[ s&(vFijnk C[. Bi[>y pr (krmJ r>gn) jijm

piYr[l) C[. Grn&> f(n<cr pN ai j r>gn&> C[. an[ si[n[r) (kniriviL>& V[t Ct C[. Grn&>

vitivrN Si>t C[ an[ a[ni rh[vis)ai[ d[Kiv[ s&>dr C[, an[ (SÖ JvnS]l) Friv[ C[. ai

Grni mi(lk a[Dgr (l>Tn a[mni (vAtirni sºminn)y Äy(kt C[. t[ AvBiv[ si]Ày, udir

an[ dyiL& C[.

k[Y[r)n, j[N[ pi[tini Jvnn[ Yi[Di[ smy v&F(r>g hieT`smi> giÇyi[ C[, ti[ Yi[Di[ smy

Y»Sk\i[sg»[>jmi> giÇyi[ C[. a[ (h>si, uÆk[riT, aiv[S, aiv[g j[v) k[Tl)k (hYkl)fni j[v)

ÄiZ(tai[ Friv[ C[, ti[ b)Jbij&, sjjnti, p\[m, h&>f, Ähil vg[r[ ÄiZ(tai[ pN a[ni

97

Äy(ktRvni> pisi> C[. aim, a[ni Äy(ktRvmi> pN a[k (vri[FiBis rh[l[i C[ n[ ai (vri[FiBis

j a[mni Jvnmi> f>*kiti v[dni an[ (vniSni v>Ti[L miT[ jvibdir p(rbL si(bt Yiy C[.

p\kZ(t si(hRykiri[ miT[ ki[en[ ki[e p\kir[ s>v[dnini[ A#ii[t bn) rh) C[. vD<zvY<n[

Gisni m[dini[, ÄiZxi[, f&li[, sri[vrmi> p\kZ(tn) s&>drtini dS<n Yyi. a[mN[ p\kZ(tn) ai

s&>drtin&> ai¹yi(Rmk an[ n](tktini Fi[rN[ aY<GTn ky>&<.jyir[ ki[l(rj minti hti k[ p\kZ(t

ti[ (nJ<v j hi[y C[. aipN[ a[mi> Jvn&> airi[pN krti hi[ea[ C)a[. Ô[ aipN[ ain>(dt

hi[ea[ ti[ p\kZ(t pN aipNn[ ain>(dt lig[ C[. p\kZ(t B³n ãdyn[ ain>d aip) Skt) nY).

a[mN[ an&Bvit)t t_vXin pr Bir m&kyi[. S[l)a[ a[k v]Xi(nkn) mifk p\kZ(tn&> ¼iZ¸YkrN

ky&†. biyrn[ p\kZ(tn[ minv smijY) #iAt minv) miT[ a[k aiSri tr)k[ rj* kr). aim,

mi[T[Bigni si(hRykiri[a[ p\kZ(tni ki[e a[k Av$pn[ ji[y&>, ji·y&> an[ mi·y&>. a[(m(l b»i[ºT

pN ai j p\miN[ p\kZ(tp\[m) rHi an[ a[mni[ p\kZ(tp\[m pN vD<zvY< an[ hiD„n) j[m

p\id[(Sktini r>g[ r>giy[li[ C[. t[mn[ mi#i yi[k<Siyrni g»iÀyp(rv[Sni[ j giQ p(rcy hti[ an[

a[n) p\kZ(tni[ a[mN[ pi[tin) nvlkYimi> piV<B* tr)k[ upyi[g kyi[<. pr>t& pi[tin) p\id[(Sktini

myi<(dt p(rGmi> rh)n[ pN a[mni[ p\kZ(t miT[ni[ p\[m Äyipk an[ sv<gih) hti[. aºy

si(hRykiri[a[ ki[e a[k W(Öki[NY) p\kZ(tn[ m*lv) an[ rj* kr). a[ li[ki[ miT[ p\kZ(t a[k

pri[pkir) an[ p\[rNidiyk p(rbL bn) rh[[ C[. pr>t& a[(m(l b»i[ºT[ p\kZ(tni v](v¹y sBr,

si]Ày k[ ri]W tmim Av$pi[n[ Av)kiyi< an[ pi[tin) kZ(t 'Äi&F(r>g hieT`s" mi> dSi<Äyi.

jyi[j< a[(lyT (vkTi[r)yn y&gni aºy mhin m(hli nvlkYikir hti>. t[ai[ pN

a[k p\id[(Sk nvlkYikir hti an[ a[mni[ p\d[S hti[ 'e>³l)S (mDl[ºD" an[ a[mi> pN Kis

kr)n[ vi[r(vkSiyr an[ ki[v[ºT^). ai p\d[S a[ni u_>i&g (SKri[ an[ (vSiL j>gli[ miT[

ÔN)ti[ C[. jyi[j< a[(laTn[ ai p\d[Sn) p\kZ(t an[ s>AkZ(t miT[ (vS[Oi lgiv hti[ an[ a[n[

98

K&b p\[m kyi[<. a[mni Jvnni a>(tm (dvsi[ s&F) a[mn) m)T ai p\d[S pr m>Driy[l) rh).

a[mn) mi[TiBign) nvlkYiai[ vi[r (vkSiyr an[ a[ni g»iÀy p(rv[Sn) piV<B*mi> lKiy[l)

C[. ai g»iÀy p\d[Sn) nd)ai[, Gisni> m[dini[, K[tri[, T[kr)ai[ an[ D&>gri[, j>glni ziD)-

zi>Kri>Y) bn[l) viDi[ vg[r[ a[mn) nvlkYimi> Jv>t Av$p FirN kr[ C[. ai p\ikZ(tk

si]>dy<mi> pN gimq) d[vLi[, di$n&> p)>>q&> jy>i simiºy g»imjni[ B[gi Yiy C[ an[ hv[l)ai[

a[mn) nvlkYimi> aipN&> Kis ¹yin K[>c[ C[. ai s)mi(ch`n$p AYLi[ a[mn) nvlkYimi>

a[k g»iÀy vitivrNn&> sj<n krvimi> mh_vni[ Big Bjv[ C[. a[mn) nvlkYini pi#ii[ a[k

bij& pi[tin&> Avt>#i Äy(ktRv FirN krti hi[vi Cti> b)J bij&>, smg» r)t[ Ô[ti> a[k g»iÀy

p(rv[Sni (c#in[ upsivvi miT[ pi[tpi[tin) Bit an[ r>gi[ p&r[ C[. jyi[j< a[(laTn[ smijni

kimdir vg<n) vμc[ Jvvini[ p\Ryx an&Bv hti[. t[Y) a[mn) nvlkYini pi#ii[ alg-

alg kimdir an[ kir)grni vgi[<mi>Y) aiv[ C[. t[ai[ mi[T[ Big[ K[t)kim, mj*r), D[r) uwi[g,

f[(ryi, miL)kim vg[r[ Äyvsiy siY[ s>kLiy[li hi[y C[. smijni aivi simiºy an[ n)cli

vg<ni li[ki[n) ligN) a[n&> a[mN[ mni[v]Xi(nk avli[kn ky&< C[ an[ a[n[ pi[tin) kZ(tmi>

(vOiy bniÄyi[, ti[ b)J bij&, gimq) li[ki[n) ~¹Fi, a>F~¹Fi, Fm<, simiJk r)t-r)viÔ[,

miºytiai[, JvnS]l) vg[r[ni ani[Ki ail[Kn oiri a[mN[ g»iÀy smij an[ s¿y smij,

gimD&> an[ Sh[r, ³iZh uwi[g an[ ai]wi[(gkrN vg[r[ vμc[ rh[li v]OiÀyn[ ApÖ krvini[ sfL

p\yRn kyi[< C[. ai j p\kirn) kYivAt& an[ pi#ii[n[ p\At&t krt) a[mn) a[k kZ(t C[ '(slis

min<r".

(slismin<2 { Silas Marner -1861 }

ai nvlkYini m&²y pi#i (slisni Jvnn) viti<ni mi¹ym Yk) jyi[j< a[(lyT

Bivkn[ pi[tini g»iÀy p(rv[S p\Ry[ni pxpitn) ApÖ p\(tt) kriv[ C[. r[vli[ a[[ e>³l[>Dni

99

g»iÀy (vAtirn&> p\(t(n(F$p gimD&> C[. 18 m) sd)mi> S$ Yy[l) ai]wi[(gk k\i>(t a[n[ ApS„

Sk) nY) : “Raveloe was a village where many of the old echoes lingered,

undrowned by new voices”36

an[ a[n) p\kZ(t ai]wi[(gkrNni> smymi> pN a(vniS) rh) Sk) ht). ai

nvlkYini rspin dr(myin Bivk a[k a[vi (vVmi> p\v[S[ C[, jyir[ ai]wi[(gkrN[ hj& GNi>

g»iÀy (vAtiri[n&> ai]wi[(gk ngrmi> $pi>tr ky&< n ht&>. r[vli[ni g»imjni[ pN s)Fi-sidi>, Gr[l&>

an[ ai(t¸yS)l dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi C[.bFi> j g\imjni[ prApr G(nOq r)t[ s>kLiy[li C[.dr[k

Äy(kt aºy Äy(ktn[ ai[LK[ C[ an[ aip(_ini smy[ aºyi[ºyn[ mdd kr[ C[. (slisn[ jyir[

jyir[ g»imjni[n) mddn) j$r pD[ C[ Ryir[ t[n[ mdd mL) rh[ C[. (slisn) S$aitn)

a[klti miT[ a[ pi[t[ jvibdir hti[ :

“He invited no comer to step across his door-sill, and he never strolled

into the village to drink a pint at the Rainbow.”37

(slisn&> aiv&> vlN g»imjni[n[ asimiºy ligt&. t[ai[ (slisn&> Äy(ktRv smJ n

Skti an[ t[n[ S>kin) njrY) Ô[ti. kirN k[, 'r[enbi[" a[ r[vli[ni g»iÀy smijn&> ãdy

smin ht&> an[ a[ni[ aAv)kir krvi[ a[Tl[ smg» smijni[ aAv)kir krvi bribr ht&>.

jyi[j< a[(laT ai nvlkYimi> r[vli[ni g»imjni[n) min(skti, t[mni mni[vlNi[, t[ai[ni

Äyvsiy, r)t-r)viÔ[ vg[r[n&> a[Tl&> tiÑS vN<n kr[ C[ k[, t[mi> aivti pi#ii[ aipN) njr

smx Jv>t lig[ C[. “When She wrote 'Silas Marner', she had only to shut her eyes and

imagine herself a small girl again. This is why whole series of minute

100

touches are added to her picture till the whole of the gathering at Squire

Cass’s house, for instance; is living gathering before us”.38

ai m[LivDimi> a[k (ms (p\(sli C[, j[ni[ si>kDi[ $p[r) r[Æm) D^[s, gLimi> mi[t)n)

miLi, a[ni m&liym vi>kD)yi viL, p)LiS pDt) nij*k grdn, q>D) an[ B[jn[ l)F[ a[ni[

riti[ ch[ri[ a[k uRsih) giÀy kºyin&> (c#i rj* kr[ C[.gimni pidr)a[ GNi> bFi> sLviLi[

(vSiL K[s FirN kyi[< C[.~)mt) k\[kn Y\i[p[ miYi pr mrGi>ni p)>Ci>n) klg) FirN kr) C[

an[ Akviyr hiYmi> ci>d)n) C)>kN)n) D¾b) riK) a[ni y&vin)ni (dvsi[n) viti[ kr[ C[. ai

nvlkYimi> aivi ti[ an[k vN<ni[ aiv[ C[ j[ 18m) sd)ni g\iÀy smij an[ smyn&> aib[h*b

(c#i rj* kr[ C[.

ai a[ y&gn) vit C[ jyir[ ³iZ(hN)ai[ pi[tini Grmi> j vNiTkim krt). mi[Ti> Gri[mi>

(byr giLvimi> aivti[, b»[D S[kvimi> aivti, m&r¾bi[, c)z an[ miKN bnivvimi> aivti.

mi#i gr)b vg<ni li[ki[ j j[ni Grmi> BÎ) n ht), t[ai[ Kis p\s>gi[a[ b[kr)n) m&likit

l[ti.aim, aipN) smx smg\ g\iÀyJvn Jv>t Yiy C[. Akviyr a[ gimni si]Y) mhRvp*N<

Äy(kt hti. Ryirbid jm)ndiri[ni[ viri[ aivti[. Ryirbid cc<ni pidr) an[ Di[kTri[. p>]Digr,

bir)ni kicni[ kir)gr, KiTk), p\iN)ai[ni[ DiƒkTr, drJ, mi[c), ki[ºAT[bl, di$ni p)qini[

mi(lk, K[tmj*ri[ gimni ri[J>di Jvn ck\n[ cil& riKti. r[vli[ gimn&> pi[tin&> a[k Avt>#i

simiJk k[ ai(Y<k miLK&> ht&> j[ Bi³y[ j bhirn) d&(nyi siY[ s>pk<mi> aivt&>. r[vli[ni

g»imjni[ nJkmi> aiv[li ngrY) ap(r(ct hti. aim, t[ai[n) tmim g(t(vF)ai[ pi[tini

p\d[S p*rt) j (sm)t ht). aij[ aipN[ T^[en, mi[Tr, bs, (sn[miGri[, elk[T^)k lieT,

p&Atkily an[ (SxNni y&gmi> Bi³y[ j a[ smyn) kÃpni kr) Sk)a[ k[ jyir[ mi[Ti

Bigni li[ki[ p&Atki[n&> pqn s&¹Fi> kr) Skti n hti>. simiºy r)t[ biebl (sviy aºy k[ie

101

vicn simg») upl¾F n ht) an[ (Skir, di$n&> p)q&>, mrGi> lDie j[v) rmti[ mi#i

mni[r>jnni siFni[ hti j[ li[ki[ miNti.

nvlkYini[ smygiLi[ 1810 Y) 1840 ni[ dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi[ C[, jyir[ e>³l[>Dni

ai]wi[(gk k\i>(tni[ p\cir an[ p\sir Ye rHi[ hti[. ³iZh uwi[gi[ b>F Ye rHi hti> an[ a[n&>

AYin kirKiniai[a[ l)F&> ht&>. nini K[D*ti[ brbid Ye rHi hti> an[ mi[Ti jm)ndiri[ni

K[tri[n&> Giscirini m[dini[mi> $pi>tr Ye rH&> ht&>. K[tmj*ri[ ri[J-ri[T)n) Si[Fmi> Sh[r trf

AYLit>r kr) rHi hti>. pr>t& r[vli[ ai tmim biH g(t(vF)ai[Y) a(l¼t ht&>. ai gimni

jm)ndiri[ hj& pN s&K), sÀiZ¹F an[ s&At hti. gimni K[tri[n) jm)n fLW&p ht). biH

d&(nyini (c#iY) (vpr)t r[vli[ni K[tmj*ri[ an[ kir)gri[n[ pi[tini gimmi> j ri[J-ri[T) mL)

rh[t) ht).

aim, r[vli[ ai]wi[(gkrNn) asri[Y) m&kt hi[vi Cti> t[n) bhirn) d&(nyimi> Yti

p(rvt<ni[ni[ p(rcy aipNn[ nvlkYini a>(tm p\krNmi> krivvimi> aiÄyi[ C[,jyir[ (slis

an[ a[(p (slisni jºmAYLn) m&likit l[ C[ an[ j[ Frm*LY) bdlie gy&> C[, a[ hv[

ai]w[i(gkngr bn) gy&> C[.d[vLi[ an[ kb»Atin nib*d Ye gyi C[.mkini[ a[ r)t[ g)c[ig)c

hti k[ j[ Ô[e a[(p Dr an[ g*>gLimN an&Bv[ C[.an[ t[ d&:Kd udgir kiQ[ C[:

"O what a dark ugly place! How it hides The sky ! "39

m*D)vid an[ Äyvsiy)krN[ gimDi>n) sy&>kt an[ shkir)p\Yin[ (vBkt kr) ni>K) C[

an[ dr[k Äy(kt ki[e smij k[ j*Yni[ s¿y n rh[ti a[kli[-aT*li[ Äy(kt bn) gyi[ C[.

ai]Fi[(gkrN[ a[n) pr>prigt JvnS]l) n[ Frm*L Y) bdl) niK) C[. a[(p ¶yir[ ai[]wi[(gk

ngrn) m&likit l[ C[ Ryir[ ai bF&> j avli[kn kr[ C[.an[ aiGit an&Bv[ C[. (slis pN

ngr s>AkZ(tmi>Y) aiv[ C[ an[ a[Tl[ j a[ nvlkYin) S$aitmi> g»iÀysmijn) s>AkZ(t an[

102

s>Akir smjvimi> (nOfL Ôy C[. an[ a[ li[ki[ siY[ srLtiY) hL)mL) Skti[ nY).jyi[j<

a[(lyT ah)> a[ j vit kh[vi mig[ C[ k[, (slis j[vi[ Sh[rmi> vsti[ kimdir a[ni j[ m*LB*t

virsiY) v>(ct Ye gyi[ hti[ a[ virsi[ g»imjni[a[ hj& ÄyvIAYt r)t[ sicv) ri²yi[ hti[

an[ a[ virsi[ (slisn[ fr) piCi[ r[vli[mi> j mL[ C[. aim, ai nvlkYimi> ¶yi[j< a[(lyT[

gimD&> an[ Sh[rn&> (vri[FiBis) (c#i rj* ky&< C[. an[ a[mi> g»iÀyp(rv[Sn[ ~[Oq si(bt krvini[

p\yRn kyi[< C[.

~¹Fi-a>F~¹Fi :

~¹Fi k[ a>F~¹Fi g»imjni[n) min(skti GDvimi> mhRvni[ Big Bjv[ C[. pi[tini

an&Bv pr j aiFi(rt Xin an[ pi[tini p\d[S p*rti j (s(mt Jvnn[ l)F[ g»imjni[mi>

an[k p\kirn) a>F~¹Fi p\vt[< C[ an[ a[ bibtn) t[ai[ni a[kb)Ô p\Ry[ni vlN pr

(nNi<yk asri[ Yiy C[. GN)vir a>F~¹Fin&> t_v, a[Tl&> p\bL bn[ C[ k[ a[mni Jvnmi> a[

an[p[(xt p(rvt<ni[ an[ p(rNimi[ liv[ C[. (slis j[ a[klti an[ (nriSin) gti<mi> Fk[lie

Ôy C[ a[n[ miT[ j[ si]Y) vF& jvibdir p(rbL hi[y ti[ a[ C[ g»imjni[ni mnmi> rh[l)

a>F~¹Fi.

r[vli[mi> aiv)n[ (slis[ vsviT kyi[< RyirpC)ni Yi[Di> arsimi> a[k GTni bn[

C[.(slisn[ li[ki[ siY[ s>pk< vFirvin[i an[ vF& Fn p\i¼t krvini[ a[k mi[ki[ p\i¼t

Yy[li[.ãdyri[g an[ jLi[drY) p)Dit) s[Ãl) ai[T`s kr)n[ mi[c)n) A#i)n[ b[ m(hni s&F)

DƒikTrn) dvi kriÄyi> Cti> mT[l&> n(h t[n[ (slis[ fi[ks³lv nimn) vnAp(tni[ ukiLi[ pien[

jld)Y) a[kdm siJ kr) d)F[l).s[Ãl)n[ vnAp(tni g&Nni (hsib[ j sir&> Yy[l&>. DƒikTrY)

n(h mT[li[ ri[g (slis[ a[kdm mTiD) d)F[li[ hi[viY) li[ki[mi> j&d) jitn) cci< cil[l).

vNkrni[ F>Fi[, (slisn&> a[klviy&> Jvn, m[iT) mi[T) ai>Ki[ an[ (v(c#i r)tBit ji[ti

103

s[Ãl)ni upcirmi> t[N[ ki[e gjbn) m>#i(vwi vipr) C[ t[v&> li[ki[ kh[vi lig[li>. an[ pC) ti[

gimni an[ aispisni an[k li[ki[ t[n[ z*>pD[ jvi li³yi.FivN b>F Ye gy[l) A#i)ai[,

U>Ti(T>y&> Yy[li biLki[n) mitiai[ k[ s>(FviY) p)Diti mi[T) vyni li[ki[ hiYmi> ci>d)ni (skki

len[ upcir miT[ (slisn[ z*>pD[ jvi li³yi.a[ agiu a[k vNkrn) A#i) ht) t[ di[riFigi>,

mi>d(Ly>i vg[r[ kr) aipt).t[N) dvi k[ di[ri[ hiYmi> le F)m[Y) kS&>k gNgNt) an[ p]si l[t).

t[ni mZRy& bid t[ni[ F>Fi[ s>BiL) l[vini[ (slisn[ mi[ki[ p\i¼t Yy[li[ pN (slis t[v) ki[e

(vwi jiNti[ n hti[ an[ t[ jiN[ C[ t[v&> kh[vimi> k[ vNiTkim (sviy ki[e aºy p\vZ(_i oiri

p]si p[di krvimi> t[n[ rs n hti[.t[n) p\kZ(tmi> asRyni[ Ci>Ti[ n hti[ j[Y) t[ j*q&> bi[lvin[

bdl[ pi[t[ t[v&> kS&> jiNti[ nY) t[v&> kh)n[ li[ki[[n[ piCi kiQti[.t[mn[ piCi kiQ)n[ t[ k>TiL)

gy[li[ an[ kyir[k (cDiy pN jti[ j[ni p(rNim[ pC) li[ki[ a[v&> (vcirvi lig[li k[ t[n) m[l)

(vwi vF& U>D) C[ an[ j&di p\kirn) C[.a[Tl[ pC) t[ai[ t[n) pis[ jvin[ bdl[ t[niY) vF& d*r

rh[vi lig[li an[ (slis li[kJvnY) vF& (vm&K Yy[li[.

simiºy r)t[ g»iÀy p(rv[Sn[ p\At&t krti p\id[(Sk nvlkYikiri[ni[ h[t& ki[e ci[Ês

g»iÀyp\d[Sni li[kn) JvnS]l), r)tBit, (rviÔ[, s>AkZ(t an[ p\kZ(t rj* krvi p*rti[ j (s(mt

hi[y C[. pr>t& ¶yi[j< a[(lyT p\id[(Sk nvlkYikir h[ivin) siY[ siY[ a[k mni[v]Xi(nk

nlvkYikir pN hti. a[mN[ bhirY) s*Èm ligN)ai[, (vciri[, Biviv[Si[ an&Bvvin[

asmY< ligti g»imvis)ai[n) min(skti an[ s>v[dni ni[ tig m[LÄyi[ an[ a[n[ vici aip)

an[ t[Y) j t[mn) nvlkYini gimq) pi#ii[ jD an[ AY*L n ligti aipN) aispis hrti

frti Fbkti ãdyviLi mn&Oyi[ lig[ C[. a[mni min(sk s>GPi[<, mni[vlNi[, a[mni tRki(ln

simi(jk an[ Fi(m<k p\âi[ni viAt(vk (n$pN oiri nvlkYi si(hRy Av$p ¶yi[j<

a[(lyTni hiYmi> mi#i mni[r>jnn&> siFn n rh[ti a[k (vcirp\[rk g>B)r Av$p FirN kr[ C[.

104

¶yi[j< a[(lyTni smkil)n mhin nvlkYikir DbÃy&. a[m. Y[kr[ (W. M.

Thackeray)hti>. (fÃD)>g[ j[ mig< k>Diyi[< hti[ a[ni pr nvlkYi si(hRy Av$p s[>kDi[ vP<Y)

aigL vF) rH& ht&>. pr>t& (fÃD)>gni smymi> nvlkYi hj& a[ni p\iY(mk tbÊimi>Y) psir

Yt) hi[viY) a[n) an[k myi<diai[ ht) an[ Ryirbidni nvlkYikiri[a[ ‘Father of

English Novel’ n&> ai>FL& an&krN ky&<>. (fÃD)>gn) myi<diai[Y) upr je nvlkYini[

(vkis krvin[ t[ai[ asxm hti. ¶yir[ Y[kr[ a[vi p\Ym nvlkYikir hti jmN[ nvlkYimi>

s&s>gt ¼li[T an[ ApOT miLKini[ (vkis kyi[< an[ a[ r)t[ t[ai[ ni[>Fpi#i nvlkYikir C[.

pr>t& a[mN[ pi[tin) nvlkYimi> mi[T[Big[ l>Dnmi> vsti tRki(ln 'apr (mDl±lis"n&> j

(c#i rj* ky&< C[. t[Y) g»iÀy p(rv[S p\At&t krti nvlkYikiri[n) p>I±tmi>hv[ si]Y) mi[T&> nim

Yi[ms hiD„ (Thomas Hardy) n&> j aiv[ C[. t[ai[ mi#i (v±Ti[(ryn y&gni j n(h, pr>t&

smg» nvlkYini e(thismi> si]Y) mhin nvlkYikiri[mi>ni a[k C[. t[ai[ smg» a>g»[J

si(hRyjgtmi> a(vniS) a[vi ‘Wessex’ g»iÀyp\d[Sni rc(yti C[. a[mn) nvlkYini

rspin dr(myin aipN[ v[s[±sni g»iÀy p\d[Smi> p(rB»mN kr)a[ C)a[ an[ a[mi>Y) Bi³y[ j

bhir aiv)a[ C)a[. a[ W(Öki[NY) Ô[ti Yi[ms hiD„ a[k p\id[(Sk nvlkYikir C[. pr>t&

a[mn) nvlkYimi> (n$(pt p\kZ(t, p\d[S an[ p(rv[S smg» v](Vk p\kZ(tni Big$p[ p\At&t Yiy

C[.an[ a[mni pi#ii[ smg» minv s>v[dni siY[ an&s>Fin siF[ C[. a[mN[ nvlkYimi> aivti

g»iÀyp(rv[Sni (vPyn[ mhikiÄyn) (vSiLti an[ ¿iÄyti bx). a[mn) nvlkYimi> (n$pvimi>

aiv[li g»iÀyp(rv[S aipNi Si[F (nb>Fni[ (vPy hi[viY) a[n) cci< aipN[ aigim)

p\krNi[mi> kr)S&>.

20m) sd)mi> v]Xi(nk Si[FKi[Li[, mni[(vXinni[ (vkis an[ ph[li (vVy&¹Fni l)F[

nvlkYini (vPy an[ Av$pmi> aim*l p(rvt<n an[ v](v¹y aiÄyi. aiF&(nk nvlkYimi>

105

aigL (vcirvimi> n aiv[li a[vi an[k (v(vF (vPyi[n[ aivr) l[vimi> aiÄyi an[ nvlkYi

Av$p an[k p\kirni (v(SÖ vh[Ni[ an[ (dSiai[mi> vh[vi li³y&>. h[(n» j[Às, Ô[s[f ki[nr[D,

j[Às Ô[es, an[ vJ<n)yi v&Ãf j[vi si(hRykiri[a[ nvlkYimi> nv)n p\iyi[(gk S]l)ai[

p\yi[J an[ minv)ni aF<Ôg»t mnmi> Di[k)y&> ky&<. a[c.J. v[Ãs[ aiF&(nk (vXinni[ pi[tin)

nvlkYini (vPyvAt& tr)k[ upyi[g kyi[<, ti[ ³lisv(F< j[vi nvlkYikiri[a[ tRki(ln

ai(Y<k-simi(jk smAyiai[n) cci< miT[ nvlkYi si(hRy Av$pn[ mi¹ym bniÄy&>.

aiRmkYiai[, Äy>gkYiai[, sim&(Wk kYiai[, Ôs*s) kYiai[, y&¹F kYiai[ (vg[r[ nvlkYini

an[k p\kiri[ aIAtRvmi> aiÄyi. nvlkYini p\kir p\miN[ (v(SÖ p(rIAY(tai[n&> nvlkYiai[mi>

(n$pN krvimi> aiÄy&>. (vkTi[(ryn nvlkYikiri[ miT[ minvJvn j a[k viti< smin ht&>

an[ minvJvnmi> bnt) GTniai[ a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> shj r)t[ viti<simg»)n&> Av$p FirN

krt). a[Y) a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> a[k p\kirn) s&s>gtti ht) an[ t[ai[ ¼li[Tn[ p\iFiºy

aipti. pr>t& aiF&(nk nvlkYikiri[ ai vitn[ smY<n aipti nY). 'y&(ls)s" j[v) mhin

nvlkYi a[ a[k viti< C[. pr>t& a[v) viti< j[ni[ ki[e a>t nY). aiF&(nk nvlkYi a[k aF*ri

ap*N< vi±y j[v) C[ an[ a[ ap*N<ti aiF&(nk minvJvnn) ap*N<tini p\(tk $p[ C[.

aiF&(nk mni[v]Xi(nk (s¹Fi>ti[n) asr h[qL miºyti p\c(lt Ye k[ minvJvn a[[kFiri[

p\vih nY), pr>t& a[kb)ÔY) a(l¼t a[v) GTniai[ an[ xNi[n) ~[N) C[. j[Às Ô[es an[

vJ<n)yi v&Ãf aiv) ki[e xN, ki[e GTni pkD), a[n[ smy an[ AYLni b>Fni[mi>Y) m&±t

kr), a[ni mni[jgtmi> U>D[ n[ U>D[ utr) m&±tpN[ aigL piCL (vhrvi li³yi. smy an[

AYLn&> a[mn[ mn ki[e mh_v k[ aY< hti[ n(h.

aiF&(nk mni[(vXinn) asr j[ p\miN[ ¼li[T upr Ye a[ p\miN[ nvlkYini pi#ii[

upr pN Ye. pr>prigt nvlkYi mi[TiBig[ simi(jk ht) an[ a[ni[ m&²y h[t& smijmi>

106

n](tk s&Firi[ livvini[ hti[. an[ t[Y) a[ p\kirn) nvlkYiai[ smijni a[k aiKi vg<n)

vit krt) an[ tmim sm*hn[ ApS<t). pr>t& p\Ym (vVy&¹F pC) a[vi ki[e v](Vk m*Ãyi[ bik)

rHi> hti n(h k[ j[n[ ki[e ÄyI±t Av)kir) Sk[ an[ a[n[ an&sr) Sk[, t[Y) aiF&(nk

nvlkYikir miT[ smij krti a[k Avt>#i ÄyI±t vF& mhRv Frivti[ Yyi[. mni[v]Xi(nk K[DiN[

a[v&> AYi(pt ky>&< k[ dr[k ÄyI±tn&> pi[tin&> Avt>#i ÄyI±tRv hi[y C[ an[ a[ ±yir[ pN aºy ki[e

siY[ BiviRmk r)t[ Ô[Die Skti[ nY). p(rNim[ aiF&(nk minv)n) a[klti, min(sk (vμC[d

an[ (vPid nvlkYini (vPyi[ bºyi.pr>t& spiT) pr sÔ<y[li vmLi[ an[ p\vihi[n) n)c[ a[k

ai>trp\vih ti[ a(vrt pN[ vh) j rHi[ hti[ an[ a[ p\vih hti[ g\iÀyp(rv[Sni[.a[Tl&> j

n(h s>d[SiÄyvhir,vihnÄyvhir, d&rdS<n j[v) aiF&(nk Si[FKi[Ln[ l)F[ ai (vPy vF& ri[ck,

ri[mi>ck an[ rsp\d bºyi[. 20m) sd)mi> pN a[vi an[k si(hRykiri[ ud`BÄyi j[ai[ ai

pr>prigt g»iÀyp(rv[Sni (vPyn[ vLg) rHi. 20m) s&F)ni S$aitni a[k aivi

nvlkYikir C[. e.s).b&Y {E.C. Booth}. t[ai[ yi[k<Siyrni hi[ÃDn[s JÓini a[k rijk(v

hti. a[mni r[tiL d(ryi (kniri, sÀiZ¹F mkieni Ci[DY) aiμCi(dt K[tri[, p\ic)n (dvidi>D)ni

vN<ni[ a[mn) nvlkYin[ kiÄyiRmk bniv[ C[. a[mn) 'kl)f a[ºD"-{1908} j[v)

nvlkYini pi#ii[ hi[ÃDn[sni vtn) nY). pr>t& AviAYy, s&FirNi miT[ g»iÀy p\d[Sn)

avirnvir m&likit l[ti Di[±Tr, pidr)n) d)kr), Sh[rni[ nij&k-nmNi[ Ci[kri[ j[vi pi#ii[ C[.

t[ai[ AYi(nk pi#ii[ siY[ ±YivAt&mi> ki[en[ ki[e r)t[ s>kLiy C[. a[mN[ a[mn) nvlkYimi>

a[vi pi#ii[ p\At&t kyi< C[, j[ai[ Jvn a[mn) smx j[ pDkir f[>k[ C[ a[n[ z)lvin[ asmY<

C[. aiv) licir) an&Bvti pi#ii[ni (n$pNn) a[mn[ s*Èm s*z C[. a[mN[ a[mn) kZ(tai[mi>

pi[tini AYi(nk p\d[Sn) bi[l) 'The East Riding’ ni[ Brp*r pr>t& kliRmk upyi[g kyi[< C[.

107

ai j j*Yni aºy mhRvni nvlkYikir m[r) v[b C[. t[ai[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[ 'gi[n

T& aY<"-{1917},'F hius en Di[m< fi[r[AT"-{ 1920},'s[vn fi[r a (skr[T"-{1922},

vg[r[mi> 's[ÃT)k" an[ 's[±sn" kÃcrn) d>tkYiai[, pr>priai[, a>F~¹Fi, rmti[ an[ g)t-

s>g)tn&> r>g)n (c#i rj& ky>&< C[. a[mni[ li[kbi[l)ni[ p\yi[g pN asimiºy C[ an[ a[mN[ GNi>

p\id[(Sk bi[l)ni S¾di[ an[ vi±yp\yi[g pi[tin) nvlkYimi> shj r)t[ vN) l)Fi C[ j[ kZ(tn[

s>&drti bx[ C[. m[r)v[b siY[ siFÀy< Frivti aºy nvlkYikir Yi[ms mi[ÃT {Thomas

Moult}C[. j[mn) nvlkYi 'Ani[ ai[vr a[ÃDn" {1920}an[ 'F ki[ml)l[s"{1923} a[mni

g\iÀyp\d[Sn&> kliRmk an[ kiÄyiRmk k[ (c#i rj* kr[ C[. a[mni[ p\d[S C[ Db„Siyr JÓini[

phiD) p\d[S. a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> p\Ym p&@P S]l)mi> lKiy[l), v](v¹ysBr li[kbi[l)ni ni

r>g[ r>giyl) an[ $pki[ oiri al>kZt GN) p\[mkYiai[ni[ s&Kd a>t aiv[ C[. ai nvlkYikirni[

uRsih, simiºy vAt&ai[ p\Ry[ pN p\[miL an[ kiÄyiRmk WIÖki[N a[mn) kZ(tai[n[ aikP<k

bniv[ C[.a[mn) nvlkYimi> p\At&t Yti Db„Siyr an[ a[ni rh[vis)ai[ ad`B*t lig[ C[.

a[mn) nvlkYimi> dSi<vvimi> aiv[l) giyi[ pN Ôjrmin lig[ C[, aºy a[k m(hli

nvlkYi k[ S]li IAmY {Sheila Smith) 'k[>T" an[ 'ss[±s"n) srhd prn&> g»iÀy Jvn

pi[tin) nvlkYimi> vNi<v[ C[. a[mn) u>_im kZ(tai[ 'ss[±s gi[s<"-{1916} an[ 'Ô[ºni

gi[ÃDn"{1921}ni AYL,pi#ii[, bi[l) an[ viti< s>p*N<pN[ p\id[(Sk C[. 'ss[±s gi[s<" ni[ niyk

$b[n b[k(fÃD ai[(Dym fim<ni mi(lkni[ (dkri[ C[. j[ni pr bij&mi> aiv[l) Giscirin)

pYriL an[ (bnK[t)liyk jm)n pr hL clivvin) F*n svir Yiy C[. a[n) ai mhRvki>xi

p*N< ti[ Yiy C[,pr>t& a[ miT[ a[N[[ pi[tin) an[ a[n) siY[ ligti vLgti tmim , li[ki[ni

s&K Si>(tni[ Bi[g aipvi[ pD[ C[. 'Ô[ºni gi[ÃDn" a[ pi[tini K[trmi> Avy> K[t) krt) a[k

m(hlin) kYi kh[ C[. 'T[m(rAk Tiun"{1919}mi> ss[±sni d(ryi (knir[ aiv[li a[k (rzi[<T

108

ni udy an[ a>t dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi C[. 'F a[>D ai[f F hius ai[f a[lD<"{1924} p\ic)n

ss[±sn) umriv pr>prini ptnn) viti< kh[ C[. t[ai[ pN AYi(nk li[kbi[l)ni[ Bir[ upyi[g

kr[ C[. ki[ºATºs hi[Ãm {Constence Holme} aipNn[ fr) piCi phiD) p\d[Smi> le Ôy

C[.a[mn) nvlkYin) piV<B* 'v[ATmi[<l[ºD" C[, j[ni[ a[kBig l[ºk[Siyr an[ frn[sn) vμc[

aiv[li d(ryin[ aD[li[ C[ an[ ¶yi> k[>T nd)n&> m&K aiv[l>& C[. (ms hi[Ãm ai d(ryi (knir[

aiv[li phiD) p\d[Sn&> s&>dr (c#i di[r[ C[.p\kZ(tn&> s*Èm avli[kn, pi[tini p\d[S p\Ry[ni[ U>Di[

p\[m, ¹v(n an[ g>Fn) kiÄyiRmk a(BÄyI±t a[mn) nvlkYimi> BiviRmk tNivn&> sj<n kr[

C[. a[mni mi[Ti Bigni pi#ii[mi> jm)ndiri[, K[D*ti[ an[ kir)gri[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[ an[ t[ai[

pi[tini s>vid AYi(nk li[kbi[l)mi> bi[l[ C[.a[mn) nvlkYi oiri Bivk t[ p\d[Sn) (v(SÖ

Bi]gi[(lk p(rIAY(tni[ tig m[Lv[ C[. ¶yi> k[>T nd)ni Brt)ni mi[Ô> ri[j Ryi>ni K[tri[ pr fr)

vL[ C[. an[ Ryi>ni K[D*ti[ni s&K an[ smZI¹F brbid kr) niK[ C[. 'F li[ºl) ¼liu"

{1914}n) a>dr dr[k K[D*tn&> Bi(v d(ryi an[ nd)ni mi[Ôn[ a>k&Smi> riKt), ki>q[ bi>Fvimi>

aiv[l) (dvilni aIAtRv an[ a>t pr (nB<r C[ a[v>& dSi<vvimi> aiÄy& C[. a[mn)

nvlkYiai[mi> ÄyI±tn[ p\kZ(tni p\ki[pn[ mÊmtiY) shn krti[ dSi<vvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.

ai j smygiLini aºy nvlkYikir f\iºs)s b»[T y>g {Francis Bret Young} pi[tin) nvlkYiai[ 'F aiyn<< a[ej"{1916} 'F ¾l[k Diym>D"{1921} mi> AT[fi[D<Siyr an[

v[Ãsmi>ni g»iÀy (vAtirmi> aiv[li li[K>D an[ ki[lsini kirKinimi> kim krti g»imjni[ni

Byink Jvnni[ (ctir aip[ C[.

aim, aipN[ Ôy&> k[ g»iÀyp(rv[S p\At&t krt) nvlkYiai[mi> a>g»[J B*(mni dr[k

Bign) (Bºn-(Bºn p\kZ(t an[ s>AkZ(tn[ Ô[vimi>, ÔNvimi> aiv) C[. e³l[>D d[Sni p\ikZ(tk

g»iÀyp(rv[S[ d&(nyini mhin si(hRykiri[n[ uμcki[T)n&> (vp&l p\miNmi> si(hRy sj<n krvin)

109

p\[rNi aip) C[.aim Cti> k[Tlik (vv[cki[ ai p\kirn) nvlkYimi> rh[l) k[Tl)k #i&T)ai[ p\Ry[

aipN&> ¹yin di[r[ C[.

p\id[(Sk p(rv[S rj*^ krti nvlkYikiri[ pi[tin) kZ(tn[ viAt(vk bnivvi miT[ vF&

pDti (vrim(cºhi[ an[ Ki[T) Ô[DN)y&±t j[ t[ p\d[Sn) li[kbi[l)ni[ Brp*r p\yi[g kr[ C[.Bivk

kZ(tn) piV<B*mi> aivti p\d[Sn) li[kbi[l)Y) p(r(ct hi[ti[ nY). p(rNim[ t[n[ a[ kZ(tni

rspin dr(myin aY<bi[Fmi> biFi uRpºn Yiy C[ an[ a[ kZ(tn&> pqn k>TiLijnk si(bt

Yiy C[.aim, sj<k[ li[kbi[l)ni p\yi[gmi> (vv[k an[ k&SLti diKvvini hi[y C[. li[kbi[l)ni[

upyi[g kZ(tn) nbLie bn[ k[ tikit bn[ a[ l[Kkni a>gt sj<niRmk sim¸y< pr aiFi(rt

C[.p\id[(Sk nvlkYi upr m*kvimi> aiv[li[ aºy airi[p a[ C[ k[[ vF& pDt) AYi(nk C[.

p\id[(Sk nvlkYi mi#i pi[tini p\d[S p*rt) j (s(mt rh[vi pim[ C[ an[ mi#i pi[tini p\d[Sni

j p\kZ(t an[ pi#ii[n) rj*ait kr[ C[.aim, p\id[(Sk nvlkYikirn) kZ(tmi> v](Vk s>v[dnini[

aBiv hi[y C[.

¶yi[j< a[(lyT, Yi[ms hiD„ j[vi nvlkYikiri[a[ pi[tin) kZ(tmi> F*L)yi rAtiai[,

simiºy l)li K[tri[ an[ gimq) li[ki[ni Jvnni[ (ctir ai¼yi[. s>Bv C[ k[ GNi Bivki[n[

g»iÀyp(rv[Sni aivi vN<ni[ (nrs an[ S&Ok lig[ kirN k[ g»iÀyp(rv[Sn) piV<B*mi> lKit)

nvlkYiai[mi> aºy p\kirni si(hRymi> Ô[vi mLti 'ri[miºs" an[" '³l[mr" ni[ aBiv hi[y

C[.ai p\kirn) nvlkYiai[mi> minvJvnn&> K*b j nJkY) avli[kn krvimi> aiÄy&> C[.aiv&>

(nkTdS„ avli[kn Bivkpx[ a>t[ avgNnimi> p(rNm[ C[. an[ a[n[ kZ(tmi> rh[l) s&>drti

an[ K*b)ai[ni[ ²yil aivti[ nY).

aim Cti 'a(tp(rcy[ avgNni" a[ uI±t h>m[Si sic) si(bt Yt) nY). kirN

k[“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”. a[Tl[ sj<k an[ Bivk Ô[ si]>dy<lx)

110

WIÖki[N diKv[ ti[, s&>drtin&> sj<n Yyi (vni rh[t>& nY). an[ t[Y) j aipN[ Ô[y>& a[ p\miN[

a>g»[J nvlkYimi> g»iÀyp(rv[Sn) an[ p\kZ(tni j[ v](v¹ysBr pis>iai[ pr p\kiS piDvimi>

aiÄyi[ C[ a[vi[ p\kiS aºy ki[e klini mi¹ym Yk) Ô[vimi> aiÄyi[ nY).

vF&mi> g»iÀyp(rv[S p\At&t krt) nvlkYini rspin dr(myin Bivk j[ sRyiBis

an&Bv[ C[ a[ aºy ki[e klini rspin dr(myin an&Bvti[ nY). ai p\kirn) nvlkYimi>

aivt) vAt&ai[, ÄyI±tai[, p\kZ(t, gimDi>ai[ bF&> j a(tviAt(vk lig[ C[. pis<n aidm,

(vkir, a[l)zib[Y, j[n, (hY±l)f, (slismin<r, T[s, vg[r[ pi#ii[ mi#i S¾d (c#i n ligti

si(h(Ryk e(thisni Jv>t amr ÄyI±tai[ C[ an[ a[mi> aivti v[ek(fÃD, li[>gbi[n<,

Yi[n<(fÃD, Äi&F(r>g hieT`s vg[r[ gimDi>ai[ an[ AYLi[ ÔN[ d&(nyini Bi]gi[(lk nkSiai[ upr

AYin Frivti hi[y a[vi viAt(vk lig[ C[.aim nvlkYin[ viAt(vk bnivvimi> g»iÀyp(rv[S[

mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv) C[.

111

K>D-3 g&jrit) nvlkYiai[mi> g»iÀy p(rv[S :

(vVni aºy (vAtiri[n) j[m Birt vOi<mi> pN kYiviti< si(hRyni ki[eni ki[e

Av$p[ aikir l[t) aiv[ C[.pr>t& m¹yki(ln g&jrit) si(hRymi> rh[l&> viti<n&> t_v m&²yRv[

pwiRmk C[, j[ simiºy r)t[ SimL k[ Ryirbidn) pwviti<ai[mi> Ô[vi mL[ C[. ai upri>t

li[ksi(hRyn) mi](Kk pr>primi> kYiRmk Av$pn) viti<ai[ ht) an[ a[mi> pi]ri(Nk,

a](thi(sk aYvi d>tkYim*lk ad`B&t rsy&kt an[ kÃpni p\c&r viti<ai[ p\c(lt ht), pr>t&

a[mi>n) mi[Ti Bign) viti<ai[ aij[ l[(Kt Av$p[ s&lB nY). aim, gwAv$p[ viti<ni[ ai

smygiLimi> ki[e (vkis d[Kiti[ nY). SimLn) pwviti<ai[ t[ smy[ GN) j li[k(p\y ht),

pr>t& a[ viti<ai[a[ Ryirbidni si(hRykiri[n[ nvlkYi j[v&> si(hRy Av$p rcvi miT[ p\[yi<

hi[y a[v&> bºy&> nY) an[ t[Y) j g&jrit) si(hRymi> a>g»[J si(hRyn) j[m tbÊivir

nvlkYi ud`Bv) an[ a[ni[ (vkis Yyi[ a[v) GTni GT) nY). p(rNim[ ai p\krNni K>D-1mi>

j[ r)t[ aipN[ a>g»[J nvlkYini[ ud`Bv, (vkis an[ a[mi> (n$piy[li g»iÀy p(rv[Sn) j[

(vkisr[Ki di[r) t[ p\miN[ ah)> g&jrit) nvlkYini[ ud`Bv an[ a[n) sL>g (vkisr[Ki di[r)

Sk)a[ a[m nY). ''aipNi j*ni smg» (vp&l kYi si(hRy krti> avi<c)n smymi> nvlkYin&>

(v(SOT lxNi[viL&> j[ si(hRy Av$p K[Diy C[ t[ bh&> j*d&> pD[ C[. a[Tl[, aij[ aipN[

nvlkYini[ j[ $Q aY< smJa[ C)a[ t[ aY<mi> nvlkYin&> si(hRy Av$p a[k prd[S) ri[pi[

C[.""40

j*ni kYi si(hRyn[ li[ki[ vi>cvi krti si>BLvin&> vF& ps>d krti, a[ miT[ ai

kYiai[ GTni p\Fin ht) an[ c(r#i(c#iNn[ gi]N gNvimi> aivt&>. l[KnS]l) krti> kYnS]l)

vF& Äyipik an[ Äyv(AYt hi[y a[ j$r) ht&>. s>vidi[ an[ vN<ni[ni[ pN smiv[S Yti[. ai

j*n) kYiai[ an[ avi<c)n smyn) nvlkYi vμc[ ki[e simiºy lxN hi[y ti[ a[ C[ GTni.

112

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nvlkYi mi>[a[Y) kh) Skiy an[ kin[ si>BL) Skiy a[ p\kirn) hi[y a[v&> j$r) nY). j*n)

kYiai[ upd[SiRmk ht), ¶yir[ vt<min nvlkYi l[Kkni (v(SOT JvndS<nn[ rj* kr[

C[.''aijni[ y&g gwni[ y&g C[. p\ic)n kiLmi> pwn&> vc<Av ht&>.pwni a[ giLimi>

'mhikiÄy"n&> Av$p j sv[<svi< l[Kit&>.sj<kni (vF(vF an&Bvi[Y) mi>D)n[ Xin(vXin,

minv(vwiai[ ,BitBitni> kYinki[ a[ bF&> a[mi> smiv[S pimt&>.khi[ k[ Jvn-jgtmi> j[ k>e

ji[y&>-ji·y&>-an&BÄy&> a[ bF&> a[mi> qlvit&>. Jvnni> bFi rsi[ a[mi> S¾d$p pimti>, pN

aij[ mhikiÄyni Av$pn&> aikP<N ai[sr) gy&> C[.a[n[ AYin[, gwni aijni y&gmi>, (SP<AY

si(hRy Av$p tr)k[n&> AYin nvlkYi m[Lv[ C[.""41 aim, nvlkYi a[ aipN[ Ryi> p(ámni

si(hRy s>pk< pC) nvi aiv[li k[Tlik si(hRy Av$pi[mi>n&> a[k Avt>#i si(hRy Av$p C[, an[

g&jrit) si(hRymi> nvlkYia[ mi#i si[-svisi[ vOi< j p*N< kyi<> C[.

g&jrit) si(hRymi> nvlkYi lKvini[ si]p\Ym p\yRn si[ribSi didiBie m&nsfni

nimni a[k pirs) l[Kk[ kyi[<. a[mN[ e.s. 1862 mi> '(hºd&Atin m¹y[n&> a[k z&>pD&>" nimn)

nvlkYi f[>\cviti<ni a>g»[J an&vid prY) rc).42 pr>t& mi](lktin) W(OTa[ ai kZ(tn&> ziz&>

m*Ãy nY). a[ j smygiLi drÀyin mh)ptrim $prim (nlk>q[ 'sis&-vh&n) lDie" nimn)

a[k simiJk kYin&> sj<n ky&<, pr>t& j[n[ nvlkYi kh) Skiy a[vi lxNi[ni[ upri[kt kZ(tmi>

aBiv hti[. t[ai[ nvlkYi$p) nv)n si(h(Ryk pr>pri S$ krvin[ asxm hti>, pr>t& ai

kiy< n>dS>kr t&LÔS>kr mh[ti r(ct 'krNG[li[" {e.s.1866} a[ ky&<>. ai kZ(tmi> nvlkYini

Av$pgt lxNi[ni si]p\Ymvir dS<n Yyi.an[ t[Y) 'krNG[li"n[ p\Ym nvlkYi hi[vin&>

bh&min p\i¼t Yy&>.43

113

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civDi" an[ 'sFrij[s>g" j[v) a](thi(sk nvlkYiai[ aiv), pr>t& ai kZ(tai[n[ a[k

nvlkYi tr)k[ Fir) sfLti mL) n(h. ai upri>t ai giLimi> b)Ô an[k l[Kki[a[ ai

Av$p upr hiY ajmiÄyi[, pr>t& 'krNG[li" ni p\kiSn pC) g&jrit) nvlkYi pi[tini

ci[Ês aikir an[ Av$p FirN krvimi> a[kv)s vOi<ni[ smygiLi[ l[ C[ an[ Ryir bid

e.s.1887 mi> g&jrit) si(hRyn) s)mi(ch`n$p nvlkYi 'srAvt)c>W"ni[ p\Ym K>D

p\ki(St Yiy C[. gi[vF<nrimn) ai nvlkYi mi#i GTni pr>pri nY), pr>t& a[mi> l[Kkn&>

(v(SOT JvndS<n rj* Yiy C[ an[ a[ r)t[ a[ kZ(t nvlkYin&> m*LB&t kiy< sfLtip*v<k (s¹F

krt) g&jrit) si(hRyn) p\Ym nvlkYi C[.

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Jvnn&> (c>tn an[ mnn rj* krt&> mi¹ym tr)k[ Av)kirvimi> aiÄy&>. p(rNim[ a[n[ aivi

bi](¹Fk kiy<n[ ºyiy aip) Sk[ a[v) p(rBiOiin) Si[F aidrvimi> aiv). gwlKiNi[mi> tRsm

S¾di[ni[ vpriS v¹yi[. p(rNim[ BiOii Bir[Km an[ kZ(#im bn). li>b[ giL[ aini (vri[F)

p\(tBiv$p[ viti<si(hRy ti[ li[kBi[³y j hi[v&> Ô[ea[, an[ t[Y) a[n) BiOii ti[ shj an[

srL j hi[v) Ô[ea[ a[vi[ mt uBi[ Yyi[. p(rNim[ Gr[l&>, AviBi(vk, ci[Tdir an[ Cti>

(vcirvihk a[v) BiOiin) Si[F cil). m&nS)a[ ai p\(k\yin[ K&b v[gv>t) bniv). m&nS)ni

aigmnY) g&jrit) nvlkYini[ p\vih a[k mhRvni[ vLi>k l[ C[. a[mni hiYmi> nvlkYini

mhRvni> pisi>ai[ j[vi k[ kYivAt&, pi#iil[Kn, vN<n an[ W(OTki[N p(rpkvti FirN kr[ C[

an[ a[ r)t[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[ g&jrit) si(hRymi> s)mi(ch`n bn) rh[ C[. m&nS) pC)

c&n)lil vF<min Sih, F*mk[t&, dS<n, g&Nv|>triy aiciy<, zv[rc>d m[GiN) an[ rmNlil v.

114

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l[KnS]l)mi> nvlkYi ki[e Kis (v(SOT Av$p FirN krt) nY).

v)sm) sd)ni u_iriF<mi> Birt d[Sn&> smg» si(hRy nvi[ vLi>k l[ C[. a[n[ miT[

jvibdir p(rbL C[ tRki(ln simiJk an[ rijk)y p(r(AY(t an[ a[ni pr Ô[vi mLti[

gi>F)Jni (vciri[ni[ p\Biv. a[ upri>t a[ smymi> p\Ym (vVy&¹F {1914-1918} p&$> Yy&>.

ai (vVy&¹F drÀyin minvÔt[ akÃp(ny yitniai[ an&Bv) an[ flAv$p miNsn)

min(skti an[ Jvn m*Ãyi[mi> aB*tp*v< p(rvt<ni[ aiÄyi. a[n) asr (vVni tmim si(hRy

upr pN pD). gi>F)J d(xN aiIf\kiY) Birtmi> aiÄyi. a[mN[ Birt d[Sni (v(vF x[#ii[mi>

nv)n mipd>Di[ an[ m*Ãyi[n) ai[LK kriv). a[mN[ S$ kr[l) an[k cLvLi[mi> g»ims&FirNi

an[ g»imi[¹Firn[ ag»)mti aip). p(rNim[ smg» d[Sn) p\jini[ W(OTki[N bdliyi[. (hºd&Atin

a[ mi#i Sh[ri[mi> vsti li[ki[ni[ n(h pN gimDi>ai[mi> vsti> kri[Di[ li[ki[ni[ bn[li[ d[S C[ an[

gimDi>ni (vkismi> j d[Sni[ (vkis rh[li[ C[,a[ bibt prRv[ a[mN[ li[ki[n[ Ô³iZt kyi<.

smijni bi](¹Fki[n&> ¹yin hv[ gimDi> trf di[riy&> an[ aipN[ aigL Ô[y&> t[m a[n) asr

si(hRy upr pN Ye.

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si(hRyx[#i tr)k[ a[mi> rs diKÄyi[. g»iÀy p(rv[Sni (Bºn (Bºn pisi>ai[n&> K[DiN S$ Yy&>

an[ dr[k pisi>ni[ a[k si(h(Ryk (vOiy tr)k[ (vkis S$ Yyi[. si(hRy an[ Jvnn)

viAt(vktini[ nvi[ s>b>F AYi(pt Yyi[. a[ smyn) nvlkYiai[mi> pN F>*FL) Bivniai[ k[

aÄyvhi$ aidSi[<n[ bdl[ gimDi>mi> Jviti viAt(vk Jvnn&> an[ a[n) nÊr hk)kti[n&>

(n$pN Yvi mi>Dy&>. a>g»[J nvlkYimi> Yy&> a[m smijni> C[vTni tØn simiºy minv) pr

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115

bºyi. aim, gi>F)-(vcirFirin) asr h[qL aipN) ngrs>AkZ(t F)m[ F)m[ g»imi(Bm&K bnvi

mi>D), ti[ b)J bij&, ki[l[jkiL dr(myin a>g\J si(hRyni (vwiY)< rh) c*k[li m[GiN) j[vi

l[Kki[ a>g\[J nvlkYimi> cil) aivt) g\iÀyp(rv[Sni (n$pNn) p\Yini p(rcymi>

aiÄyi.p(rNim[ g»iÀyp(rv[Sni piV<B*mi> k[ a[n[ (vOiy bniv)n[ GN) u_im nvlkYiai[

lKivi mi>D) an[ a[mi>Y) j p\id[(Sk nvlkYin) srviN) f*T) j[ am&k smyi>tr[ p(ámmi>

vh[ti p\id[(Sk nvlkYini m&²y p\vih siY[ BL) ge.ai s>dB<mi> m(Nlil h. pT[ln&> kh[v&>

C[ : '' g\imJvnn&> (n$pN krt) nvlkYini[ a¿yis krvi[ j$r) C[.a[mi>Y) aipNn[ ki[e

Birt)y nvlkYin) pr>pri mL) aiv[ ...aipN[ Ryi> kYiviti<n) pr>pri ph[l[Y) hi[viY)

aipN[ nvlkYi j[v&> (vd[S) si(hRy Av$pn[ Birt)y B*(mki upr rj* kr) Skyi.""44

g&jrit) si(hRymi> g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> ail[Kn krt) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi lKvin) S$ait

zv[rc>d m[GiN)a[ e.s. 1937 mi> 'si[rq tiri> vh[ti piN)"Y) kr).45m[GiN) si]riOT^ni g»iÀy

Jvnn[ pi[tin) nvlkYimi> (n$p[ C[, kirNk[ si]riOT^ni g»iÀy p(rv[S[ j a[ l[Kkn)

min(skti GD) C[. ai bibtn) kb*lit krti t[a[i lK[ C[:

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j>gl kpit&> GN&> d*r gy&> C[.Cti> a[k (dvs a[ grki>qin&> gimD&> l[Kit&>; an[ mi$> jºmAYin C[

k>k&vrN) pi>cilBi[mn&> kl[j&> ci[T)li. cim&>Di mitini ci[T)li D&>grn) lgBg tL[T)mi>

a[jºs)ni pi[l)sni a[ v[Lini aGi[rvis l[Kiti {diqi} YiNimi> miri[ jºm Yy[li[. miri

mi[T[ri> Bieai[a[ mn[ a[ bci[(Lyin) dSimi> Cit)a[ t[D) t[D) D&>gr frti ai>Ti l[vriv[li C[.

pi>ciln&> FivN ti[ h&> svi m(hni[ j Fiv) Sk[li[.""46

116

aim, a[k biLk pi[tin) miti siY[ j[ aiRm)yti an&Bv[ C[ t[ j aiRm)yti m[GiN)

pi[tini jºmAYL an[ vtn siY[ an&Bv[ C[. a[ p\d[Smi> Yy[li[ uC[r, Äy(kt p(rcy, p\Ryx

an&Bvi[ a[mni Äy(ktRvni GDtrni mhRvni> p(rbLi[ si(bt Yiy C[ an[ ai j bibti[

a[mni si(hRy sj<nn) siFnsimg») tr)k[ pN kiy< kr[ C[. an[ a[ r)t[ Ô[ti a[mni

an&Bvn) AiZ(OT (s(mt rh[ a[ AviBi(vk C[.aiY) j ~) ySv>t S&kl a[mni a[k l[Kmi> lK[

C[ :

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ti[ pN d[hFir) minv) hi[vin[ kirN[ a[ni a[vi (vSiL, ghn an&Bvn[ pN myi<diai[ ti[

rh[vin) j. aim C[ a[Tl[ a[kid Yi[ms hiD„ pi[tini s>v[dni[ ail[Kvin[ miT[ v[s[ks

prgNi>n) Frt) an[ li[kJvnn[ ps>d kr) l[, ti[ a[kid m[GiN)a[ pi[tini s>v[dni[n[ m*t<$p

aipvin[ miT[ si[rqn) Frt) an[ li[kJvnn[ ps>d kr) d)Fi> hi[y a[mi> kS&> Ki[T&> Yy&> nY).

UlT&>, Avin&Bvni ail[Knmi> uRkTtini[ j[ g&N aiv[ C[, t[ni[ liB mÇyi[ C[...... pr>t&

hiD„ni si(hRyni[ p\Fin s*r Ki[Lvi uwm krnir Äy(kt k[vL v[s[ksn[ nh) vLg) rh[, pN

a[ AYLn[ B[d)n[ j[ s*Èm d[Kiy C[ t[n[ pkDvini[ p\yRn krS[. si[rq a[ m[GiN)ni an&Bvn)

AYLB*(m C[, pN a[mi>Y) j[ vAt&n[ pkDvi mY[ C[ t[ j m[GiN)ni sj<nn) m&²y p\[rNi C[.

m[GiN)ni si(hRy sj<nni[ p\Fin s*r t[ k[vL si[rq k[ si[rq) Jvn nY) pN a[mi> s>c[l)

Äyipik minvti C[.""47

m[GiN) pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> si]riOT^ni n]äRyK*N[ an[ d(xN[ aiv[l) si[rqn)

Frt)n[, Ryi>n) g)rp\kZ(tn[ an[ eSinK*N[ aiv[li ziliviDn) d(xNn) pi>ciln) Frt)n[

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an[ s>AkZ(ta[ Ryi>n) p\Ôni Äy(ktRvn&> GDtr ky&<>, C[ an[ a[mni Jvn, simiJk (rviÔ[,

117

miºytiai[, Fm< vg[r[ pr a[ni[ p\Biv Ô[vi mL[ C[. m[GiN)a[ ai sv<n&> s*Èm avli[kn ky&<>

an[ a[n[ pi[tin) nvlkYini kYivAt& tr)k[ upyi[g kyi[<.

si[rq, tiri> vh[ti> piN) {1937}

l[Kk ai nvlkYimi> si[rq) jnJvn an[ a[ni (v(vF pisi>ai[ pr p\kiS f[>k[ C[.

viti< ki[e niykn) nY) k[ ki[e a[k Äy(ktn) smAyi k[ s>GOi<n&> (n$pN krt) nY). si[rqni[

aiKi[ jnsmij an[ a[ni p\(t(n(F pi#ii[ ai nvlkYini niyk C[. l[Kkn&> p\yi[jn si[rqni

g»iÀy Jvnni (v(vF p\vihi[ni[ p(rcy krivvin&> rH&> C[. l[Kk ai kZ(tn) ph[l) aiÄiZ(_ini

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''niyk n(h, ni(yki n(h, p\[mni[ (#iki[N n(h a[v) ai si[rq) Jvnn) jnkYi C[.

a[ kYini[ niyk aiKi[ jnsmij C[."" 48

aim, ai nvlkYin&> kYivAt& si[rqni smg» jnsmijn[ aivr) l[ a[Tl&> Äyipk C[.

pi[l)s a(Fkir) mh)ptrim an[ di](h#i (pnik)n) kYini[ pitLi[ di[r a[mi> pri[viyi[ Ô[vi

mL[ C[ Kri[, pr>t& a[ kYidi[r (n(m_i[ l[Kkn&> lÈy ti[ si[rq) Jvnni (v(vFr>g) (c#ii[ p\At&t

krvin&> j rH&> C[. ai kYi si[rqni bhirv(Tyiai[n) C[, ti[ b)J bij&, K[D*ti[n) pN C[.

'vnAp(tjgt"mi> j[m ziDvi> pi[tin) Frt)mi>Y) Jvn pi[OiN m[Lv[ C[. si[rqn) phiD)

p\kZ(ta[ a[mn[ Km)rv>ti an[ KDtl bniÄyi C[. m[GiN) kh[ C[ :

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pi[tin) Ciyi piD[ C[. b)Ô k[Tli>k a[vi pi#ii[ C[ k[ j[n[ ki[e Äy(kt (vS[Oi prY) n(h, pN

si[rq) sm*hJvnn) sic) miT)mi>Y) GD) kiQvini[ miri[ p\yRn C[.""49

aim, m[GiN)n[ pi[tini Jvnmi> j[ (v(SOT pi#ii[ni[ p(rcy Yyi[ an[ a[mn[ p\Bi(vt

kyi< a[n&> viAt(vk (n$pN krvini[ a[ni[ h[t& a(h> ApÖ Yiy C[. aiY) ai nvlkYimi> si[rq)

118

jnsm*hmi> rh[l) p\c>D tikit, uRkT sRy(p\yti, n[k-(dl p\imi(Nkti an[ p\[m[-mQyi Si]y<n&>

Jvnc(r#i rj&ait piÀy&> C[.

si[rq an[ pi>ciln) Frt) fLW&p C[ an[ Ryi>n) p\Ôni[ m*LB&t Äyvsiy K[t) j C[.

pi[tin) Frt) miT[ t[ai[ bhirvT[ cQ) Sk[ C[ k[ pi[tini Jvn&> b(ldin aipvi s&¹Fi> t]yir

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aiRm)yti an&Bv[ C[.ai vitn) p\(tt) aipNin[ $KD S[qn) viN)mi> t[mj kiy<mi> Yiy C[ :

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ai>h)> lig& kr) nvi nvi rs, r>g an[ g>Fni m[L n)pÔv[l C[. h&> aKtriY) Drti[ nY).

mir) d&(nyi (nriL) C[. h&> minv)ni smijni[ miNs nY). mir) d&(nyi ziDvin) C[. h&>y

ziDv&> C&>.....""50.

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ai[tp\i[t Jvn z>K[ C[. $KD S[q ¶yir[ ci[r)-DikiyT)mi> s>Di[viy[li BiriD)ai[n[ ai~y

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ai bFi> Yik)n[ a[ Ki[L[ piCi vÇyi C[. qr)n[ qim Ye gyi bciDi Si miT[ n Yiy ? ah)>

a[n) tmim um[di[ s>ti[Oiiy C[.""51

K[D*t, bhirv(Tyi upri>t tRkil)n smijmi> p\vt<min p\(t(n(F$p pi#ii[ j[vi k[

rjviDini qiki[r s&r[ºW d[v, v[pir) S[q, rivsih[b, mh)ptrim, din(s>h an[ viGJ fi[jdir

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119

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sj<nmi> pi#ii[ upri>t nvlkYimi> aivti p\kZ(tni kyi>k viAt(vk, ti[ kyi>k kiÄyiRmk vN<ni[

mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv[ C[. si[rqni[ g»iÀy p\d[S ai nvlkYimi> Fbkti[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. si[rqn)

B*(mni nd)-niLi>, ki[tri[, s)miDi, vgDi, ziD), zi>Kri>, K>(Dy[r, YiNi, bÔr-bFi> j ki[ek

ri[mi>ck p(rv[Smi> aipN) smx p\At&t Yiy C[. m[GiN) g»iÀy vitivrNn&> sj<n krvi miT[

j$r) a[v) s*Èm (nr)xN S(kt an[ a[n[ kliRmk r)t[ S¾db¹F krvin) k&SLti Friv[ C[.

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B[KDgQni c*ni[ Fi[L[li> mkini[n&> z&>mK&> a[ bF&> smg» g»iÀy p\d[Sn&> s&>dr S¾d(c#i di[r) aip[

C[. 'rit) p)L) ri[Sn)" j[vi[ g)rni D&>griai[n) Fir prni li>pDi Gisni[ vgDiu divinL,

bi[rD)ni jiLi>, U>c) hi(Yyi Yi[rn) viDi[, t[v&> j 'g)rmini p[T"n&> U>c& Gis, vnrien)

GTiai[, g)rvis)ai[ni n[sDi, rin)viDini K[D*n) viD), hilir) nd)- ai bFi[ j p\ikZ(tk

p(rv[S m[GiN)n) nvlkYimi> mi#i piV<B* tr)k[ kim n krti pi#i tr)k[ ups) aiv[ C[.

$(Qgt miºytiai[, a>F~¹Fi, vh[m vg[r[ g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> aigv&> lxN C[.

gimDi>ai[mi> B*t,p\[t an[ vLgiDin) viti[ h>m[Si vh[t) hi[y C[ an[ t[Y) Bgt-B*vi j[vi

pi#ii[ g»iÀyp(rv[S p\At&t krt) nvlkYiai[mi> avirnvir Ô[vi> mL[ C[. 'si[rq tiri vh[ti>

piN)"mi> $KD S[qn[ K*n miT[ fi>s) ai¼yi pC) t[ p\[t bºyi[ C[ a[v) vit li[ki[mi> cci<y C[.

a[jºs)ni (spieai[ viti[ kr[ C[ :

''$KD S[q fi>s)a[ gyi[, t[ t[N[ d[v srjyi C[. rivsih[bni BiNiBie upr miyi

rh) ge"t). si>BÇy&> C[ k[ a[n) p)rn) Gi[D) len[ $KD d[v ah)> gi>Di vD pis[ aiv[ C[ n[

BiNiBien[ svir) S)Kv[ C[.""52

120

a[k ri#i[ ds vi³yi pC) BiNiBie (pnik) a[k Gi[D[svirni[ acl m*>gi[ aikir j&a[

C[. Gi[Di[ ÔN[ k[ U>ci[ bn)n[ aikiS[ cDti[ hti[. asvirni> pg li>bi K[>cien[ jm)n s&F)

lTkti hi[y a[v&> lig[ C[. ai smy[ (pnik)n[ yid aiv[ C[ k[ ah)> ti[ t[ni mi[Ti bip&n[

s&vriÄyi hti an[ $KDmimini[ d[h pN ah)> j bÇyi[ hti[.53 upri[kt p\s>gi[ oiri l[Kk

g\imjni[ni mnmi> Gr kr) gy[l) a>F~¹Fini[ (nd[<S kr[ C[.

gimDi>mi> (v(vF Ô(tai[ an[ a[mni ars-prsni Äyvhiri[ a[k g»iÀy smijn&>

miLK&> uB&> krvimi> aiFirB*t a>g si(bt Yiy C[. p\At&t nvlkYimi> kiq) an[ m[r Ô(tn&>

(n$pN Yy[l&> C[. psiyti s&r>g, drbir, gi[dDiviLi an[ lÈmN bhirv(Tyi[ kiq) Ô(tn&>

p\(t(n(FRv kr[ C[. bhid&r an[ K&mir)viL) kiq) Ô(tmi> simiºy r)t[ a[m kh[viy C[ k[ j[N[

ki[e a[k prik\m ky&† hi[y t[n[ kiq) kºyi jÃd) mL[.

aim, 'si[rq tiri> vh[ti>" piN) a[ g&jrit) si(hRyn) p\Ym p\id[(Sk nvlkYi C[,

j[mi> si[rq) g»iÀy p(rv[S mi#i m*k piV<B*mi> n rh[ti a[k Jv>t pi#i tr)k[ p\At&t Yiy C[.

si[rq an[ pi>cilni p\d[Si[ni p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Smi>Y) ai kZ(tn&> kYivAt& n)pj[l&> C[ an[ a[ni

pi#ii[, Jvn, Äyvhiri[ an[ Äyvsiyi[ a[ p(rv[Sni[ ApS< pim[ C[. aim, g&jrit) nvlkYi

si(hRymi> g»iÀy p(rv[Sn) lix(Nktiai[n&> s*Èm (n$pN si]p\Ymvir kr)n[ nv) k[D) k>Dirvini[

yS m[GiN)n[ fiL[ Ôy C[.

m[GiN) pC) g&jrit) si(hRymi> p\id[(Sk aYvi Ônpd) nvlkYi Av$p a>tg<t

g»iÀyp(rv[Sn&> viAt(vk an[ Äyipk vN<n krnir pºnilil pT[l {1912} hti. t[ai[ g&jrit

an[ rijAYinn) srhd[ g&jritni eSin K*Nimi> aiv[li D&>grp&r JÓini mi>Dv) gimni

vtn) hti an[ a[mN[ a[mn) nvlkYimi> m&²yRv[ sibrki>qini p\d[Sn&> (n$pN ky&† C[.

pºnilil[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> j[ p\d[Sn[ ail[²yi[ C[ t[ a[k Avt>#i Bi]gi[(lk a[km tr)k[

121

a(AtRv Friv[ C[ an[ a[ p\d[Sn&> g»iÀy Jvn, a[mn) simiJk an[ ai(Y<k smAyiai[,

a[mni[ m&²y Äyvsiy kZ(Oi an[ a[ni p\Åni[ a[mn) nvlkYimi> yYit<$p[ rj* Yiy C[. ~)

k&>j(vhir) mh[ti an[ Diƒ.jyºt pT[l, 'si(hRy Av$pi[" mi> pºnililn) nvlkYin) ni[>F

l[ti lK[ C[ :

''aipN[ Ryi> gimDi>n) p\Ôni hid<n[ (pCin)n[ p*ri smBivY) (n$pniri j*j

l[Kki[mi>ni pºnilil a[k C[. a[mn) b)J (v(SÖti a[ C[ k[ g»im Jvnn[ smjvin[ miT[

p\kZ(t(c#iNn[ K*b p\[rNiRmktiY) an[ Jv>ttiY) pºnilil p\yi[j[ C[. g»im Jvnn[ aidS<

nY) bnivti, t[m jD pN nY) bnivti. pi[t[ j[v&> Jvn By>&< C[ t[v&> j t[ni hOi<-Si[k,

aiSi-(nriSi, s&K-d&:K s(ht rj* kr[ C[.""54

p\id[(Sk nvlkYin) pr>primi> pºnilil pT[l 'minv)n) Bvie" j[v) u_im kZ(t p\din

kr[ C[, j[mi> a[mN[ a[kbij& ãdyn) B*K ti[ b)J bij&, p[Tn) B&K, B)>s, p(rvir, smij,

gim an[ Sh[rni p\Åni[n&> viAt(vk (c#iN ky&>< C[. ai kZ(tni k[ºWmi> kiL&-rij&n) p\NykYi C[,

pr>t& siY[ siY[ a[ sibrki>qini eD(ryi m&lkni g»imJvnni[ sixiRkir krivt) g»im)N

smijn) ani[K) kYi pN C[.ai kZ(t (vS[ pi[tini[ a(Bp\iy aipti jSv>t S[KD)viLi lK[

C[ :

''g\imJvnn) nvlkYiai[ lKti g&jrit) l[Kki[a[ t[n&> an&krN ky<>& C[. (vV

(vwilyi[mi> g&jrit) BiPi-si(hRyni uμc a¿yisk\mmi>y, g&jrit) jinpd) nvlkYini

p\(t(n(F$p nm*ni tr)k[ t[mj a¿yisxm si(hRykZ(t tr)k[ , t[ vir>vir (ny&kt Yt) rh)

C[.aim, 'minv)n) Bvie" g&jrit)n) a[k mh_vn) an[ ¹yinpi#i nvlkYi C[.""55

122

minv)n) Bvie {1947}

ai kZ(tmi> K[t) oiri nBti[ a[k smij an[ a[ K[t)p\Fin smijn[ k\*r r)t[ kcD)

ni>Kti C¼p(nyi d&kiLn) sim[ Yti> rij&-kiL&ni p\c>D p&$OiiY<ni m(hmin[ l[Kk[ p\gT kyi[< C[.

C¼p(nyi d&kiLn[ smy[ sÔ<t) asH p(r(AY(tn&> ail[Kn kr) jnpdni[ tiØS (ctir ai

kYimi> l[Kk[ ai¼yi[ C[. g&jritn) eSin) srhd[ vsniri, C¼p(nyi di$N d&kiLn) asH

(AY(t siY[ s>kLiy[li gimDini> jm)ng&Ôr& jnsm&diyn) kYi 'minv)n) Bvie" mi>

ail[Kie C[.

kiL& an[ rij&n) kYivAt&n[ k[ºWmi> riK) l[Kk[ p\kZ(tni[ p\ki[p shn krti licir,

(n:shiy g»im)N smijn&> ãdyoivk WÆy dSi<Äy&> C[.‘minv)n) Bvie’a[ g»im)N smijn)

vit C[; n[ g(t aipnir bL t[ kiL C[. ÔN[ aiK) viti<n&> m&²y pi#i j kiL C[, n[ b)Ô

bFi> ti[ a[ni> di[rÄyi> di[riy C[.""56

'minv)n) Bvie" j[m kiLp\Fin nvlkYi C[ a[m vitivrNp\Fin kYi pN C[.a[mi>

tRki(ln simiJk an[ p\id[(Sk vitivrN ail[Kiy[l&> C[.""57 C¼pn)yi kiLn&> B[>kir Cti> t[

smyn&> sJv nm*n[dir vitivrN ai kYin) mh_vn) (s(¹F C[. d&OkiLn&> BÄy, (v(SÖ

vitivrN aipN) b)J ki[e g&jrit nvlkYimi> nY) j[ l[Kk pºnililn) (s(¹F j gNiy.

ti[ b)J bij&, kiLn) B)OiN k\*r g(t, Kiu ! Kiu ! krti[ vgDi[, kiLziL Ye viti[ pvn,

p[Tni[ KiDi[ p&rvi mYti minv)ai[n) mYimN, B*K-B)Kn&> sv<#i Äyip[l&> sim»i¶y, Frt) pr

vrsti[ mi[tni[ vrsid, vn, K[tr, S[r)ai[mi> - ¶yi> j&ai[ Ryi> mDdi> vg[r[ k$N ãdyApS„

vitivrNn&> sj<n kr[ C[. a[k bij& g»imvis)ai[ni sgie, l³n, p>ci[ni ºyiy, vivN),

kipN), v[rz[r ai(d p\s>gi[ an[ (dviL), n*tnvOi< j[vi th[viri[ vKt[ a[k (v(SOT p\kirn&>

123

vitivrN tiØS Yiy C[. ai kYimi> vh[mn) pN vit aiv[ C[, j[ni oiri l[Kk[ li[kminsni[

sici[ (ctir ai¼yi[ C[. pi#ii[n&> vt<n vitivrNn[ an&$p Ô[e Skiy C[.

'prYm)ni[ pi[q)" p\krN ti[ aiKi minv sm*hn[ ApS<ti vitivrNn[ Äykt kr[ C[.

ät&ai[ni g(t(c#ii[ ah)> Ô[vi mL[ C[. ti[ li[ki[ni[ an[ri[ uRsih a[ r>g)n vitivrNmi> Ô[e

Skiy C[ : ''gimDi>n) ät&, mi[sm an[ vh[virn&> svi[<RkZOT vN<n vi>cv&> hi[y ti[ 'prYm)ni[

pi[q)" vi>ci[. pi>c l)T)ai[mi> ät&-ät&ni> ck\i[mi> cilt&> gimD&> sJvn ky>&< C[.""58 l[Kk ai

kZ(tmi> t[ smyni tLpdi vitivrNn[ vfidir rHi> C[. p\s>gi[n[ an&$p ain>dmy, g>B)r,

By>kr, k$N k[ grm vitivrN l[Kk ail[K) btiv[ C[.

vN<nn) W(OTa[ pN ai kZ(t ~[Oq C[. l[Kkn) aigv) tLpd) vN<nCTi kZ(tni pin[

pin[ p\gT Yiy C[. 'minv)n) Bvie" sici K[D*tJvnn) kYi C[, t[Y) (v(vF ät&ai[ siY[

s>kLiy[l) K[t) an[ li[k Äyvhirn&> vN<n ¹yinpi#i bn[ C[. vitivrN ail[Kvin) j[

mh_vn) (s(¹F a[mn[ si>pD) C[ t[ pN ai vN<nklin[ j aiBir) C[. p\kZ(t, pi#ii[ an[

p\s>gi[ni vN<ni[mi> ai nvlkYi aigv) (v(SOTti FirN kr[ C[.

l[Kkni[ p\kZ(tp\[m ti[ giQ C[. a[mni> p\kZ(tni> vN<ni[ kyir[k k(vti bn) Ôy C[.

kYin) S$aitmi> j s&>dr p\kZ(t vN<vti> l[Kk lK[ C[ :

''migSrn) mFrit d¾y[pg[ vh) rh) ht). Gu>-cNini k*Ni> Ci[D a[kb)Ô>ni pisimi>

p[svi mY) rHi> hti. zik(Lyimi> rK[viLi[ T*>(Tyi>viL)n[ ph[l) U>G kiQti hti. tipNi>ni[

d[vtiy ÔN[ riKn) si[D tiN) s*ti[ hti[. mi[lByi< a[ (vSiL pT aispis aiv[l) T[kr)ai[

prni> gim, a>Firimi> piFr srKi> Ye b[qi hti. Frt) aiK)y U>Gt) ht). a[Tl&> j n(h,

tiriai[Y) Kdbdt&> aiB pN Si>t, n)rv bn) Gi[rt&> ht&>...... b»Mi>D aiK&>y s*msim

ht&>..."".59

124

'#iigDi" p\krNn) S$aitmi> j aipN[ p\kZ(tmi> aivti aNFiyi< p(rvt<nn&> Jv>t

(c#i (nhiL)a[ C)a[. aOiiQ) (dvsi[n&> mi[hk vN<n ¶yir[ l[Kk kr[ C[ Ryir[ a[mn) klm

gimq) p\kZ(tn) k(vti bn) Ôy C[ :

''aOiiQ) #i)jn) r)t[ aikiS cgDi[L[ cDy&>. piCl) rit[ Frt) pr vivizi[Din&>

GmsiN m>Diy&>. k*kDi[ bi[lti> ti[ Frt) an[ aiB a[ktir Ye b[qi>.

n[ pri[Q Yti> Yti>mi> ti[ p[li[ m[h&li[, gDgDiT krti[ D&>gri[n) ai[trit) hirmiLimi>

cilti[ Yyi[. viyri, v>Ti[L an[ (vjL)ai[ pN, lÆkr siY[ jti srp>cn) j[m li[p Ye gyi>.

li[ki[a[ Ô[y&> ti[ ai a[k ritmi> C[Ó) b[cir GD)mi> Frt)a[ ÔN[ pis&> f[rv) ni>²y&>.

ge kil[ ti[ a[, pg n m&kiy - a[r[ ! Vis $>Fie Ôy a[v) vriLi[ kiQt) ht); ¶yir[ aij[

a[ni pr li>bi Yen[ U>G) jvin&> mn Yiy a[v) q>>D), pi[c) an[ r(LyimN) bn) b[q) ht).

q[rq[r Ki·ii[ an[ Kibi[(cyi> Clkie rHi> hti>. ¶yir[ d[Dki> ti[ ÔN[ Ôt Ôtni s*r kiQt)

G>T)ai[ fr) rh) ! zi>Kri j[v) ligt) p[l) vnriJ, ai a[k j ritmi> nvpÓ(vt n Ye

b[q) hi[y t[m ai>K qr[ a[vi[ l)li[ r>g FirN kr) ÔN[ mrk mrk hs) rh) ht). px)ai[ pN

- vrsid siY[ aiBni ki[ek K*Nimi>Y) Ti[Lib>F utr) aiÄyi> n hi[y ! rmvin[ vrsidni>

vFimNi> givi ! an[ aim a[k j ritmi> Frt) aiK)y bdlie b[q) ht).""60

p\kZ(tni ai vN<ni[ pC) trt j Qi[rni ain>d, bLdi[ni Di[ln n[ vivN)ni hOi<mi>

g&ltin Yy[li g»imvis)ai[ni> ain>d-Äyvhirn&> vN<n l[Kk k&SL r)t[ kr[ C[.

RyirpC) 'd&:Kni> dLNi>", 'di[hyli dn" an[ 'Ki>D(Nyimi> miYi> rim", p\krNi[mi>

d&OkiLni vN<ni[mi> p\kZ(tni> ri]W Av$pni[ Bi[g bnti B*²yi> g»imvis)ai[n) di$N dSi

prikiÖia[ phi[>c[ C[ :

125

''v)s pμc)s hiD(p>jr, p[li mr[li> Qi[r pr t*T) pDyi> hti>. di>t j Cr)ai[ ht) n[

d[vti ti[ p[Tmi> BDBkti[ j hti[ n[ ? kiL&> k>p) uqyi[. xNBr ti[ vh[m pDyi[: 'k[ pC)

g)FDi> C[ ?"

g)Fn) j[m j Ye rH&> ht&>: ki[e p[li> Ci[kri>n[ hDs[li[ mirt&> ht&> ti[ ki[e Di[S) vL)

K*n p)t) ht). Qi[rni akk[k pg[ b¾b[ jN bcki> Brti> hti>, ¶yir[ tlviri[ siY[ cD)

b[q[li p[li b[ jN ti[ kip) kip)n[ - l>gi[T) upri>t kpD&> hi[y ti[ Ki[Li[y viL[ n[ ? bglmi>

mirti ti[ vL) p[Tn[ siYL vμc[ dbivti> hti>. tlvirni[ Dr hti[ ti[y ki[e ki[e a[kid li[ci[

tiN) l[t&>.""61

aim, C¼p(nyi d&kiLn&> an[ a[mi> li[ki[n) Yy[l) B*>D) dSin&> ãdyWivk vN<n l[Kk[

ky&† C[. kiLn) B)OiNtin[ kirN[ pi[tin&> sv<Av a[v) Frt)n[ RyJ jti K[D*ti[ an[ B*>D)

B*Kni> a(³nn[ qirvi miT[ Jvti Qi[rn[y kicin[ kici krD) Kinir t[mj l*>Tfi>Ti[ krnir

B)li[ni> vN<ni[ aipNi mins pT pr kiym miT[ a>(kt Ye Ôy C[. ~) umiS>krni mt

m&jb l[Kk[ upsiv[l&> ai d&OkiLni ti>Dvn&> (c#i ai nvlkYin[ mhikiÄyn) kxi nJk le

aiv[ C[. ai nvlkYimi> Äy(ktgt Jvnn) piCL sm(OTni> rhAyn&>, aiKi ät&ck\n&> dS<n

l[Kk[ kriÄy&> C[. Jvnni p\vihn[ U>ci-n)ci, aiDi-avLi a[vi an[k p\kirni p\(tk*L

vLi>ki[mi> K[>c) jti a[vi kiLni[ prci[ l[Kk[ ai¼yi[ C[; ti[ a[n) siY[ a[ p\(tk*Ltiai[n[

phi[>c) vLvin[ simiºy minv)mi> rh[li sim¸y<n&> dS<n pN kriÄy&> C[ an[ 'dS<k" kh[ C[ t[m;

''d&:KY) n(h hirvin), n(h Bigvin), jm)n siY[ jDiy[li kZOikn) jLi[ÄiZ(_i ah)> C[. ah)>

pD[l C[ a[ (vVÄyip) minv aiRmin) c)s. ai p\c>D aÄyvAYi sim[ p\(tkir krvin&>

aih`vin.""62

126

'minv)n) Bvie"mi> pºnililn) tLpd) BiOii aikOi[< C[. k(vRvY) Br[l) a[mn)

S]l) vickn[ h]y[ vs) Ôy C[. g»im)N smijn) bi[lciln) BiOii ah)> Jv>t bn[ C[. l[Kk

gimD&> liv[ C[ n[ g»imJvnni p\Åni[ pN liv[ C[. ai kZ(tmi> l[Kk[ gimDi>n) an[k(vF

smAyin) rj&ait k&SL klikirn) adiY) ani[K) bin)mi> rj* kr) C[.

hrki[e p\krN, a[n&> mYiL&> k[ pC) a[mi> aivti s>vidi[, vN<ni[ vg[r[n&> sim¸y<

¹yinpi#i bn[ C[. nvi j viky p\yi[gi[, aigv) vN<nCTi a[mi> pin[ pin[ pD) C[ an[

srLtiY) vh[t) a[mn) S]l) mF&r bn) C[.

l[Kkn) aigv) vN<nCTin[ ai[p aipvimi> a[mn) tLpd) BiOiia[ mh_vni[ Big

BjÄyi[ C[. a[mni p\kZ(t vN<ni[mi> kiÄyi>Si[ rh[li C[. a[mn) gimq) k(vtimi> Frt)n) mh[>k

hi[y C[. dS<k 'minv)n) Bvie" miT[ aigL vL) kh[ C[ :

''vN<n (c#iNmi> j Si miT[, viti<lipi[mi>, kTixi[mi>, mni[m>Yni[mi> j[ BiOiisim¸y< q[r

q[r pDy&> C[ t[mi> a¿yisn) Yi[kb>F simg») pD) C[ - kyi>k C[ (AYr mi[t)n) s[ri[ ti[ kyi>k C[

a>girini[ Qgli[, kyi>k C[ sÔv[l) tlvirni zTki ti[ kyi>k C[ a>trmi> K*>c) gy[l SÃyn)

v[dni, ti[ kyi>k C[ mni[m>Yn$p) li[Qni uCiLi.""63

g&jrit) nvlkYimi> eSi(nyi K*Nini p\d[Sni[, Ryi>n) p\Ôni[ t[mi>y B)l Ô(tni[

si]p\Ym p(rcy ai r)t[ pºnilil aipNn[ kriv[ C[. ai p\Ôni Jvnn) aigv) $(Q,

p\Ni(lkiai[, t[mni r)t(rviÔ[, (vcirvlNi[ an[ uRsvi[, Ryi>n) D&>griL p\kZ(tni> xN[ xN[

plTiti (mÔjn&> an[ Ryi> Jviti Jvnn&> sj<niRmk (n$pN l[Kk[ ky&<> C[. ''g»imJvn j[

(v(SOT AYL-kiL an[ p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Smi> Vs[ C[, f*l[fil[ C[, t[n&> t[ai[ By&† By&†, sJv,

s*ck ail[Kn kr[ C[.""64 ai upri>t ai nvlkYimi> aipNn[ pºnilil g»iÀy smijni

gr)b) j[vi simiºy smAyiai[n) pN aigL ¶yi> a(tSy an&k>pijnk p(r(AY(t p\vt[< C[

127

Ryi> le Ôy C[. a[ AiZ(OT C[ (Bli[n). pºnilil[ ai r)t[ g&jrit) nvlkYin[ si]p\Ymvir

air·yki[n) AiZ(OTmi> p\v[S kriÄyi[ C[.

pºnilil pT[l pC) g&jrit) si(hRymi> g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> ail[Kn krti

nvlkYikiri[mi> eVr p[Tl)krn&> nim aiv[ C[. t[ai[ t[mn) nvlkYimi> mi[T[Big[ m¹y

g&jritmi> aiv[li K[Di JÓin) an[ t[mi>y Kis kr)n[ Ryi>ni cri[tr p\d[Sn) piT)dir ki[mn&>

t[mj mh) nd)ni ki>qini p\d[Smi> vst) piTN-vi(Dyi ki[mn&> (n$pN kr[ C[. aivi p\id[(Sk

p(rv[S upr l[Kk mirfiD, ci[r)-l*>T an[ K*n vg[r[ g&niai[ miT[ p>kiy[l), Ryi> vst)

piTNvi(Dyi nim[ ai[LKit) g&jritni K[D*-qikrDiai[n) a[k si]Y) n)cl) ki[mni Jvnn&>

p\id[(Sk kYivAt& t[mn) nvlkYimi> ail[K[ C[.

'jnmT)m" a[mn) aiv) j nvlkYi C[. t[mn) ai kZ(tmi> pN mh) ki>qin)

piTNvi(Dyi ki[mni pi#ii[n&> ail[Kn Yy[l&> Ô[vi mL[ C[. ai nvlkYimi> ki[e ci[kks p\d[S

an[ ci[Ês Ô(tni[ uÓ[K Yy[li[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. l[Kk[ j[ pi#ii[ l)Fi> C[ a[ gimDi>ni C[. p\d[S

pN gimDi>ni[ C[. an[ a[ r)t[ ai kZ(t g»iÀy p(rv[Sni> ail[Knn) W(OTa[ ¹yin pi#i bn[ C[.

jºimT)p {1944} :

ai kZ(tmi> l[Kkn&> lÈy piTNvi(Dyi ki[mn) (v(SOTti dSi<vvin&> rH&> C[. j[ai[ Avmin

an[ a(Bmin Kitr ki[eni[ p\iN le Sk[ C[, ti[ pi[tini p\iNn&> b(ldin pN aip) Sk[ C[.

aim Cti> simiºy r)t[ t[ai[ p\kZ(tmy an[ kZ(Oimy Jvn Jv[ C[. kZ(Oi a[mni Jvnni[

aiFir C[. ai kZ(tmi> GN) GTniai[ K[trmi> j GT[ C[. kYin) mi>DN) a[k p\Bit[ B)mini

K[trmi> j Yiy C[ an[ bribr a[k vOi< bid FgFgti F*p BL[ cil) rh[l kipN) vμc[ ai

kYi p*r) Yiy C[. ai kZ(tmi> ail[Kiy[l) p\Ô K[t)p\Fin C[ an[ t[ai[n) Bi]gi[(lk an[

128

p\ikZ(tk p(r(AY(tn[ aiF)n Jvn Jv[ C[. ät&ck\ni an&s>Finmi> a[mn&> Jvnck\ an[k

p\kirni s&K-d&:Kn) GTmiLmi> ciÃyi kr[ C[.

pi[Oi) p*nmn) si>j[ a(tSy TiQ pD[ C[. bFi> v[Lisr Kiep)n[ tipN)a[ b[s) Ôy

C[. KiTlimi> s&vi jnirn[ gi[dD) piN)Y) B)n) Ye ge hi[y a[Tl) q>D) lig[ C[. UBi

pikn&> kil[ S&> YS[ ? a[ p\Æn t[mni> (dl vli[v) ni>K[ C[. Ryir[ ki[e tmik&>ni K[trmi> F*miDi[

krvin) yi[jni rj* kr[ C[, ti[ ki[e aiK) rit ki[sY) piN) pivin) drKiAt m*k[ C[, ti[ vL)

ki[e riKnir rim ti[ ciKnir ki[N ? n) ai (AY(t p\B&ni nim[ lmN[ hiY den[ b[s)

rh[vimi> s>ti[Oi min[ C[.65

c>dia[ piTNvi(Dyi ki[mn) aRy>t mh[nt&> à)vg<n&> p\(t(n(F$p pi#i C[. a[n)

(dncci<mi> aipNn[ a[ ki[mn) tmim à)ai[n) ri[J>d) p\ÄiZ(>_in) p\t)(t Yiy C[ :

''svirni phi[rmi> vh[l) uq) a[ CiNvis)d&> kr) l[t). bpi[rni BiYi miT[ ri[Tli,

Sik k[ kQ) t]yir kr), pC) vKt vF[ ti[ utivL) utivL) a[ nd)a[Y) piN) Br) livt),

bik) rh[ t[Tl&> kim si>j[ K[trmi>Y) aiÄyi pC) p&r&> krt). rit aiK) ÔN[ kim krvi bniv)

hi[y t[m t[ aF„ rit s&F) gDmYl kyi< j krt). (dvs aiKi[ ti[ K[t)ni kimmi> j

giLt).""66

si>j[ bFi> K[tr[Y) Gr trf piCi vL[ Ryir[ c>di a[ni (dyr-nN>d, riki[-j[l) miT[

kpiyl) bijr)mi>Y) l)li> l)li> D*>Di> pi[>k piDvi miT[ le l[ C[. G[r aiv) c>di c*li[ sLgiv[

C[, K)cD)n&> ai>FN m*k[ C[, Kil) Yy[l&> piN) Brvi b[D&> miY[ m*k[ C[, bkr)n[ pili[ F)r[ C[,

B[>sn[ bfie gy[l&> gi[t&> m&k[ C[, bLdn[ b[-cir (dvs Yyi hti a[Tl[ Un[ piN) nvDiv[ C[,

d[vti pDti Ci[kri>n[ pi[>k piD) aip[ C[ an[ mi[D) rit[ kimmi>Y) prvir) pYir)mi> (dyr-nN>dn[

viti< kh[ C[.67

129

'jºmT)p" n) S$aitmi> ~i¹y pxni (dvsi[mi>, ai[tri-(ctri nx#imi> K[trmi> kim

krti piTNvi(Dyi K[D*ti[n&> ail[Kn l[Kk kr[ C[ :

''~i¹F pxni kimni (dvsi[mi> piTNvi(Dyi ki[mn&> aiK&>y gim K[trmi> kim[ vLg)

gy&> ht&>. G[r ti[ rDy&>, KDy&>, GrD&> gi[br&> k[ miNsn) p*rt) hi[y ti[ j&vin vh&vir& Grni vis)

kimY) prvir) BiY>& le jvi p*rt) rh[t).""68

aij p\miN[ l[Kk ai kYini a>tmi> pN a[j ät&mi> K[trn) Frt) pr kipN)n&> WÆy (n$p[

C[ :

''~i¹F pxni[ s*y< ät&k\mN kr)n[ piCi[ aiv) gyi[. a[ni[ a[ j ai[tri-(ctrini[

bijr)viQ tip ! lL) pD[li> bijr)ni D*>Di pvnn) lh[ri[mi> nm) pDyi hti>. kpiL[Y)

prs[vini r[li utrti K[D*ti[ bijr)n) ai[L kip) rhyi> hti>..... K[trmi> j pN j[ Bigmi>

bijr) ht) t[niY) U>ciNni> Bigmi> ai sil bijr) kr) ht)..... smDin[ DiL[ Ki[e bi>F)

k>k& c>dini b[-aQ) m(hnini Ci[krin[ h)>cki ni>Kt) ht). c>di, Bi(gyi[ an[ b)Ô b[ mj*ri[

bijr)n) ai[L) zpiTib>F kip) rHi> hti>.""69

c>din) aiv) ri[J>d) p\ÄiZ(_iai[ an[ kZOik k&T&>bn) (dncci<ni (n$pN oiri l[Kk a[k

g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> aib[h&b (c#i upsivvimi> asiFirN sfLti hi>sl kr[ C[. g»iÀy p(rv[Sni

a[ ail[Knmi> aipNn[ a[mn) s*Èm (n(rÈiN S(kt an[ s*zni dS<n Yiy C[ an[ aipN[ a[k

g»iÀy smijni[ K&b (nkTtiY) p(cy p\i¼t kr)a[ C)a[.

piTN-vi(Dyi j[v) pCit ki[mni li[ki[ miti, B*vi, di[ri-Figi, B*t-p\[t vg[r[mi>

s(vS[Oi ~¹Fi Frivti Ô[vi mL[ C[. 'jnmT)p" mi> li[ki[ a[v&> min[ C[ k[ a[ki>t AYLmi> ÀiZRy&

pim[l) Jv) B*t Ye C[ an[ gim bhir aiv[li K[trni S[Qi upr aiv[li ai>bl)ni ziD

upr t[ni[ vis C[.70 ki[e (p\y vAt& k[ Äy(ktn) p\i(¼t miT[ ai ki[mni li[ki[ p)rn) biFi riK)

130

n]v[w Friv[ C[. rimnvm)n[ (dvs[ Briti rimd[vp)rni m[Lini (dvs[ fk)rn) drgihmi> rh[li

rimd[vp)rn) biFi riKvi miT[ mi>dg)mi>Y) Uq[li[ mni[r Ôy C[. Ryi> t[n[ pi[tin) (p\ytmi

c>din[ mLvini pN ki[D C[. mni[rn) siY[ a[ni[ (m#i v)rJ bkr)n) B[>T len[ UBi[ C[.

(h>d&ai[mi> sir) aiAYi f[livnir an[ t[mni> (dl k[m ÔLvvi> a[ sir) r)t[ ÔNnir fk)r

~)fLn&> n]v[w FriÄyi pC) bkr)n[ hlil n krti> li[h)n&> a[k T)p&> j a[ drgih pr Ci>T)n[

biFin) (v(F p&r) kr[ C[, an[ mnvi>(μCt Äy(ktn) p\i(¼t miT[ t[lni[ F*p d)F[li[ di[ri[ mni[rni

jmNi hiY[ bi>F[ C[.71

ai upri>t hi[L)-F*L[T) j[vi uRsvi[ pN t[ai[ K*b uRsihY) ujv[ C[, pr>t& F*L[T)n)

rmtmi> bribr di$ p)n[ t[ai[ simsimi v[r pN viL[ C[. j[mk[ d[vi[ ai rmt drÀyin

simipxni a[k Äy(ktn) Ki[pr) fiD) ni>K[ C[. aim, ai pv<n) ujvN)mi> pN ai ki[mn)

v[rÄiZ(_i an[ K*ºns aigL aiÄyi (vni rh[ti nY).

ai upri>t ai nvlkYimi> piTNvi(Dyi ki[mni[ ph[rv[S, a[mn) (v(SÖ bi[l) vg[r[

a[k g»iÀy vitivrN sj<vimi> mh_vni p(rbLi[ si(bt Yiy C[. g»iÀy p(rv[Sni tmim

pisi>ai[ ai kZ(tmi> kliRmk r)t[ rj* krvimi> aiÄyi C[.'jnmT)p" ni 'p\v[Sk’mi> ~) m[GiN)

ai bibtn) ni[>F l[ti> lK[ C[ :

''ci[kqimi>Y) m&kt rh[li[ ki[e ki[e l[Kk a[kia[k zbk[ C[ an[ pi[tin) an&Bv[l),

pg tL[ K*>d[l) k[ p\iN Br)n[ p)F[l) nin) a[v) li[kd&(nyin&> pN klidS<n le aiv[ C[, Ryir[

g&jritmi> nvi> ajviLi> pYriy C[, an[ aiOiiQn) p\Ym W(OTa[ plL[l) Frt)n) F*Lmi>Y)

j[ si[Dm uq[ C[ t[v) si[Dm a[ aipNn[ p\sºn kr[ C[. a[v) (nj Frt)n) s&g>F sit[k vOi< p*v[<

Bie pºnilil le aiÄyi, an[ aij[ Bie eVr p[Tl)kr liv[ C[.""72

131

'jnmT)p" a[ eVr p[Tl)krn) p\Ym nvlkYi C[ an[ a[mn) ai kZ(t g&jrit)

si(hRymi> g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> (n$pN krt) nvlkYiai[n) si>kLn) mh_vn) kD) C[. a[mn)

kZ(tai[n&> mh_v dSi<vti rG&v)r ci]Fr) an[ riF[Æyim Smi< kh[ C[ : ''p[Tl)krni p\Åni[ j&ni

bnti> B(vOyni[ vick a[mn) kZ(tai[ sim[ ai>K aiDi kin n kr[ t[ aSky nY). pN

simiJk e(thisni a¿yis)ai[ miT[ p[Tl)krn&> vicn B(vOymi> pN a(nviy< rh[S[.""73

a[mni pC) c&n)lil m(Dyi{1922} si]riÖ^ni g»iÀy p(rv[Sn[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi>

ail[K[ C[. ai nvlkYikir a[mni p\d[Sni a>t(ryiL gimDi>ai[n&>, (grnir an[ g)rni>

j>gli[n&>, nd)-niLi>ai[n&> a[ p\d[Sn) Frt) an[ a[mni K[t)p\Fin smijn&> pi[tin)

nvlkYiai[mi> ail[Kn kr[ C[.

'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> aipNn[ g»iÀy p(rv[Sn) a[ p\d[Sni li[ki[n) JvnS]l), mins,

miºytiai[ pr k[v) asr Yiy C[ a[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. g&>disr j[v&> gim v](Vk Fi[rN[ vh[ti

p\vihi[Y) m&kt C[ an[ a[n) p\id[(Sk (v(SÖtiai[ akb>F rh[vi pim) C[. ai[zt nd),

g)rnir, gimni[ vgDi[ vg[r[ g»iÀy p(rv[Sni t_vi[ ai kZ(tmi> li[kJvnmi> a[ hd[ vNie

gy[li C[ k[ t[ai[ Jv>tpi#ii[n) mifk p\(tt)kr lig[ C[. Jvnn) tmim bibti[mi> K[t)n[

p\Ym p\iFiºy aipvimi> aiv[ C[. hidi pT[lni k&T&>bni tmim s¿yi[ Frt) siY[ s>kLiy[li C[.

'pivk jviLi" an[ 'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi" j[v) nvlkYiai[ Avit>#yn) lDtn) viti[

krt) hi[vi Cti> piV<B* ti[ g»iÀy p(rv[S j C[. a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> gimDi>mi> a[k simiJk

miLKi>n) rcni krti alg alg Ô(t an[ Äyvsiyni tmim p\(t(n(F pi#ii[ni dS<n Yiy

C[. a[ pi#ii[ni (vcir, vt<n an[ vlNi[ aipNn[ K*b j shj an[ viAt(vk lig[ C[ a[n&>

m&²y kirN a[ C[ k[ m(Dyi pi[t[ pN a[ p\d[Sn) Frt)ni> j s>tin C[ an[ j[m Yi[ms hiD„a[

pi[tini vtn 'Wessex 'n[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> ail[²yi[ C[ t[m c&n)lil m(Dyia[ pi[tini

132

vtn 'si]riOT^" n[ pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> p\At&t kyi[< C[. ai b>n[ nvlkYikiri[n) kZ(tai[mi> (n$p)t

g»iÀy p(rv[Sni t&lniRmk a¿yis an[ avli[kn hv[ pC)ni p\krNi[mi> krvimi> aiÄyi C[.

c&n)lil m(Dyi bid g&jrit) nvlkYimi> p\FinpN[ g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> ail[Kn krnir

p)ti>br pT[l {1918} hti. a[mN[ g»iÀy p(rv[Sn&> (n$pN krt) nvlkYiai[n) hirmiLimi>

'Frt)ni am)" an[ 'K[trn[ Ki[L[" j[v) kZ(tai[ aip). ai b>n[ nvlkYiai[mi> g»iÀy

p(rv[Sn) (vS[Oitiai[n&> (n$pN (n:S[OipN[ Yy[l&> Ô[vi mL[ C[. t[ai[ pi[tin) kZ(tmi> u_ir

g&jritni> piTNviDi an[ mh)ki>qini g»iÀy p\d[Sn&> ail[Kn kr[ C[.

Frt)ni> am) {1962} :

ai kZ(tmi> l[Kk qikrDi ki[mn) kYi ail[K[ C[. a[mi> qikrDi ki[mn&> Km)r (n$piy&> C[.

ai p\Ô ci[r), l&>TfiT kr)n[ pi[tin&> xi#it[j dSi<v[ C[. si[nip&r gimni hiY)Jn) p&#i) $pi

an[ rtnp&rni v)riJ vμc[ jnmiÖm)ni m[Limi> p\[m Yiy C[. ai p\[m l³nmi> p(rNim[ C[.

ai p\s>gn[ kirN[ eOyi<jnk an[k p\s>gi[ uBi Yiy C[. $pini (pti hiY)J an[ vrs>gJ

sgi Bie C[. Cti> a[k ci[r)ni[ F>Fi[ Ci[D)n[ siF& Jvn giL[ C[, ti[ b)Ô[ Bien&> n²Ki[(dy&>

Kivi B#i)Jni vrn[- Grjmien[ Grmi>Y) kiQvi z[r ai[k[ C[. C[vT[ jmieni hiY[ mriy C[.

vrs>gJn&> K*n vOii[<Y) v[r) bn[li kik) an[ B#i)Jn[ nJk liv[ C[. pi[tin[ Kitr kikin&>

K*n kr)n[ nis) jnir p(t v)riJ p\Ry[ a[n[ p\[m C[, ti[ b)Jbij&, bhirvTini> k\*r kmi[< p\Ry[

nfrt C[. viti<ni[ k[ºWmi> ai s>GOi< rh[li[ C[.

p\[miL an[ p\rik\m) a[v) ai p\Ôn&> Jvn a>t[ ti[ Frt) siY[ j s>kLiy[l&> C[ an[

simiºy r)t[ K[t) oiri t[ai[ pi[tin&> g&jrin cliv[ C[. vrs>gJni ÀiZRy& pC) vOii[<Y) v[r)

bn[li b[ Bieai[ni Gr a[k bn) Ôy C[. ¶yir[ jmn)n[ pi[tini p(tni K*n pC) Grni

133

BrN-pi[OiNn) (c>ti stivt) hi[y C[ Ryir[ $pi, kSi[ B[dBiv ri²yi (vni kik)ni Grmi> p\v[S[

C[ an[ kh[ C[:

''kic)..... ai[ jmn) kic)..... prtip μyi> gyi ? a[n[ mi[kli[ mir) hir[. aij tmir&>

tLivD)viL&> K[tr K[Dvin&> C[... n[ bijr)n&> b) t]yir riKÔ[. kil[ a[mi> bijr) p[r) d[vin)

C[. tmiri Grmi> b)ni[ Ô[gni hi[y ti[ mir[ Ryi>Y) le jÔ[.""74

aim, $pin[ vrs>gJni pDtr K[trmi> K[Dvin) an[ vivN)n) ph[l krt) Ô[en[

kik)n[ s&Kd aiáy< Yiy C[ an[ a[n) k&T&>bni BrN-pi[OiNn) (c>ti d*r Yiy C[.

v[r)ÄiZ(_i, AviY<n) (nrY<kti smÔv) mi#i Frt)mitin[ j C[vTni[ aiFir tr)k[

vN<vti hiY)J, vrs>gni p&#i p\tipn[ kh[ C[:

''prtip ! d)kri, hv[ Kbrdir Ye Ô. l[ ai ki[diL) an[ K[trmi> BiL[ Ryi>Y)

S*(Lyi> kiQ) ni>K..... ai bF) Frt) tmn[ si[>p) tm[ Beb&n s>p)n[ rL) Kiv."" n[ hiYmi>

tij&> j K[Diy[l&> miT)n&> Q[$ len[ bi[Ãyi[ :

''Frt) ti[ a[kni an[k KilviviL) mivD) C[. a[n) j[v) cikr) krSi[ a[v&>

pimSi[.""75

nYiJ t[ hiY)Jni k&T&>bni[ j*ni[ siY) hti[. v)ri[J K[t) s>BiLvini[ hti[ a[Tl[ t[n[

C*Ti[ kyi[< hti[, pr>t& v)ri[J ti[ K*n kr)n[ nis) Ôy C[; a[Tl[ $pi pi[t[ j a[mn) siY[

nYiJn[ t[Div[ C[ an[ hL Ô[trvi t]yir Yiy C[. a[k si>j[ K[tr K[Dvin&> cil& kr[ C[ an[

b)j[ (dvs[ ti[ aiK&> K[tr K[D) ni>K[ C[. $pi bijr)n&> (byirN t]yir kr[ C[ an[ hiY)J siY[

rh) bijr) ph[riv[ C[.76

$pin) Af*(t< an[ ci[misini (dvsi[mi> $pin) (dncyi< vN<vti l[Kk lK[ C[:

134

''aRyir[ ci[misini di"Dimi> kim[ k[Tl&> rh[t&> ht&> ? a[k ti[ bLd n[ B[>sn) cir

livvin), CiNpiN) krvin&>, piC&> K[trmi> bipn[ Bit aipvi jvin&>, ritni bLd miT[ g&vir

bif) riKvini[. B[>s d&zN) ht) a[Tl[ a[n[ miT[ kpis t]yir krvini. kim gNvi b[s[ ti[ kyi>

pir aiv[ t[m hti[ ?""77

ät&n) p\Ym vOii<ni a[>FiN an[ Frt)ni p&#ii[n) vrsidn) ait&rtin[ l[Kk j[ r)t[

vN<v[ C[ a[mi> aipNn[ g»imvis)ai[ an[ p\kZ(t vμc[ni at*T an[ aiRm)y s>b>Fi[n) zi>K)

Yiy C[ :

''ritni ukLiT vFti[ hti[. (dvs[ vL) Ô[rY) pvn f*>kiti[ hti[ an[ kyir[k ti[

ai>F)y[ aivt) ht), pN ai ai>F) vidL)ai[n[ pN K[>c) jt) ht). ÔN[ vrs& vrs& kr)n[

m[h&(lyi[ pN si]n[ TTLiv) rHi[ hti[. tipY) an[ bifY) hv[ ti[ si] t>g aiv) gyi> hti>.

a[Tl[ ti[ si]ni mi[>mi>Y) a[k j ud`gir n)kLti[ hti[ : 'vrsi[ bivl)ai[ vrsi[ hv[ ti[ mn

m&k)n[ a[kvir vrsi[."

pN a[m mi>³yi m[h mLti hi[y ti[...... ti[ Frt)ni p&#ii[ ºyil Ye Ôy n[ !........

n[ aiOiiQ) vidLi> aikiSmi> gi[r>Bie rHi>. jlBirY) ai vidL)ai[ n)c[ utrt) ht) ÔN[

aiKi aikiSn[ ai vidL)ai[a[ mQ) d)F&> ht&>. pvnni s&sviTi aiÄyi. ÔN[ sig pir kr)n[,

piN)mi> zbki[Lien[ ai mit(rVi viti[ hi[y a[m vOii<n) m)q) si[Dm le aiÄyi[ hti[.pvnn)

pi>K[ cD)n[ m[h&l)ai[ aiÄyi[ t[m t[ s>¹yiTiN[ ti[ bs vrs) j pDyi[. Frt) an[ aikiS a[k

ti>tr kr) m&k[ a[v&> vrAyi[. vrAyi[ an[ si]ni> a>trmi> ain>dn) h[l) Br) gyi[. ci[m[r (klkir

Ye rHi[.

135

Frt)a[ pN m[h&l)yin[ a>tr Ki[l)n[ Brp[T[ vFiÇyi[ hi[y a[m t[mni (mlnn) mF&r

si[DmY) vitivrN trbtr Ye rH&> ht&>. K[D*ti[ni a>trn[ ai si[Dm p&lk)t kr) rh)

ht)........ uRsih p\gTiv) rh) ht).""78

aim, p\Ym vOii< ph[li> an[ pC) a[k gimDi>ni vitivrNmi> k[vi[ plTi[ aiv[ C[ an[

a[n[ g»imvis)ai[ k[vi[ p\(tBiv aip[ C[ a[n&> l[Kk[ ah>) ri[ck vN<n rj* ky&<> C[. aiKi vOi<n&>

ät&ck\ j g»imvis)ai[n&> vi(Oi<k smyp#ik C[ an[ a[n[ ai(Fn j a[mn) vOi< drÀyinn)

smg» p\vZ(_iai[ hi[y C[. miT[ a[ li[ki[ miT[ vOi<ni ph[li> vrsidn&> mh_v aºy uRsvi[ krti

pN an[k gN&> vFir[ C[. a[ (dvsi[mi> a[mni[ ain>d an[ uRsih h]yimi> smiti nY) :

''p\Ym vOii< a[ j Frt)mitin[ rsbs kr) d)F) ht). #i)j[ (dvs[ ti[ gim[ hLi[tri[79

jih[r kyi<. Frt)ni Ôyi K&SKS&il Ye gyi. bLdn[ SNgir) rHi> hti>. hL t]yir kr) rHi>

hti. si] a[vi ti[ g[lmi> aiv) gyi> hti k[ t[mni[ YngniT pN uCiLi le rHi[ hti[.

hiY)Ja[ hL sÔÄy&>. v)riJni hiYmi> riS aip) S&knn) rih Ô[ti vismi> uBi

rHi>.

$pia[ v)riJn[ k&mk&mni[ ci>Ói[ kyi[<. bLdn[ an[ hLn[ pN ci>Ói[ kr) p*jn ky&<>.

v)riJ an[ hiY)Jni> mi[> gi[LY) gÇyi> kriÄyi an[ hiY)Jn) eSirtY) v)riJa[ hL

h>kiy&†.""80

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bi](Fk vg< a(AtRvmi> aiÄyi[ C[. Avit>#y p*v[< g»iÀy p(rv[Sni piV<B*mi> lKit) nvlkYin)

S]l) an[ rj*ait upr pr>prigt p(ám) nvlkYini[ p\Biv Ô[e Skiy C[.jyir[ vt<min

smymi> j[ g\i(mN nvlkYiai[ lKiy C[ a[mi> ''g\i(mN p\jini aicir-(vcir an[ s>Akir

p\Ry[ nv) ki]t&k Ø(OT, tLpdi Jvnni s>GPi[< an[ a(AtRvprk kTi[kT)n&> ail[Kn krvin)

vZ(_i k[ d(lt c[tnin&> shj (nÄyi<j kYn a[ sv< lxNi[ plTiti p(rv[Sni[ (nd[<S kr[

C[.""84d(lt smijni> j k[Tli>k y&vin l[Kki[a[ Avin&Bvi[ pr aiFi(rt pi[tini smijn)

smAyiai[ rj* krt) k[Tl)k kYiai[ aip), j[mi> g\iÀyp(rv[Sni k[Tli>k aApZOT Bigi[ upr

p\kiS f[>kvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.aim, g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ Birtmi> hv[ aigvi p(rp[Èy an[ p(rmiN

mÇyi C[ an[ t[n&> (n$pN krt) g&jrit) Ônpd) nvlkYi pi[tin&> Avt>#i Av$p, AYin an[

(AY(t FirN krvin) (dSimi> aigL vF) rh) C[. aim Cti> g&jritni> g»iÀyp(rvS[ni hj&

an[k a[vi pi>si an[ p\d[Si[ C[, j[ g&jrit) nvlkYimi> AYin piÀyi nY), j[mk[ s&rtY) vip)

vμc[ni g»iÀy (vAtirn) p\Ô pN pi[tin) aigv) JvnS]l) an[ s>AkZ(t Friv[ C[, pr>t& a[mn&>

Jvn hj& s&F) g&jrit) nvlkYimi> c[iÊs aikir FirN kr) Sky&> nY). aiF&(nk

T[kni[li[Jni> stt p(rvt<nS)l y&gmi> ai p\d[S pi[tin) a(Amti an[ aigv) ai[LK g&miv[

a[ ph[li> a[n&> avtrN Yiy ti[ g&jrit) si(hRy x[#i[ a[ K&b mhRvn&> p\din bn) rh[vi

pimS[.

144

pidT)p

1. 'siY< g&jrit) ji[DN)ki[S": g&jrit (vwip)q, amdivid,pi>cm) aivZ(t, 2001.pZ.256

2. 'Bgvd`gi[m>DL" kti< : Bgvt(s>hJ, p\kiSk: p\v)N p\kiSn rijki[T, b)J aivZ(_i-

1986,

3. 'Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary' : Oxford University Press, Forth

Edition, 2008 p.494, 200

4. 'The Oxford Dictionary of Current English' : Oxford Uni. Press India,

Seventh Edition, 1984. p.843

5. a[jn pZ. 333

6. 'Longman Active Study Dictionary of English' : Addison Wesley

Longman Limited, England, First Indian Reprint, 1998. p. 740

7. a[jn pZ. 167 8. 'The Oxford Dictiionary of Current English' : p. 165

9. 'siY< g&jrit) ji[DN)ki[S": pZ. 274

10. a[jn pZ. 256 11. 'Longman Active Study Dictionary of English' : p. 590

12. 'siY< g&jrit) ji[DN)ki[S": pZ. 518

13. 'aiF&(nk si(hRys>Xiki[S" : s>pidki[ c>Wki>t Ti[p)vili, pr[S niyk, hP<vdn (#iv[d),

g&jrit) si(hRy p(rPd, amdivid, p\Ym aivZ(t, 1986.pZ 225

14. a[jn pZ. 31

15. a[jn pZ. 225

145

16. 'The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms' : Oxford Uni. Press,

Oxford, 1992, pZ. 169 upr 'picaresque novel" n) Äyi²yi n)c[ m&jb

aipvimi> aiv) C[ : ''the term is applied to narratives that do not have a

picaroon as their central character, but are loosely structured as a

sequence of episodes united by the presence of the central character ,

who is often involved in a long journey''.

17. a[ j pZ. 162-163 upr 'Pastoral "n) Äyi²yi n)c[ m&jb aipvimi> aiv) C[:

'' highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of

shepherds and shepherdesses in poems , plays and prose romances.

Pastoral literature describes the loves and sorrows of musical

shepherds,usually in an idealized Golden Age of rustic innocence and

idleness ; paradoxically , it is an elborately artificial cult of simplicity and

virtuous frugality ''

18. a[ j pZ.191 upr 'Romance" n) Äyi²yi ai p\miN[ aipvimi> aiv) C[: '' ...A fictional story in a verse or prose that relates improbable adventures

of idealized characters in some remote oar enchanted setting ; or more

generally , a tendency in fiction oppsite to that of realism....''

19 Fielding, Henry : 'Joseph Andrews', Orient Longman, First Edition,

1993 p. 12

20. Ibid., p. 18

21. Ibid., p.24

22. Fielding, Henry : 'Joseph Andrews', p. 24

146

23. Ibid., p. 159 ,160

24. Goldsmith, Oliver : 'The Vicar of Wake-Field ': Orient Longmans, India,

1966, p.12

25. Ibid., p.158

26. Ibid., p . 144

27. Ibid., p. 208

28. Ibid., p. 210

29. Ibid., p. 65-66

30. Bhattacharyya , Jibesh :' Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice': Atlantic,

Delhi , 2005, p.138

31. O' Neill, Judith (Ed.) : 'Critics on Jane Austen': Universal Book Stall,

New Delhi, 1989 . p. 6

32. Bronte, Emily : ‘Wuthering Heights’: Airmont Books, New york, 1963.

p. 205

33. Ibid., p. 86

34. Ibid., p. 83-84

35. Eagleton, Terry : ‘The English Novel : An Introduction’: Blackwell

Publishing, U.S.A. 2004. p. 141

36. Eliot, George : ‘Silas Marner’: Oxford Uni. Press, India , 2005 .p.3

37. Ibid., p. 4

38. Ibid., preface , p. 24

147

39. Ibid ., 194

40. (mA#i), Dƒi. B&p[ºW: 'g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi": p\kiSk : Dƒi. B&p[ºW (mA#i), p\Ym

aivZ(t, 1989.pZ 10

41. drJ, p\v)N : 'nvlkYi Av$p": y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y (nmi<N bi[D<, amdivid, p\Ym aivZ(t,

1986. pZ 4

42. ci]Fr), rG&v)r, Smi<, riF[Æyim : 'g&jrit) nvlkYi": y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y (nmi<N bi[D<,

amdivid, #i)J aivZ(t : 1991. pZ 3

43. a[ j pZ 2

44. t&lniRmk si(hRy (vBig, v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt oiri aiyi[(jt

'Birt)y nvlkYi riOT^)y p(rs>vid" - 7-8 mic< , 2009 mi> m(Nlil h. pT[l n&>

ud`bi[Fn

45. v[d, Dƒi.nr[S : p\i. (kSi[r(s>h si[l>k) { s>pidk}, 'jinpd) nvlkYi-(vBivni an[

(vkis": piV<p\kiSn, amdivid, p\Ym aivZ(t, 1994. pZ 40

46. (mA#i), Dƒi. B&p[ºW: 'g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi": pZ 15 uprY) ud`FZt

47. a[ j pZ 16 uprY) ud`FZt

48. m[GiN), zv[rc>d :'si[rq tiri> vh[ti> piN)" :{(nv[dn}, g*j<r g\>YrRn kiyi<ly,

amdivid, pi>cm) aivZ(t : 2000. pZ 7

49. a[ j

50. a[ j pZ 258

51. a[ j pZ 244

52. a[ j pZ 108-109

148

53. a[ j pZ. 52

54. pT[l, jS&: 'kYn": p\kiSk : h>si pT[l, p\Ym aivZ(t: 2005. pZ 31 uprY) ud`FZt

55. S[KD)viLi, jSv>t, bib& divlp&ri, nr[S v[d { s>pidki[} : 'g&jrit) kYi(vV":

S¾d(vv[k, vÃlB (vwingr, p\Ym aivZ(t : 1985. pZ 173

56. pT[l, pºnilil : 'minv)n) Bvie": siFni p\kiSn, amdivid, p>drm) aivZ(t :

2003 . pZ 11

57. pT[l, jS&: 'kYn": pZ 98

58. dS<kn) 'minv)n) Bvie" n) p\Ativni , pZ 25

59. pT[l, pºnilil : 'minv)n) Bvie": pZ 31

60. a[ j pZ 51

61. a[ j pZ 301-302

62. a[ j dS<kn) p\Ativni pZ 23

63. a[ j pZ 25

64. S[KD)viLi, jSv>t, bib& divlp&ri, nr[S v[d { s>pidki[} : 'g&jrit) kYi(vV": pZ. 175

65. p[Tl)kr, eVr : 'jnmT)p": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, 19m) aivZ(t :

1998. p\ .12

66. a[ j pZ 198

67. a[ j pZ 203-204

68. a[ j pZ 10

69. a[ j pZ 197

70. a[ j pZ. 21

149

71. a[ j p\. 8-9

72. zv[rc>d m[GiN)n) 'jnmT)p"n) p\Ativni pZ. 6

73. ci]Fr), rG&v)r, Smi< riF[Æyim : 'g&jrit) nvlkYi": pZ 20

74. pT[l, p)ti>br : 'Frt)ni am)": p\(vN p\kiSn, rijki[T, nv) aivZ(t : 1989. pZ

178

75. a[ j pZ 180-181

76. a[ j pZ 178

77. a[ j pZ 3

78. a[ j pZ 163-164

79. 'g&jrit) p\id\(Sk nvlkYi" mi> Diƒ. B*p\ºW (mA#i) 'hLi[tri" (vS[ n)c[ m&jb mi(ht)

aip[ C[:

''hLi[trini[ ai uRsv g&jritmi> (v(SOT p\kirni uRsv tr)k[ l[Kvi[ pD[ a[vi[ C[.

ai uRsv (vS[Pt: u_ir g&jritmi> K[t) Äyvsiy jnpdi[mi> s(vS[P p\c(lt hi[y t[v&>

ji[vi mL[ C[. u_ir g&jritni pT[li[ an[ ai>jNi pT[l ai uRsv m[G- vPi< (dn[

ujv[ C[. aim ai uRsv mi#i kZ(Pkiri[ni[ j C[. ai uRsv j&dij&di nim[iμcirY)

g&jritmi> ai[LKiy C[ .k[Tli>k K[D*ti[ t[n[ hL[itri ni nim[ s>bi[F[ C[, k[Tli>k

'hLji[#ii" ni nimY) ti[ k[Tli>k 'aLi[tri" ni nim[ s>bi[F[ C[.""

80. pT[l, p)ti>br : 'Frt)ni am)": pZ 164

81. (mA#i), Dƒi. B&p[ºW: 'g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi": pZ 223-224

82. pT[l, p\m[idk&mir : p\. (kSi[r(s>h si[l>k) {s>pidk}, 'jinpd) nvlkYi : (vBivni an[

(vkis" pZ 52

150

83. a[ j pZ 54 uprY) ud`FZt

84. a[ j pZ 53- 54

151