=

=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^qW==gçáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ONëí=`Éåíìêó=

í

qF= åÉÉÇë= íç= âÉÉé=

åÅêÉ~ëÉ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅóI=

åíÉêå~ä= ~åÇ= ÉñíÉêå~ä= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåI= ~åÇ= Ñ~Åáäáí~íÉ=

áåÑçêã~íáçå=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=~åÇ=Ö~íÜÉêáåÖK=táíÜçìí=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=ac^q=ïáää=

ìÇáÉåÅÉë= ~åÇ= ÑáåÇ= áí= áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖäó= Ü~êÇ= íç=

~å= ÑçêÉáÖå= éçäáÅó=

áÑ=ac^q=áë=íç=ëí~ó=

çêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉëK=

ÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä=

~ä=ëÜáÑíK=táíÜ=åÉï=

Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=

~åÇ=íÜÉ=

~Åó= áåíç= ÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä= éê~ÅíáÅÉK= få~ÇÉèì~íÉ=

^ìëíê~äá~å= éçëí

tÜ~ í = á ë = Ü É = é ê ç Ä ä Éã \ =

qÜÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí= çÑ= cçêÉáÖå=^ÑÑ~áêë= ~åÇ=qê~ÇÉ= Eac^

é~ÅÉ= ïáíÜ= íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÅ~ä= ~Çî~åÅÉãÉåíë= íÜ~í= ÅçìäÇ= á

áãéêçîÉ= á

ÄÉ= Åìí= çÑÑ= Ñêçã= áãéçêí~åí= ~

ÅçããìåáÅ~íÉ= áíë= ãÉëë~ÖÉë= ~åÇ= ÅççêÇáå~íÉ= ^ìëíê~äá

~Åêçëë=ÖçîÉêåãÉåíK===

tÜ~ í = ë Ü çì äÇ = Ä É = Ç çå É \ =

^=êççí=~åÇ=Äê~åÅÜ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=çîÉêÜ~ìä=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇ=

êÉäÉî~åí= ~åÇ= âÉÉé= é~ÅÉ= ïáíÜ= çíÜÉê= ÄÉåÅÜã~êâ= Ñ

^ÇÇáíáçå~ä= êÉëçìêÅÉë= ~åÇ= ëìëí~áåÉÇ= éçäáíáÅ~ä= ~åÇ=

äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=ÇêáîÉ=~=ëìÄëí~åíá~ä=Åìäíìê

êÉëçìêÅÉëI=~=ïÉääJëí~ÑÑÉÇ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=ìåáí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=

ã~åÇ~íÉ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉ=Åçåíáåìçìë= áååçî~íáçå=

áåíÉÖê~íáçå= çÑ= ÉJÇáéäçã

= ïÉÄëáíÉë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= êÉéä~ÅÉÇ= ~ë= ~= éêáçêáíóI= í~âáåÖ= ~=

ïÜçäÉJçÑJå~íáçå= ~ééêç~ÅÜ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉáê= ëìÅÅÉëëçêëK= ^= ïáÇÉ= ~êê~ó= çÑ=

éêçãáëáåÖ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÅ~ä=áååçî~íáçåë=~äêÉ~Çó=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=rpI=rh=

~åÇ= `~å~Çá~å= ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= êçääÉÇ= çìíK= lîÉêäó=

êÉëíêáÅíáîÉ=ÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä=ãÉÇá~=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë= ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ= êÉÑçêãÉÇ=~åÇ= íÜÉ=

íÉãéí~íáçå= íç= çîÉêJêÉÖìä~íÉ= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ëçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= íççäë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ=

~îçáÇÉÇ=íç=ã~ñáãáëÉ=íÜÉáê=áãé~ÅíK===

=

oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=cÉääçï=

qÉäW=HSN=O=UOPU=VNOM=

ÑÜ~åëçå]äçïóáåëíáíìíÉKçêÖ=

iltv=fkpqfqrqb=clo=

fkqbok^qflk^i=mlif`v=

PN=_äáÖÜ=píêÉÉí=

póÇåÉó=kpt=OMMM=

qÉäW=HSN=O=UOPU=VMMM=

c~ñW=HSN=O=UOPU=VMMR=

ïïïKäçïóáåëíáíìíÉKçêÖ=

fbc==

=

mlif`v=_o=

cbodrp=e^kplk=

kçîÉãÄÉê=OMNM=

The Lowy Institute for International Policy is an independent international policy think tank.

Its mandate ranges across all the dimensions of international policy debate in Australia —

economic, political and strategic — and it is not limited to a particular geographic region. Its

two core tasks are to:

• produce distinctive research and fresh policy options for Australia’s international policy and

to contribute to the wider international debate.

• promote discussion of Australia’s role in the world by providing an accessible and high-

quality forum for discussion of Australian international relations through debates,

seminars, lectures, dialogues and conferences.

Lowy Institute Policy Briefs are designed to address a particular, current policy issue and to

suggest solutions. They are deliberately prescriptive, specifically addressing two questions: What

is the problem? What should be done?

The views expressed in this paper are entirely the author’s own and not those of the Lowy

Institute for International Policy.

=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=ÚÁíÜÉ=~ìíÜçêë=~êÉÁ=êáÖÜí=íç=~êÖìÉ=íÜ~ïÉÄ= áë= íÜÉ= ãçëí= ê~Ç = çìê=^åÇ=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ëìêÉäó=~äëç=êáÖÜí=íç=éêÉÇáÅáí=Ü~ë=çåäó=àìëí=ÄÉÖìå=íç=ïçêâ=áíë=ã~ÖáÅ

=qÜÉ=bÅçåçãáëí=

çáåÖ=íÜ Ñ= éäçã~

í=íÜÉ=íáãÉK=í=íÜ~í=KÛ=

ëìÅÜ=

áÅ~ä= ÑçêÅÉ= çÑ

==fåíêçÇìÅíáçå==^ééêçéêá~íÉäó= Ñçê= ~å= ~êÉ~= ìåÇÉêÖê~éáÇ= ÅÜ~åÖÉI= É= ÇÉÑáåáíáçå= ç ÉJÇáëíáää= ÄÉáåÖ=

Åó= áë=ÇÉÄ~íÉÇK= cçê= íÜÉ= éìêéçëÉë=

êÉéçêíI= á = áë= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=~ë= íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ= íÜf`q=íç=ÜÉäé=Å~êêó=çìí=Çáéäçã~íáÅ=çÄêÉîáÉï= çÑ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= ~åÇ= áíë= ìëÉ= Ä

çí É=ïÉÄ

àÉÅíáîó= íÜÉ=

pí~íÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåíI= rh= cçêÉáÖå=cç

= `~c^q= Ç=éêÉÜÉåëáîÉ

Åá~= éä~íÑã=çåäó=íÜáë= éÑêçã=Ö= áåí~íáçå ~åÇ=Å~íÉÖ

Éëë= Å~ëÉ= Ñçê= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=áë=ëíêçåÖÉëíK=fíë=éçíÉåíá~ä=íç=áãéêçîÉ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅáÉëI= Ñ~Åáäáí~íÉ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉë=~åÇ=êÉãçíÉäó=êÉ~ÅÜ=~Åêçëë=ÄçêÇÉêë=~êÉ=î~äì~ÄäÉ=áå= íÜÉáê= çïå= êáÖÜíI= Äìí= é~êíáÅìä~êäó= ëç= ÖáîÉå=^ìëíê~äá~Ûë= ÖÉçÖê~éÜáÅ= áëçä~íáçåI= ac^qÛë= äçï

Ñ= íÜáë== ~åÇ=ÉëK=^=rp=~åÇ=

êÉáÖå=å~Ç~=

`çããçåïÉ~äíÜ= lÑÑáÅÉ= Ec`lFI= ~åÇ=^ÑÑ~áêë= ~åÇ= fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= qê~ÇÉEac^fqF=êÉîÉ~äë=ã~åó=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=a~ÅÅêìÉ= íÜêçìÖÜ= áíë= ãçêÉ= Åçã~ÇçéíáçåK==tÜáäÉ= íÜÉêÉ= áë= ~= íÉåÇÉåÅó= íç= ~ëëçÇáéäçã~Åó= ïáíÜ= ëçÅá~ä= åÉíïçêâáåÖäáâÉ=c~ÅÉÄççâ=~åÇ=qïáííÉêI=íÜÉëÉ=ÑçêEäáãáíÉÇF= ~ëéÉÅí= çÑ= ÉJÇáéäçã~ÅóK= få=ÄêáÉÑI=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=ïáää=ÄÉ=Éñ~ãáåÉÇ=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉëW= áíë= ìëÉ= áå= ÉåÜ~åÅáåÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåI= ÉñíÉêå~ä= ÅçããìåáÅéìÄäáÅ= Çáéäçã~ÅóK= fí= áë= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= íïç=áå= é~êíáÅìä~ê= ïÜÉêÉ= íÜÉ= Äìëáå

Åçìä=

íÉ= ÉJçêãë=çåÉ=çäáÅó=íÜêÉÉ=Éêå~ä==çêáÉë=

=íççíÜ= íç= í~áä= ê~íáç= EÇáéäçã~íë= éçëíÉÇ= çîÉêëÉ~ë=îÉêëìë= íÜçëÉ= Ä~ëÉÇ= áå= `~åÄÉêê~FI= ÅÜêçåáÅ=ìåÇÉêÑìåÇáåÖ=çÑ= ÑçêÉáÖå=~ÑÑ~áêë=~åÇ=^ìëíê~äá~Ûë=~ãÄáíáçå=íç=ÄÉ=~å=~ÅíáîÉ=ãáÇÇäÉ=éçïÉêK===

ìÉ=Éñíê~=~åÇ=ïáää=ÄÉ== ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë=íìêóK= táíÜçìí= ÉJÅÉ= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ==çÑÑ= Ñêçã=áãéçêí~åí=

ÑçêÉáÖå=ãáåáëíêáÉë=íÜÉ=ÄäçÖçëéÜÉêÉFI=~ë=íÜÉê=~ÑáÉäÇ=áí=ïáää=ÄÉ=

å~ä=ãÉÇá~=~åÇ== ãÉëë~ÖÉë= ïáää= ÄÉ=

êÉëíêáÅíÉÇK= qÜÉ= ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí= çÑ= ÑçêÉáÖå= éçäáÅó== äáãáíÉÇ= ~Äáäáíó= íç=~Åêçëë= ÖçîÉêåãÉåí=Éåíë= ïáää= ÄÉ= ëìÄJ

ë= ÇÉîÉäçé= Åçããçå=^q= ÅçìäÇ= ~äëç= ÄÉ=

Éë= åçí= íç= é~êíáÅáé~íÉK=^Ççéíáçå=çÑ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=éä~íÑçêãë= áë= ~í= ëçãÉ=

áå= íÜÉáê= ~Ççéíáçå=ëí~ÑÑ= ëâáääÉÇ= áå= íÜÉáê=K=jçëí= áãéçêí~åíäóI=áë= Ü~ãëíêìåÖ= áå= áíë=å=áåíÉêÉëíëK========

ãáåáëíêáÉë=Éñ~ãáåÉÇ=í çìí= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ÉJ

íÑçêãë= ~åÇ= ~êÉ= ÉñéÉêáãÉåíáåÖ=ïáíÜ= çíÜÉêëK= tÜáäÉ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= áë= ëíáää= áå= áíë=áåÑ~åÅóI= íÜÉêÉ= ~êÉ= ~äêÉ~Çó= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=éêçãáëáåÖ= éä~íÑçêãë= íÜ~í= çÑÑÉê= ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=íç=ac^qK=qÜÉ=é~ÅÉ=çÑ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áë=ëç=Ñ~ëíI=ÜçïÉîÉêI= íÜ~í= ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë= ãìëí=Åçåëí~åíäó=~Ç~éí=íç=åÉï=~Çî~åÅÉë=~åÇ=ïáää=åÉÉÇ=íç= ìåÇÉêí~âÉ= éÉêáçÇáÅ= ÅçåëçäáÇ~íáçåë= çÑ=êÉÇìåÇ~åí=çê=áå~ÅíáîÉ=éä~íÑçêãëK=====

bJÇáéäçã~Åó=áë=åçí=~=ÄçìíáèáåÅêÉ~ëáåÖäó= ÅÉåíê~ä= íç= ÜçïçéÉê~íÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ONëí= ÅÉåÇáéäçã~Åó= ac^q= ïáää= Ñ~ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉëK= fí=ïáää=Åìí= áíëÉäÑ~ìÇáÉåÅÉë=EìåäáâÉ=ÄÉåÅÜã~êâ=áí=ÇçÉë=åçí=ÅçããìåáÅ~íÉ=áå=ãçêÉ=^ìëíê~äá~åë=íê~îÉä=ÑìêÜ~êÇÉê=íç=êÉ~ÅÜ=íÜÉã=îá~=íê~ÇáíáçÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= çíÜÉê

ïáää= ÄÉ= Åçåëíê~áåÉÇ= Äó= ~ÅçåëìäíI= ~åÇ= ÅççêÇáå~íáçå=~åÇ= ïáíÜ= ÑçêÉáÖå= ÖçîÉêåãçéíáã~äK===^ë= çíÜÉê= Çáéäçã~íáÅ= ~ääáÉÅççêÇáå~íáçå= éä~íÑçêãë= acÉñÅäìÇÉÇ= áÑ= áí= ÅÜççë

éçáåí= áåÉîáí~ÄäÉI= Äìí= ÇÉä~ó=ãÉ~åë= íÜÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=çÑ=ìëÉ=ïáää= ~äëç= ÄÉ= éçëíéçåÉÇïáíÜçìí= íÜÉëÉ= íççäë= ac^q=~Äáäáíó=íç=~Çî~åÅÉ=^ìëíê~äá~=qÜÉ=íÜêÉÉ=çîÉêëÉ~ë=ÑçêÉáÖå=Ñçê= íÜáë= ë ìÇó= Ü~îÉ= êçääÉÇ=Çáéäçã~Åó= éä~

m~ÖÉ=P=

=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

ac^q=~åÇ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó==lå= OQ= ^éêáä= NVVRI= ac^q= ä~ìåÅÜÉÇïÉÄ=éê

= áíë= áÉëÉåÅÉK=eçïÉîÉêI=éÉêÜ~éë=~ë=~=êÉë

ëìëí~áåÉÇ= ìåÇÉêJêÉëçìêÅáåÖ

åáíá~ä=ìäí=çÑ=

I= áí= Ü~ë= çåäó=çÑ= ïÉÄëáíÉ

ì

ãçêÉ=êÉÅÉåíäó= ãçîÉÇ= ÄÉóçåÇ= íÜÉ= ìëÉ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖóK===qÜÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= ã~áåí~áåë= ~= ÜÉ~Çè

=

~êíÉêë=ïÉÄëáíÉ=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=êìÇáãÉåí~êó=ÖÉåÉêáÅ=ïÉÄëáíÉë=Ñçê=éçëíë=~Äêç~Ç= EíÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=ÇìÉ= íç=ÄÉ=áå= ãáÇ= OMNNFK= fí= áë= çåäó= åçï= ëÉÉâáîáÇÉç=

êÉéä~ÅÉÇåÖ= íç

~åÇ= ~ìÇáç= Å~é~ÄáäáíáÉë= íç= áíë= ïÉÄëíÜÉ=ãçëí=Ä~ëáÅ=çÑ=íççäë=Ñçê=çêÖ~åáë~íáçåë=ï

= a

== ~ÇÇ=áíÉë= Ó=áíÜ=~=c^qJéìÄäáÅ= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåë= êçäÉK= qÜÉ

ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= fã~ÖáåÉ= ^ìëíê~äá~= ïÉÄëóÉ~ê= çÑ= ^ìëíê~äá~å= ÅìäíìêÉ= áå= `ÜáåéêçãáëáåÖK==ac^q= Ü~ë= ÄÉÖ~å= íç= ÉñéÉêáãÉåí= ïã~áåëíêÉ~ã=ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉëI=bãÄ~ëëó=áå=`ÜáäÉ=ã~âáåÖ=ëáñ=

áíÉ= Ñçê~= áë=

áíÜ=ïáíÜ=

= íÜÉ=ãçêÉ=

ëçãÉ=íÜÉ=

íïÉÉíë=cÉÄêì~êó= OMNM= É~êíÜèì~âÉ= ~ë= é~êÅçåëìä~ê=çìíêÉ~ÅÜK=qïáííÉê=~åÇ=c~ÅÉìëÉÇ= Ñçê= Åçåëìä~ê= éìêéçëÉë= ÇìêáåÖ=`ìé= áå= pçìíÜ= ^ÑêáÅ~I= áå= íÜÉ= äÉ~ÇÅ~åçåáë~íáçå= çÑ= j~êó= j~Åháääçé= ~`çããçåïÉ~

Çìêáåí= ç

Äççâ=íÜÉ= tçêäÇ=Jìé= íçåÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ=

äíÜ= d~ãÉëK= ^= `ÜáåÉëÉ=ãÉÇá~=éä~íÑçêã=áë=~äëç=ÄÉáåÖ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=Ñç

eçïìíáäáíó

=ãáåìíÉ=çê=é~êí=ï~ó=íÜêçìÖÜ=~å=ÉîÉåíI=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=ëÉÉáåÖ=áí=~ë= áåíÉÖê~ä= Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëí~êí= E~= íêÉåÇ= áÇÉåíáÑáÉÇ= áå=^ìëíê~äá~Ûë=aáéäçã~íáÅ=aÉÑáÅáí

Ö=íÜÉ=Ñ= áíë=ïÉêÉ=

= íÜÉ=

ëçÅá~ä=ê=íÜÉ=ÉîÉêI==çÑ=

óÉ~ê= çÑ=^ìëíê~äá~å= ÅìäíìêÉ= áå=`Üáå~K=íÜÉêÉ=áë=ëíáää=~=íÉåÇÉåÅó=íç=áÇÉåíáÑó=íÜÉ=~=ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=ÇáãÉåëáçå=~í=íÜÉ= ä~ëí

=~Åêçëë=^ìëíê~äá~å=éìÄäáÅ=Çáéäçã~ÅóFK===fåíÉêå~ääóI=ac^q=ã~áåí~áåë=~å= áåíê~åÉí= ëÉêîáÅÉ=~åÇ= Ü~ë= éä~åë= íç= áåÅäìÇÉ= ~å= áåíÉêå~ä= ïáâáI=ïÜáÅÜ= áë= ÅìêêÉåíäó=ÄÉáåÖ= íêá~äÉÇ= áå=é~êíë=çÑ= íÜÉ=ÇÉé~êíãÉåí= E~ë= ~êÉ= áåíÉêå~ä= ÄäçÖëFK= pí~ÑÑ= ~äëç=

ä= áåëí~åí= ãÉëë~ÖáåÖ=ÉÉå=ã~ÇÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ==íêá~äë=~êÉ=ìåÇÉêï~ó=~î~áä~ÄäÉ= ~í= ~= ëã~ää=

åìãÄÉê= çÑ= çîÉêëÉ~ë= éçëíë= ïáíÜ= ÅçJÜçëíÉÇ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ= ~í= ~êçìåÇ=~áä=áë=åçï=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=

Ü~îÉ= ~ÅÅÉëë= íç= ~å= áåíÉêå~Ñ~ÅáäáíóK=_ä~ÅâÄÉêêáÉë=Ü~îÉ=Äíç=~êçìåÇ=SMM=ëí~ÑÑI=ámÜçåÉ~åÇ= îáÇÉç= ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅáåÖ= áë=

Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë= ïáíÜ= ^ìëqê~ÇÉ=~åçíÜÉê=PMK=råÅä~ëëáÑáÉÇ=ÉãêÉãçíÉäóK===jçêÉ=Äêç~ÇäóI=dçîÇÉñI=Ú~=ëÉÅìêÉI=éêáî~íÉ=ïÉÄJ

íÜÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= çÑ=Åêçëë= ÖçîÉêåãÉåí== Äó= ac^q= Ñçê= íÜÉ=áå~íÉ=^mb`=éçäáÅóK===

ë=ïÉÄëáíÉ=íÉ~ã=Ü~ë=~== áë= äççâáåÖ=íç=~ÇÇ=

íïç=ãçêÉFK= mçëíë= ~êÉ= êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= ìéÇ~íáåÖ=Lc~ÅÉÄççâ= éêÉëÉåÅÉK=åÉ= áå= = ac^q= Ü~ë=Ñçê= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= çê=ëë= íÜÉ= ÇÉé~êíãÉåíI=ëé~ÅÉ=áë=Ñê~ÖãÉåíÉÇK===

tÜáäÉ= áí= áë= ëíáää= ÇáÑÑáÅìäí= íç= éêÉÇáÅí= ïÜáÅÜ=ïáää= ìäíáã~íÉäó= éêçîÉ=ãçëí= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉI=

~åÇ= Ñçê= ïÜáÅÜ= éìêéçëÉë= íÜÉó= ãáÖÜí= ÄÉëí= ÄÉ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= íççäë=

íÜ ~äê ê= Å î~åí~ÖÉë= Ñçê=ac^qK=Å~íÉÖçêáÉë=~åÇ=ëçãÉ=

==fåíÉêå~ä=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå==bJÇáéäçã~Åó= çÑÑÉêë= ~= ê~åÖÉ= çÑ= éêçãáëáåÖ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë= íç= ÉåÜ~åÅÉ= áåíÉêå~ä=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=ëÜ~êáåÖ=ïáíÜáå=ac^q= ~åÇ= ~Åêçëë= ^ìëíê~äá~Ûë= çîÉêëÉ~ë=Çáéäçã~íáÅ=åÉíïçêâK=bñ~ãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=çÑ=

Ä~ëÉÇ= ëé~ÅÉÛ= ÜçëíÉÇ= Äó=cáå~åÅÉ= áë= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= Ñçê=ÅççêÇáå~íáçå= ~åÇ= ï~ë= ìëÉÇpÜ~åÖÜ~á=bñéç=~åÇ=íç=ÅççêÇ=få=íÉêãë=çÑ=ëí~ÑÑáåÖI=ac^qÛaáêÉÅíçê=~åÇ=íÜêÉÉ=ëí~ÑÑ=E~åÇ

íÜÉáê= ïÉÄëáíÉë= ~åÇ= qïáííÉêeçïÉîÉêI= ÅìêêÉåíäó= åç= ççîÉê~êÅÜáåÖ= êÉëéçåëáÄáäáíó=ã~áåëíêÉ~ãáåÖ= áíë= ìëÉ= ~ÅêçãÉ~åáåÖ=âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=áå=íÜáë==

éä~íÑçêãë=

ìëÉÇI= íÜÉêÉ=~êÉ= ~=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=~í= É~Çó= çÑÑÉ äÉ~ê= ~Ç

qÜÉëÉ=Ñ~ää=áåíç=íÜêÉÉ=Äêç~Ç=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄÉëí=Éñ~ãéäÉë=~êÉ=ëÉí=çìí=ÄÉäçïK==

m~ÖÉ=Q=

=

=

=

ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáë

I= rh=îÉ= ~ÅíáîÉ=

É=çÅÅìêë=çÑÑÉê== Éñáëtáâá

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

ÄÉåÅÜã~êâ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=íÜÉëÉ=áåÅäìÇÉ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖW=== ^å= áåíÉêå~ä= ïáâáW= qÜÉ= rp`~å~Çá~å= ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë= ~ää= Ü~áåíÉêå~ä=ïáâáëK=qÜÉ=î~ëí=Äìäâ=çÑ=ìë~ÖíÜÉ=ìåÅä~ëëáÑáÉÇ= ëóëíÉã=ïÜÉêÉ=ïáâáë=ÄÉåÉÑáíë= E~äíÜçìÖÜ= Åä~ëëáÑáÉÇ= îÉêëáçåë~= Ä~ëáÅ= äÉîÉä= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= ~ää= ëáãáä~ê= íç=

íêáÉëI=

~åÇ=

çå=ãçëí=íFK=^í=éÉÇá~=êÉáÖå=Üçã=pí~íÉ=

ÉñÅÉéí= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= çåäó= ~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉ= Äó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=~åÇ=Åçåíê~ÅíçêëI=~~êÉ= ~ÄäÉ= íç= ÉÇáí= ~åÇ= éçëí= ~êíáÅäÉëK= qaÉé~êíãÉåíÛë= ïáâáI=

Ñçää=çÑ=ï

ÜÉ=aáéäçéÉÇá~I=

NOIMMM=~êíÜ~ë=

áÅäÉëI=NRNIMMM=é~ÖÉ=ÉÇáíë=~åÇ=QRïÉÉâäó=é~ÖÉ=îáÉïëK=qÜÉ=`~å~Çá~å=ïáâá=Ü~ë

OKR=ãÇáíëK=

íë

ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë= äáâÉ= ^ìëíê~íÜÉ ÅêÉ~í Ö= ~=

êå~ä= áâáK=ìãÄÉçêã==~ää=ëí

çÑÑÉêë=ac^qK=

Éé~êÇ= ëííçé= =

ÉÉ= Å~çìíI= ~åÇ= ÑêÉÉäó= ìéÇ~íÉI= íÜÉáê= êçäÉëI= ÇìíáÉëI=Åçåí~Åíë=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=êÉäÉî~åí=áåÑçêã~íáçåK===tÜáäÉ=áí=áë=ëíáää=áå=áíë=áåÑ~åÅóI=áí=ïçìäÇ=~ääçï=~ää=ëí~ÑÑ= íç= ÅçåëçäáÇ~íÉ= íÜÉáê= Çìíó= ëí~íÉãÉåíëI=Åçåí~Åíë=~åÇ=~åó=éçëáíáçåJëéÉÅáÑáÅ=âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=áå=~= ëáåÖäÉ= äçÅ~íáçåK= qÜáë= áë= ÅêáíáÅ~ä= áå= ~=âåçïäÉÇÖÉJÄ~ëÉÇ= çêÖ~åáë~íáçå= äáâÉ= ac^q=ïÜÉêÉ=Ñçêã~ä=Ñ~ÅÉJíçJÑ~ÅÉ=Ü~åÇçîÉêë=~í=éçëí=~êÉ=

ãÉ~ÖêÉ=çê=~ÄëÉåíK=åçí=çåäó=ÜÉäéÑìä= Ñçê=

ÅÉêë= ~åÇ= íÜçëÉ= í~âáåÖ= çîÉê= Ñêçã=ÉãI=Äìí=~äëç=íç=íÜçëÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêáåÖ=~ééäóáåÖ=Ñçê=

áåÖ= íç= áÇÉåíáÑó= íÜÉ=çåK==

áâáë= çÑÑÉê= ~= ìëÉÑìä=Ü ãÉÉíáåÖë= ~åÇ=

ã~íÉêá~äëK= ac^fq=~= éçäáÅó= à~ã= çå= áíë=

îÉ= äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=åÇìÅíÉÇ= ~= ëáãáä~ê=

ñ = ~ ~ää= ãÉãÄÉêë= çÑ= íÜÉ== éçäáÅó= ÇáëÅìëëáçåë=

J å= íÜÉ= äÉ~ÇJìé= íç= íÜÉ==ìå~ÄäÉ=íç=~ííÉåÇ=áå=ëçãÉïÜ~í= ä~ÄçìêJíç= ëçãÉ= Åìäíìê~ä=Ñçê= ~í= äÉ~ëí= ëçãÉ=

~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉëI= áåÅäìÇáåÖ= äáîÉJãçÇÉê~íÉÇ=

çîÉê= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= íáãÉ== íÜêÉ~Çë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ== ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉ= é~éÉêëI=

~Çáå ãÉëë~ÖÉëK= qÜáë=áä~ÄäÉI= ÅçåëçäáÇ~íÉÇ=

= oÉãçíÉ= ~ÅÅÉëëW= táâáë= éêçîáÇÉ= êÉãçíÉ=å ã~íáçå= êÉäáÉÇ=çå=Äó=

Ä~ëáëK=cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=~êçìåÇ= RM= rp= ãáëëáçåë= Ü~îÉ= ìéäç~ÇÉÇ= íç=aáéäçéÉÇá~= ìåÅä~ëëáÑáÉÇ= `së= çÑ= âÉó= Åçåí~Åíë=íÜÉó= ãÉÉí= çå= ~= êÉÖìä~ê= Ä~ëáëI= ~ääçïáåÖ= É~ëó=êÉãçíÉ= ~ÅÅÉëëI= Ñçê= áåëí~åÅÉ= îá~= _ä~ÅâÄÉêêó= áå=íÜÉ=Å~ê=çå=íÜÉ=ï~ó=íç=~=ãÉÉíáåÖ=ïáíÜ=~=îáëáíáåÖ=çÑÑáÅá~äK==== `çããìåáíáÉë= ~åÇ= áåíÉêå~ä= ÄäçÖëW= ^ää=íÜêÉÉ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ãáåáëíêáÉë=Ü~îÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=~=ëÉêáÉë=

çîÉê=IMMM==çîÉê=áääáçå=få=~ää==çå=~=

äá~Ûë=

íÜ~í= é~êíáÅìä~ê= àçÄ= çê= íêóÅìêêÉåí=çÅÅìé~åí=çÑ=~=éçëáíá= =

jÉÉíáåÖ= íççäëW= téä~íÑçêã= Ñçê= çëíáåÖ=ÅçåëçäáÇ~íáåÖ= ãÉÉíáåÖ=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíÉÇ= Äó= ÜçëíáåÖ=ïáâá= áå= ~Çî~åÅÉ= çÑ= ~å= ÉñÉÅìíáÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉ= EíÜÉ= rh= ÅçÉ éÉêáãÉåíFK qÜáë= ääçïÉÇ=ÉñÉÅìíáîÉ= íç= é~êíáÅáé~íÉ= áåçîÉê=~= íÜêÉÉ ïÉÉâ=éÉêáçÇ= áÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=íÜçëÉéÉêëçåK= tÜáäÉ= êÉéçêíÉÇäó=áåíÉåëáîÉI= ~åÇ= ëìÄàÉÅí=êÉëáëí~åÅÉI= ~= ïáâá= ìëÉÇ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí= ãÉÉíáåÖë= çÑÑÉêë=

RIRMM=~êíáÅäÉë=~åÇ=Ü~Ç=êÉÅÉáîÉÇ=çîÉê=é~ÖÉ=îáÉïë=~åÇ=çîÉê=QTMIMMM=é~ÖÉ=ÉíÜêÉÉ=Å~ëÉë=ëí~ÑÑ=éçëí=~êíáÅäÉë=~åÇ=ÉÇáí=éçëîçäìåí~êó=Ä~ëáëK===få= ëã~ääÉê=

êÉ= ïçìäÇ= ëÉÉã= äáííäÉ= éçáåí= áå= êÉîÉêëáçå= çÑ= táâáéÉÇá~= çå= ~å= áåíÉeçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉêÉ= ~êÉ= ~= ä~êÖÉ= å~Çî~åí~ÖÉë= íÜ~í=~= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ïáâá=éä~íÑíÜ~í= áë=çéÉå=íç=~åÇ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÉÇáíÉÇ=Äó

áåïê= çÑ=Ó=çåÉ=~ÑÑ=Ó=

íãÉåí=~êíÉÇ=

ÇáëÅìëëáçå= íÜ~í= Å~å= êçää=òçåÉëI= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ÇáëÅìëëáçå~Äáäáíó= íç= ìéäç~Ç= ~ÖÉåÇ~ëIÄ~ÅâÖêçìåÇ= êÉ Ö= ~åÇ= îáÇÉç=ã~íÉêá~ä= áë= íÜÉå= êÉ~Çáäó= ~î~~åÇ=êÉíêáÉî~ÄäÉK=======

== aÉëâáéÉÇá~W= qÜáë= pí~íÉ= aéä~íÑçêã= Éñáëíë= ïáíÜáå= aáéäçéÉÇá~= ~å~ë=~=ÄäçÖK= fí=Ü~ë=åçï=ÄÉÅçãÉ=~=çåÉJëÑçê= åÉï= ÇÉëâ= çÑÑáÅÉêëK= b~ÅÜ= Éãéäçó

ê~êÉ=~åÇ=Ü~åÇçîÉê=åçíÉë=~êÉ=qÜÉ=aÉëâáéÉÇá~=é~ÖÉë= ~êÉ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä= çÑÑá

ëÜçéå= ëÉí=

~ÅÅÉëë= íç=ìåÅä~ëëáÑáÉÇ= á ÑçêÇáéäçã~íë=çå=~=Ç~óJíçJÇ~ó=

íÜ

m~ÖÉ=R=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=

åÇ=íÜ= ç= á ~ÑÑK= t

íÜáë= ~å=áåÑçêÉ=

=çëëF~ãéÉë=áåÅêáÅ~I

áÉïI= `Üáå~=K=é

Äó=éçëíëK=táíÜ=äáãáíÉÇ=ÇÉã~åÇ=Ñçê=êÉéçêíáåÖ

éä~íÑçêã== å=~Åíá

çí=ëì~ Çáéäçã~íáÅ=Å~

Öë= Å~áë= áíê~å

íç= ìåÇÉêí~âÉÉñ~ãéäÉI= äçÅ~ääó= ÉãéäçóÉÇ= rp=

ÄäçÖ= íç=çå=~ÖÉ

êåë=~=áÇÉ~ä

fåíÉêå~ä= ÄäçÖë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= ~ë= ~= ëí~ÑÑ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= íççä= áå= ä~êÖÉ=çîÉêëÉ~ë=éçëíë= çê= áå=ä~êÖÉ=ÜçãÉJÄ~ëÉÇ=Çáîáëáçåë=íç=âÉÉé=ëí~ÑÑ=~ÄêÉ~ëí=çÑ= ãáëëáçåLÇáîáëáçå= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë= çê=éçäáÅáÉëI= íç= ëÜ~êÉ=åÉïë=çê= íç=ÇÉ~ä=ïáíÜ= êçìíáåÉ=~Çãáåáëíê~íáîÉ= áëëìÉëI= ~åÇ= ~ë= ~= ãçíáî~íáçå~ä=íççäK= EqÜÉ= rp= aÉéìíó= `ÜáÉÑ= çÑ= jáëëáçå= áå=jÉñáÅç=ÉåÖ~ÖÉÇ=îáë~=çÑÑáÅÉêë=~í=éçëí=îá~=~=ÄäçÖ=~ëâáåÖ= íÜÉã= íç= éêçéçëÉ= ëéÉÅá~ä= éêçàÉÅíë= çÑ=

= íÜÉã= çìí= çÑ= íÜÉáê=áåÖ= ïçêâFK= qÜÉ= rh= mÉêã~åÉåí=

råÇÉê=pÉÅêÉí~êó=ÄäçÖë=áåíÉêå~ääó=ÉîÉêó=jçåÇ~ó=ÅÜáåÖ= ~= ä~êÖÉ= ~åÇ=óÉÉëK===

ÇÉ= ~= éä~íÑçêã= Ñçê=íì~íáçåëI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=ëë= _ä~ÅâÄÉêêáÉë= çê=ìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= çìíÄêÉ~â=`ÜáÉÑ= çÑ=jáëëáçå= áå=ÄäçÖ= = íç= éêçîáÇÉ=

êçëë=jÉñáÅçI= ïÜáÅÜ=çíÉäó= Ñêçã= ÜçãÉ=

áåÑÉÅíáçå= êáëâëFK= qÜáë= éä~íÑçêã=ÅçìäÇ= = Ä ìëÉÇ= ~Çë= çÑ= ãáëëáçå= ~åÇ=

åëíêìÅíáçåë= áå= çíÜÉê=êÉ=ëéêÉ~Ç=çîÉê=ïáÇÉ=ëíÉê= ëáíì~íáçåë= ëìÅÜ=ëK==

= áë= Ñçê= ÄÉííÉê=íÜ~í= ïçêâ= ÅäçëÉäó=

= c`l= áë= äççâáåÖ= ~í=Åçää~Äçê~íáçå=íççäë=íç== kçêÇáÅ= ~åÇ= _~äíáÅ=~íÉ=ïáíÜ= É~ÅÜ= çíÜÉê== ~åÇ= çîÉêä~ééáåÖ=

á éÑìä=áå=ac^qÛë=Å~ëÉ=ïÜÉêÉ= ëã~ää= éçëíëI= ïáíÜ= ~=

~ëÉÇ= ëí~ÑÑI= Ñçêã= ~å=çã~íáÅ=ãáëëáçåëK==

==== pí~ÑÑáåÖ=éêçÑáäÉëW=qÜÉ=pí~íÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=áë= ~Äçìí= íç= ä~ìåÅÜ= ~= åÉï= éä~íÑçêã= Å~ääÉÇ=Ú`çêêáÇçêÛI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=`~å~Çá~å=cçêÉáÖå=jáåáëíêó=~äêÉ~Çó= Ü~ë= ~= ëáãáä~ê= éä~íÑçêã= Å~ääÉÇ=Ú`çååÉÅíáçåëÛI=~å~äçÖçìë=íç=iáåâÉÇfå

çÑ=áåíÉêå~ä=ÄäçÖë=çå=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íçéáÅë=~ïÜáÅÜ ~êÉ= çéÉå= í ~ää= åíÉêÉëíÉÇ= ëííÜÉêÉ= áë= ~= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= áåíÉêÉëí= ÖêçìéI=ÉñÅÉääÉåí= éä~íÑçêã= Ñçê= ëí~ÑÑ= íç=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= çå= íÜÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë= áå= ~= ëìÄàÉÅí= ~êÉ~= EëìÅÜåçíÉïçêíÜó=êÉéçêí=íÜÉó=Ü~îÉ=ÅçãÉ=~ÅêëÉÉâ= ~ÇîáÅÉ=çå= ~=é~êíáÅìä~ê= áëëìÉK=bñÅìêêÉåí=pí~íÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=Åçããìåáíá`Üáå~= áå= ^ÑêáÅ~I= pã~êí= éçïÉê= áå= ^ÑëâáÉë= áå= _ÉáàáåÖI= q~áï~å= ãÉÇá~= êÉîä~Äçìê= êÉîáÉï= ~åÇ= bãÄ~ëëó= s~íáÅ~åbãÄ~ëëó= s~íáÅ~å= ÄäçÖ= áë= ~= ÖççÇ= Éñ~ãÜçï= ÄäçÖë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉäó=

ÉãÉëI=ÜÉêÉ=

aÉé~êíãÉåí= ëí~ÑÑ= ÑçêãÉÇ= ~= ÇÉÇáÅ~íÉÇ=ëï~é= åçíÉë= ÄÉíïÉÉå= ãáëëáçåë=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=pí~íÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=ã~å~=éêçÅÉëë=íÜ~í=ã~ó=ê~áëÉ=ëçãÉ=ÅçåÅÉã~å~ÖÉêë=Äìí=îáÉïÉÇ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíäó=áë=~åíç=Ö~áå=áåëáÖÜí=áåíç=ëí~ÑÑáåÖ=ÅçåÅÉêåëK===

áåíÉêÉëí= íç= íÜÉãI= íç= ÄêÉ~âêçìíáåÉ= éêçÅÉëë

áë=ã~ääó=ä~íÉëí=~ë= ~==çê=íç=äÉë= çÑ=äìÇÉW== _äìÉ=

qÜÉ=äÉ= çÑ=ëã~ää==Ñêçã=

ãçêåáåÖ= ~ë= ~= ï~ó= çÑ= êÉ~ëÅ~ííÉêÉÇ=åÉíïçêâ=çÑ=Éãéäç=fåíÉêå~ä= ÄäçÖë= ~äëç= éêçîáÅççêÇáå~íáçå= áå= Åêáëáë= ëáïÜÉå= ëí~ÑÑ= ~äêÉ~Çó= éçëëÉÉèìáî~äÉåí= ëã~êí= éÜçåÉëK=açÑ=eNkNI= íÜÉ= rp=aÉéìíó=jÉñáÅç= ìëÉÇ= ~å= áåíÉêå~ä=ìéÇ~íÉë= íç= rp=ãáëëáçåë= ~Åëí~ÑÑ= ÅçìäÇ= ~ÅÅÉëë= êÉãEãáåáãáëáåÖ=

ã~åó= ëã~ää=ãáëëáçåëI= ~= ÄäçÖ= çÑÑÉêë= ~=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=åÉïë çå=ãáëëáç~åÇLçê=Ä~ÅâÖêçìåÇ=êÉ~ÇáåÖ=íÜ~í= áë=åÑçê=ãçêÉ=Ñçêã ä=êÉéçêíáåÖ=Äó==få= ëçãÉ= Å~ëÉëI= íÜÉ= ÅêÉ~íáçå= çÑ= ÄäçéÉêÅÉáîÉÇ= ~ë= ëìÄîÉêëáîÉK= _ìí= íÜáåÇáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= íê~åëé~êÉåÅó=ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë= ïáää= åÉÉÇ=

îáíáÉë=áí~ÄäÉ=ÄäÉK====

å= ÄÉ=ë= ~å=ëáíáçå=K= cçê=pí~íÉ=

~äëç É= Äó= ÜÉëí~ÑÑ= íç= ÖáîÉ= ~åÇ= êÉÅÉáîÉ= áÅêáëÉëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ïÜÉå=ëí~ÑÑ=~ÖÉçÖê~éÜáÅ= ~êÉ~ë= çê= áå= Çáë~~ë=~ÑíÉê=~íí~Åâë=çå=ÉãÄ~ëëáÉ=vÉí= ~åçíÜÉê= éçëëáÄáäáíóÅçää~Äçê~íáçå= ÄÉíïÉÉå= éçëíë=íçÖÉíÜÉêK= cçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI= íÜÉíÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=Ñçê=áåíÉêå~ä=

é~óI=ãÉåíI=ãçåÖ==ï~ó=

~ääçï= áíë= ãáëëáçåë= áå= íÜÉÅçìåíêáÉë= íç= ÄÉííÉê= ÅççêÇáåÖáîÉå= ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí= Åçããçå~Åí îáíáÉëK=qÜáë=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÜÉäáå= ~å= ÉåîáêçåãÉåí=íáåó= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ^ìëíê~äá~JÄáåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=éêçéçêíáçå=çÑ=Çáéä

K===tÜáäÉ= íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ= ëíáää= áå= íÜÉáê= áåÑ~åÅó= Eçåäó=TMM=çÑ= SIMMM= éÉçéäÉ= áå= íÜÉ= `~å~Çá~å= ÑçêÉáÖå=

m~ÖÉ=S=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=

~åÇ=íÜÉó=åÖ= Ü= ìéäçâáääëI=

ÇÉí~áäëI=ë= ëáíìëéÉ~â íÜÉ=~åí= íç= íÜÉ=ÜÉ=

~äëç= ÄÉ= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= íç=ïÜç=Ç=Éñé= Åçã

çååÉÅê êå~ä=ï

Ö=åìçêãë=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=íç=ãÉêÖÉ=ÉîÉêó=éä~

áåíç= Ö= fåíêêÜ~éë=ÅÉëëFKåë=îÉêëáç

É= áåâÉJìéåë=áëìÅÜ=

êÉ~ÅÜáåÖ= ÄÉåÉÑáíë= íç= íÜÉ= ÅçåÇìÅí= çÑ= ÑçêÉáÖå=éçäáÅó= íÜ~í= ac^q= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= áíë=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí= ÅäçëÉäóK=qÜÉ=rpI=rh=~åÇ=`~å~Ç~=Ü~Ç= ~ää= ìëÉÇ= ëçãÉ= Ñçêã= çÑ= ëÉåíáãÉåí= ~å~äóëáë=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=EëÉÉ=o~Çá~å=S

ãáåáëíêó= Ü~îÉ= ìéäç~ÇÉÇ= éêçÑáäÉëF=ëÉ~êÅÜ= ÑìåÅíáçåë= åÉÉÇ= êÉÑáåáåÖI=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí= éçíÉåíá~ä= Ñçê= ÅççêÇáå~íáêÉëçìêÅÉëK= cçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI= áÑ= ~ää= ëí~ÑÑÄ~ëáÅ= éêçÑáäÉë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉáê= ä~åÖì~ÖÉ= ëâåçïäÉÇÖÉ= ~êÉ~ëI= äçÅ~íáçå= ~åÇ= Åçåí~Åí=eìã~å= oÉëçìêÅÉë= ÅçìäÇ= áå= ~= ÅêáëáÉ~ëáäó= Åçåí~Åí= ~ää= ÉãéäçóÉÉë= ïÜç=ä~åÖì~ÖÉ= çê= Ü~îÉ= íÜÉ= ëâáää= ëÉíë= êÉäÉîÅêáëáë= ~í= Ü~åÇ= áå= ~åó= äçÅ~íáçåK= qÅ~é~Äáäáíó= ïçìäÇ=

íÜÉáê=çÑÑÉê=ìã~å=~ÇÉÇ=ÅçêÉ=

~íáçå==

ë~ãÉ=ëí~ÑÑ=ÅçìäÇ=ÉêíáëÉ=ãçå=

åÉÉÇáåÖ=èìáÅâäó= íç= ÑáåÇ=~=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉ=ÜÉäé=íê~åëä~íÉ=~=ÅÉêí~áå=ÇçÅìãÉåíI=Ü~áå= ~= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= ~êÉ~= çê= ëÜ~êÉÇ= ~éêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=áåíÉêÉëíK=====tÜáäÉ=`çããìåáíáÉë= ~åÇ=`çêêáÇçêL`~êÉ= ÅìêêÉåíäó= ëÉé~ ~íÉ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= áåíÉçåÉ=ï~ó=çÑ= ÅçåëçäáÇ~íáåÖ= íÜÉ=ÖêçïáåçÑ=éä~íÑ

íáçåë=áâáëI=ãÄÉê=íÑçêã=~åÉíI=ÑáêÉJ= cçê=ÅçìäÇ=å= çÑ=

íÜÉ= ïáâáI= áåÅäìÇáåÖ= íÜÉ= Éñáëíáåéçëí= êÉéçêíë= ~åÇ= Å~ÄäÉ= ëóëíÉãë= EéÉï~ääáåÖ= ëçãÉ= ~êÉ~ë= äáâÉ= Å~ÄäÉ= ~Åáåëí~åÅÉI= `çêêáÇçê= ~åÇ= `çååÉÅíáçÉ~ëáäó= ÄÉ= êçääÉÇ= áåíç= ~= êÉÑáåÉÇ=aÉëâáéÉÇá~K==== pÉåíáãÉåí= ~å~äóëáëW= rëáåÖ= íÜíç= Ö~ìÖÉ= çéáåáçå= ~åÇ= íê~Åâ= íÜÉ= í~êÉëéçåëÉ=íç=ÖçîÉêåãÉåí=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáç~å= ÉãÉêÖáåÖ= ÑáÉäÇI= Äìí= áí= éêçãáëÉë=

íÉêåÉí== ~åÇ=ë=ëíáää=Ñ~êJ

I=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉF=íç=íê~Åâ=ãÉëë~ÖÉë=çê=áëëìÉëK=EqÜÉ=ac^q=m~ëëéçêíë=lÑÑáÅÉ=Ü~ë=íêá~ääÉÇ=ëÉåíáãÉåí=íê~ÅâáåÖ=~åÇ=~å~äóëáë=~åÇ=áí=ï~ë=ìëÉÇ=íç=áåÑçêã=éçäáÅó=áå=êÉëéçåëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=fåÇá~å=ëíìÇÉåí=ÅêáëáëKF====

= íÜáë= ~å~äóëáë= áë=ìí= íÜáë= íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=íç= éêçîáÇÉ= ÑçêÉáÖå=áäáíó= íç= íê~Åâ= íÜÉ=Çáéäçã~Åó=ãÉëë~ÖÉë=ÉÅáÑáÅ=áëëìÉë=áå=í~êÖÉí=

íÜÉ= ïçêäÇK= jçêÉ= ~Çî~åÅÉÇ=éêçîáÇÉêë=ïçêâáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉääáÖÉåÅÉ=ÑáÉäÇ=çÑÑÉê=íÜÉ= éêçëéÉÅí= çÑ= áÇÉåíáÑóáåÖ= íÜÉ= çéáåáçåë= çÑ=

=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=áëëìÉë=áå=~äãçëí=~åó=ëé~ÅÉ=~ë=áÅÉëK=====

=~Åó= ÅÉääÉåí=çééçêíìåáíáÉë=

= ~Åêçëë= ÖçîÉêåãÉåí=í É= áåíÉêJÖçîÉêåãÉåí=

áëÉ= ïáíÜ= ÉñíÉêå~ä=

áåíê~JÖçîÉêåãÉåí=Û= áë=~=rhJÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=ÄêáåÖë= íçÖÉíÜÉê= ~=êíåÉêë= íç= ëìééçêí=

Üçë =läóãéáÅ=d~ãÉë=áå=OMNOK= páãáä~êäóI= íÜÉ= ÖçîÉêåãÉåí= çÑ= `~å~Ç~=

qÜÉ= éê~ÅíáÅ~ä= ìíáäáíó= çÑêÉéçêíÉÇäó= ëíáää= äáãáíÉÇI= ÄëÜçìäÇI= áå= ÑìíìêÉI= ÄÉ= ~ÄäÉ=ãáåáëíêáÉë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= Å~é~ÄÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉáê=éìÄäáÅ=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ëÉåíáãÉåí=çå=ëé~ìÇáÉåÅÉë= ~êçìåÇ=

äÉ~ÇÉêë=çåïÉää=~ë=~=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=çíÜÉê=ëÉêî==bñíÉêå~ä=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=

bJÇáéäçã íççäë=çÑÑÉê=Éñíç= áãéêçîÉ= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåÇÉé~êíãÉåíëI= íç= Ñ~Åáäá ~íÅççêÇáå~íáçå= ~åÇ= íç= äá~ëí~âÉÜçäÇÉêëK===`êçëëJÖçîÉêåãÉåí= ~åÇ=ïáâáëLïÉÄëáíÉëW= ÚpÉÉ=_êáí~áåÅäçëÉÇJÖêçìé= ïáâá= íÜ~í=åìãÄÉê= çÑ= åçåJc`l= é~éêÉé~ê~íáçåë=Ñçê= íáåÖ=íÜÉ

ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=d`mÉÇá~I=~=ÅäçëÉÇÅçää~Äçê~íáçå= ~åÇ= âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=

=ïáâá=íç=ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉ=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ= ~Åêçëë=

ÖçîÉêåãÉåíK= qÜÉ= `~å~Çá~åë= ~äëç= ìëÉÇ= ïÉÄJÄ~ëÉÇ=éä~íÑçêãë= Ñçê= íÜÉ=dOM=~åÇ=dU=ëìããáíëK=qÜÉëÉ= ëçêíë= çÑ= éä~íÑçêãëI= ÄêáåÖáåÖ= áå= ÉñíÉêå~ä=é~êíåÉêëI= ~êÉ= áå= íÜÉáê= áåÑ~åÅó= Äìí= çÑÑÉê=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=éçíÉåíá~äK==ac^q= ïçìäÇ= Ü~îÉ= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ìëÉë= Ñçê=áëçä~íÉÇI=ÅäçëÉÇJÖêçìé=ïáâáëK=qÜÉó=ïçìäÇ=~ääçï=áí=íçW==• ÄÉííÉê= ÅççêÇáå~íÉ= ïáíÜ= çíÜÉê= ÇÉé~êíãÉåíë=~åÇ= ëìééçêí= áåíÉêÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä= ÅçããáííÉÉë=

m~ÖÉ=T=

=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

EdçîÇÉñ=~ééÉ~êë= íç=ÄÉ=~= ÖççÇ= ëí~êí=Äìí=

Éêë=~í=dêçìéX=

çÑ= ÉñÜáåâ=

= ïáíÜëíêó=ÇáåÖ=Ü

ÉÇ= aíáÅáé~=áë=äççâáåÖ=

åÉÉÇë=

éçëíI=

éÉêíë=í~åâI=

ïáÇÉê=éêçãçíáçåFX==• ÅççêÇáå~íÉ=ïáíÜ=Çáéäçã~íáÅ=é~êíåÑçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=íÜÉ=`^kw=• ÄêáåÖ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= ~Ç= ÜçÅ= Öêçìéë=E~Å~ÇÉãáÅI= áåÇìëíêóI= ÖçîÉêåãÉåíI= íkdlF=íç=ÇáëÅìëë=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=áëëìÉëX=• ÄêáåÖ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= ~åÇ= ÅçããìåáÅ~íÉëí~âÉÜçäÇÉêëI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=ïáíÜ=áåÇìÑêÉÉJíê~ÇÉ=åÉÖçíá~íáçåë=çê=kdlë=ÇìêêáÖÜíë=Åçåëìäí~íáçåëX=

= âÉó=ìêáåÖ=ìã~å=

c^q=íÉ= áå=

• Ü~êåÉëë= íÜÉ= âåçïJÜçï= çÑ= êÉíáêçÑÑáÅÉêë= Äó= ~ääçïáåÖ= íÜÉã= íç= é~êÅäçëÉÇ=ïáâáë=çê=ÅçããìåáíáÉë=Eac^fq~í=~å=áåáíá~íáîÉ=~äçåÖ=íÜÉëÉ=äáåÉëFK===`äçìÇ= ÅçãéìíáåÖW= qÜáë= íÉÅÜåçäçÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë= ~= ëáãáä~ê= éä~íÑçêãïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ~Çî~åí~ÖÉ= íÜÉó= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÜçÉñíÉêå~äI=åÉìíê~ä=íÜáêÇ=é~êíóK=

Öó== íç= ïëíÉÇ= Ä

qÜáë=ï~ë=ìëcçêÉáÖå=

çíçÅçäë= áå=íçÅç= ~= ìéÉê~í

Éêë=~=íïçêÅçååÉÅíáçå=~Ç~

çÑÑÉêë=áâáëI=ó= ~å=ÉÇ=Äó=

íÜÉ= pí~íÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= ~åÇ= jÉñáÅ~å=jáåáëíêó= íç= ÇÉîÉäçé= Åçããçå= éêÉãÉêÖÉåÅó= ëáíì~íáçåëK= tÜáäÉ= íÜÉ= éêçÜÉäÇ= çåäó= èì~ëáJëÉÅìêÉäóI= áí= çÑÑÉêëãÉ~åë= Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=ÖçîÉêåãÉåíë= íç= ÅççìéÇ~íÉ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=çå=~=êçääáåÖ=Ä~ëáëK======aá~ëéçê~=éä~íÑçêãëW=bJÇáéäçã~Åó=çÑÑï~ó=çÑ=Çê~ïáåÖ=íçÖÉíÜÉê=Çá~ëéçê~=åÉéêçîáÇáåÖ= íÜÉã= ïáíÜ= ãÉ~åáåÖÑìä=íççäë= ~åÇ= áåÑçêã~íáçåK=

äë= ~êÉ=ëÉÑìä=É= ~åÇ=

ÖççÇ=âë=Äó=

`çååÉÅíO`~å I= íÜÉ=çêâáåÖ= ëáíÉ= áå=

råáíÉÇ=pí~íÉëI= áë= ~=ÖççÇ=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=çåÉ= ÉÑÑçêí=áå= íÜáë= ~êÉ~= ~åÇ= Ü~ë= ~=ãÉãÄÉêëÜáé= çÑ= QTIMMM=rpJÄ~ëÉÇ= `~å~Çá~å= Éñé~íêá~íÉëK= páÖåáåÖ= ìé= áë=ëíê~áÖÜíÑçêï~êÇ= ~åÇ= ãÉãÄÉêë= Å~å= ÅÜççëÉ= íç=ëìÄëÅêáÄÉ= íç= ~= ê~åÖÉ= çÑ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= ìéÇ~íÉëK=qÜÉ= ëáíÉ= ~äëç= Ü~ë= äáåâë= íç= ~= ä~êÖÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=`~å~Çá~å= Éñé~íêá~íÉ= Öêçìéë= ~åÇ= ÅçããìåáíáÉë=~Åêçëë= íÜÉ= råáíÉÇ= pí~íÉëK= E^Çî~åÅÉ

`~å~Çá~å= Çá~ëéçê~= åÉíï íÜÉ=

= çÑÑÉêë=~åçíÜÉê=^ìëíê~äá~å=Éñ~ãéäÉFK====

í~åâ= J= ~Å~ÇÉãáÅ=ìäÇ= Äêç~ÇÉå= ~åÇ=ãìåáíáÉë= éä~íÑçêã=áåÖ= ëçãÉ= ÉñíÉêå~ä=

ãáÅë=~åÇ=~êÉ~=ëáçåë=~åÇ=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=

åÉïë=çå=íÜÉ=ä~íÉëí=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë=áå=íÜÉáê=ëìÄàÉÅí== Ü~ë= íÜÉ= ~Äáäáíó= íç=íç=àçáå=~=ÇÉëáÖå~íÉÇ=

ÜÉ= éìÄäáÅ= Ñ~ÅÉ= çÑ==OMNM=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ac^q=

ïÉÄëáíÉ= Ü~Ç= QOUITMP= ìåáèìÉ= îáëáíçêëK= qÜÉ= íçé== ÉÄëáíÉë= EÄó= ìåáèìÉ=

içåÇçåI= _ÉáàáåÖI=~åÇ= j~åáä~I= ïáíÜ=

PQ Ç=

éìÄäáÅÛë= éêáã~êó=áÖå= ãáåáëíêóI= áí= áë=

ÉëëÉåíá~ä= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÜáÖÜÉëí= èì~äáíóI=Åçêéçê~íÉ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=

ïáíÜ= îáëáíçê=ÇÉë= íÜÉ= ÜçãÉ= é~ÖÉI=ÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=îáëáíÉÇ==~åÇ=~ää=íÜÉ=íçé=íÉå=

=

ãáÖê~íáçåI= íçìêáëã=~åÇ= ÉÇìÅ~íáçå= íç= ^ìëíê~äá~Ûë= ÉÅçåçãóI= ~ää=ac^q=ïÉÄëáíÉë=åÉÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ÅìëíçãáëÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜáë=ÇÉã~åÇ=áå=ãáåÇ=~åÇ=ïáíÜ=~=îáÉï=íç=éêçãçíáåÖ=êÉä~íÉÇ= éêçÇìÅíë= ~åÇ= ëÉêîáÅÉë= EÉÇìÅ~íáçåI=ïçêâáåÖ= ÜçäáÇ~óëI= íê~îÉä= éêçîáÇÉêëI= íçìêáëí=áåÑçêã~íáçå= ÉíÅFKN= mçëíë= áå= ä~êÖÉ= ëçìêÅÉ=ÅçìåíêáÉë= Ñçê= é~êíáÅìä~ê= Éñéçêíë= EÑçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI=fåÇá~= Ñçê= ÉÇìÅ~íáçåF= ëÜçìäÇ= éìí= ~= Ççãáå~åí=

======================================== ==================

dçîÉêåãÉåí= J= íÜáåâ=ÅçããìåáíáÉëW= ac^q= ÅçáãéêçîÉ= çå= íÜÉ= `çãÇáëÅìëëÉÇ= ~ÄçîÉ= Äó= áåîáíëí~âÉÜçäÇÉêë=EíÜáåâ=í~åâÉêëI=~Å~ÇÉÉñéÉêíëF=íç=ÉåÖ~ÖÉ=áå=ÇáëÅìë

~êÉ~ëK= qÜÉ= c`l= ÅìêêÉåíäóáåîáíÉ=åçåJc`l=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉáê=ïáâáK===tÉÄëáíÉëW= tÉÄëáíÉë= ~êÉ= íÑçêÉáÖå=ãáåáëíêáÉëK=få=gìäó

ÑáîÉ= ãçëí îáëáíÉÇ= éçëí= ïîáëáíçêëF= áå= gìäó= ïÉêÉ=t~ëÜáåÖíçåI= kÉï= aÉäÜá=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ORI N=~å NMIUPN=ìåáèìÉ=îáëáíçêëK===páåÅÉ= ïÉÄëáíÉë= ~êÉ= íÜÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçå= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ÑçêÉ

Åçåëí~åíäó= êÉÑáåÉÇ= íç= áå~Çî~åÅÉëI= ~åÇ= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= áå=ãáåÇK= _Éëáîáë~=~åÇ=ãáÖê~íáçå=é~ÖÉë=ïÑçê=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ac^q=ïÉÄëáíÉéçëí=ïÉÄëáíÉëK ==dáîÉå= íÜÉ= áãéçêí~åÅÉ= çÑ=

=N=qÜáë=~ëëìãÉë=íÜçëÉ=ëÉÉâáåÖ=íÜáë=áåÑçêã~íáçå=~êÉ=ÑçêÉáÖå=å~íáçå~äë=

åçí=^ìëíê~äá~åëK==

m~ÖÉ=U=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=

É=áíÉëI= áåÅÉ

EÅçãéÉíáíáçåë= ïÉêÉ= ìëÉÇ= áå= ëçãÉ= ÄÉåÅÜã~êç

åëK====

Ü ÅççêÇáå~íÉ=ïÜçÑçê=

ëÉÇ=í

ÉãéÜ~ëáë=çå=éêçãçíáåÖ=íÜáë=ëÉÅíçêK=låÅ~êÉ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÇÉÅÉåí= ïÉÄë

éçëíë=åíáîÉë=

â=ìê~ÖÉ==

Å~ëÉëF= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÅêÉ~íÉÇ= íç= ÉåÅáååçî~íáçå=áå=íÜÉáê=ìëÉ=~ãçåÖ=ãáëëáç=tÉÄëáíÉë= çÑÑÉê= í É= éçíÉåíá~ä= íç=~Åêçëë= ÖçîÉêåãÉåíK= cê~åÅÉ= Ü~ë= ~=ÖçîÉêåãÉåí= áåÑçêã~íáçå= éçêí~ä=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=~ÅíáîáíáÉëI=ëçãÉ=çÑ=áí=ÅäçéìÄäáÅI= Å~ääÉÇ=

äÉJçÑJáíë=

ç=íÜÉ=i~íáíìÇÉ= cê~åÅÉK= qÜÉ=

a é~êíã åí= Ü~ë= Ç îÉäç ÉÇ= ~= ÖÜìã~å= êáÖÜíë= ïÉÄëáíÉ= Eëíáää= íç= ÄÉ=ïÜáÅÜ= ïçìäÇ= Çê~ï= í

pí~íÉ=ãÉåí=ÅÜÉÇF=

íÜÉáê=áÖÜí=

É É É é çîÉêåä~ìå

çÖÉíÜÉê= íÜÉ= ~ÖÉåÅáÉë=ÇÉ~äáåÖ= ïáíÜ= Üìã~å= êáÖÜíë= áëëìÉë= ~åÇ=

ã=ã^ìëí äá~I=I= ~å

åÅÉ=

~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=Ç~í~ëÉíëK=qÜáë=ëçêí=çÑ=éä~íÑçêÜ~îÉ= ëçãÉ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= áå=é~êíáÅìä~êäó= Ñçê= éìÄäáÅ= Çáéäçã~ÅóëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~êÉ~ë=äáâÉ=Üìã~å=êáÖÜíëK===tÉÄëáíÉë=Ü~îÉ=~äëç=ÄÉÉå=ìëÉÇ=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=ïÜ~í=pí~íÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= Å~ääë= sáêíì~ä= mêÉëÉÑçê= Éñ~ãéäÉ= áå=

ê~Ç= áå=

íÜÉ=mçëíëI=

pçã~äá~I= ïÜÉêÉ= áíã~áåí~áå=~=éÜóëáÅ~ä=rp=Ç

= ÇçÉáéäçã~íáÅ=éêÉëÉåÅÉK= fí=

ÅìêêÉåíäó=çéÉê~íÉë=SO

ë= åçí=

=çÑ=íÜÉëÉI=ïáíÜ=~åçíÜ~åáÉÇ== íç=íÜ~í=

=ó=~

oÉÅêìáíãÉåíW= bJÇáéäçã~Åó= íççäë= Ü~îÉ= ~ääçïÉÇ=íÜÉ= pí~íÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= íç= áåáíá~íÉ= ~= îáêíì~ä=

Éê=PV=Äó=

ïçêâ=çíÜÉê=ãçêÉ=ééÉ~ê=

éä~ååÉÇK= qÜÉëÉ= åÉÉÇ= íç= ÄÉ= ~ÅÅçãéêÉ~äJïçêäÇ= ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí= áÑ= íÜÉó= ~êÉÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉäóI=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=íÜÉ=éêçëéÉÅí=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= íççäë= ãáÖÜí= ã~âÉ= íÜÉãÇóå~ãáÅ=áå=ÑìíìêÉK=cçê=íÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=íÜÉíç=ÄÉ=çÑ=äáãáíÉÇ=ìíáäáíó=Ñçê=ac^qK====

ëíìÇÉåí= ÑçêÉáÖå= ëÉêîáÅÉ= éêçÖê~ãK= i~ëí= óÉ~ê= TM=éçëíë= ëáÖåÉÇ= ìé= Ñçê= áíI= ÉåÖ~ÖáåÖ= UR= ëíìÇÉåíë=ïÜç= ïçêâÉÇ= çå= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= éêçàÉÅíë=êÉãçíÉäóK=qÜÉ=éêçÖê~ã=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=ãáñÉÇ=êÉëìäíëI=~åÇ= ëìÅÅÉëë= ÇÉéÉåÇÉÇ= çå= áåíÉêå= ~åÇ= éçëí=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåíK=eçïÉîÉêI=áí=çÑÑÉêë=íÜÉ=çééçêíìåáíó=íç=ÉåÖ~ÖÉ=ÑìíìêÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=êÉÅêìáíë=~åÇ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=

Éë=åçí=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉ=~ë= ãìÅÜ= ~ë=

ÜÉ= éêçÖê~ã= Ü~ë=ÉëíáåÖ= éêçàÉÅíë= äáâÉ=

áí= áë=~=îáêíì~ä= áåíÉêåëÜáé=ÇçäçïÉêJáåÅçãÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~äë=íê~Çáíáçå~ä= áåíÉêåëÜáéëK= qéêçÇìÅÉÇ= ãçÇÉëíI= áÑ= áåíÉêíÜáë= çåäáåÉ= c~ÅÉÄççâ= ÇáëÅìëëáçå= Ñçêìã= ëÉí= ìé=

~= îáêíì~ä= áåíÉêå= ÚáåÛ= pÜÉåó~åÖI= `Üáå~I=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Úíç=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÄó=

=~=äáîÉäó=ÅçåîÉêë~íáçå=ïáíÜ=Üáå~=~åÇ=íÜÉ=rKpKÛK==

ÑíÉå= ~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ= ~êÉ~= ïÜÉêÉ= áíë=

~ ê ãçëí= ãáñÉÇ= ~åÇ=íÜ~í=Å~îÉ~íI=íÜÉêÉ=

~ = éìÄäáÅ=Çáéäçã~Åó=ëíê~íÉÖó= çê= Å~ãé~áÖå= åÉÉÇë= ~å= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=ÇáãÉåëáçå=~åÇ= íÜáë=ïáää=çåäó=ÄÉÅçãÉ=ãçêÉ= íÜÉ=

çêäÇ= áåÅêÉ~ëÉë= áíë=Ö= ëÉÅíáçå= ÇáëÅìëëÉë=

= Ñçê= éìÄäáÅ=

pçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=qïáííÉêI= vçìqìÄÉI=çÑÑÉê=ac^q=çÑÑáÅá~äë=ê=êÉ~ÅÜ=ïÉää=ÄÉóçåÇ=çÑ=Åçåí~Åíë=íÜÉó=Å~å=

= ÇìíáÉëI= íç= íÜÉ=~åÇëK==

qÜÉ= pí~íÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ~ÅíáîÉ= áå=ÉåÅçìê~ÖáåÖ= íÜÉ= í~âÉJìé=çÑ= ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~= íççäëK=fí=çéÉê~íÉë

“bîÉêóÇ~ó=aáéäçã~íëÒ=áå=`=

mìÄäáÅ=Çáéäçã~Åó==^äíÜçìÖÜ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= áë= çéìÄäáÅ= Çáéäçã~ÅóI= íÜáë= áë=Çî~åí~ÖÉë= ~ ÉI= ëç= Ñ~êI=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=ãçëí=ÑäìáÇK=táíÜ=áë=åç=ÇçìÄí=íÜ~í= åó ÅêÉÇáÄäÉ=

Å~ëÉI= ~ë= íÜÉ= çåäáåÉ= ïÇçãáå~åÅÉK= qÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåëçãÉ= çÑ= ÉJÇáéäçã~ÅóÛë= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåëÇáéäçã~ÅóK======

mä~íÑçêãë= äáâÉ= c~ÅÉÄççâI=aáÖÖI= cäáÅâê= ~åÇ=qïáåÖäó=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=íç=ÉñíÉåÇ=íÜÉáíÜÉ=ÑÉï=ÇçòÉå=çê=ÜìåÇêÉÇë=ã~áåí~áå= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉáê= êÉÖìä~êíÜçìë~åÇë=çê=ÜìåÇêÉÇë=çÑ=íÜçìë=

=OPM=c~ÅÉÄççâ=~ÅÅçìåíëI=UM=qïáííÉê=ÑÉÉÇë= ~åÇ= RR= vçìqìÄÉ= ÅÜ~ååÉäë= ~åÇ= Ü~ë= QM=cäáÅâê= ëáíÉëK= qÜÉ= c`l= çéÉê~íÉë= RR= c~ÅÉÄççâ=~ÅÅçìåíë= EïáíÜ= çîÉê= RMIMMM= ÑçääçïÉêëFI= RT=qïáííÉê=ÑÉÉÇë=EïáíÜ=çîÉê=SSIMMM=ÑçääçïÉêëF=~åÇ=Ü~ë=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=UM=cäáÅâê=~ÅÅçìåíëK====

m~ÖÉ=V=

=

=

=

çäë= áëëâáää=çÑ=íÜÉ=ää= ~ë í~åáë~íáåÖ= áÉ=áÑ=í= Éåçêg~â

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

qÜÉ= ìíáäáíó= ~åÇ= áãé~Åí= çÑ= íÜÉëÉ= íçÇÉÄ~í~ÄäÉ=~åÇ=ÇÉéÉåÇë=ÜáÖÜäó=çå=íÜÉ=áåÇáîáÇì~äë= êìååáåÖ= íÜÉã= E~ë= ïÉÑêÉÉÇçã= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= ÖáîÉå= Äó= íÜÉáê= çêÖÑçê=éìÄäáÅ=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåíFK=`çããìåáÅ~äçÅ~ä=ä~åÖì~ÖÉ=áë=~äëç=Ñ~ê=ãçêÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîíç=êÉ~ÅÜ= äçÅ~äëK=pçãÉ=~ÅÅçìåíë=Ü~îÉÑçääçïáåÖë= EäáâÉ= íÜÉ= rp= bãÄ~ëëó= áå=

= ëíáää=

= ÜÉ=íáçåë=å=íÜÉ=êóáåÖ=ãçìë=~êí~Ûë=

c~ÅÉÄççâI=ïÜáÅÜ=Ü~ë=~êçìåÇ=OVMIMM~= ÇÉÇáÅ~íÉÇ= ÉãéäçóÉÉ= ïÜçëÉ= àçÄ= áëíÜÉ=~ÅÅçìåí= áå=_~Ü~ë~= fåÇçåÉëá~FK=líÜÉëã~ääÉê= ÑçääçïáåÖë= äáâÉ= íÜÉ=c`lÛë=

M=Ñ~å= íç= ì

êë=ÅÉÄç

ë=~åÇ=éÇ~íÉ=Ü~îÉ=çâc~ = áå=

fåÇçåÉëá~I=ïÜáÅÜ=Ü~ë=ÅäçëÉê=íç=NIMMM=Ñ~åë=~åÇ=áë=ïêáííÉå=áå=båÖäáëÜK=qÜÉ=rp=bãÄ~ëëó=áå=g~

ÜÉ= î~ãéäÉI=Éíáíáç

==ãáåÅçìåíêóJ

ÉÇá~=íç=

ÜÉå=~áåÖ=

ê

í~áå= ï

ÅÜ=éçëíK======qÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= éÉçéäÉ= ëáÖåáåÖ= ìé= íç= ÉãÄ~ëëó=ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=~ÅÅçìåíë=î~êáÉë=ïáÇÉäóI=~ë=ÇçÉë=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó= çÑ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= ÄÉáåÖ= íê~åëãáííÉÇI= Äìí=íÜÉêÉ= ~êÉ= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= êÉ~ëçåë= ïÜó= ac^q=ëÜçìäÇ=ëí~êí=ìëáåÖ=íÜáë=íÉÅÜåçäçÖóW==• pçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=ïçìäÇ=~ääçï=ac^q= íç=ÉåÖ~ÖÉ=ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= éìÄäáÅ= ~åÇ= áåíÉêÉëí= Öêçìéë= áå= ~å=

ÜÉêïáëÉ= áãéçëëáÄäÉK=cçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI= íÜÉ= rh= pÉÅêÉí~êó= çÑ= pí~íÉI=

Éê= íç=ÅçåÇìÅí=nC^

â~êí~=áêíì~ä=

Äó=åë=íç=

áëíêáÉë=

íççäëI=Ç~íÉK=å=çäÇ=Ççïå=

Ü~ë= ~äëç= ïçêâÉÇ= çå= ã~âáåÖ= íÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ= çÑ= c~ÅÉÄççâ= êÉ~äI= Ñçê= ÉñêìååáåÖ=îÉêó=éçéìä~ê=c~ÅÉÄççâ=Åçãé~ííÉåÇ=~Åíì~ä=bãÄ~ëëó=ÉîÉåíëK====

^=âÉó=ãÉëë~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=~ää=íÜêÉÉ=ÑçêÉáÖåï~ë= íÜÉ= îáí~ä= áãéçêí~åÅÉ= çÑ= ÄÉáåÖ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= áå= íÜÉ= ëÉäÉÅíáçå= çÑ= ëçÅá~ä= ãìëÉ= çÑ= äçÅ~ä= ä~åÖì~ÖÉ= ~åÇ= âÉÉéáåÖ= ìé=qÜáë= áåÅäìÇÉë=ëïáíÅÜáåÖ=éä~íÑçêãë=ïçåÉ= ÄÉÅçãÉë= çìíÇ~íÉÇ= ~åÇ= Åäçëáå~ÅíáîÉ=ç =ÄçêáåÖ=~ÅÅçìåíë=Ó=é~êíáÅìëí~ÑÑ= äáíÉê~íÉ= áå= ëçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= ~êÉ= êÉíÜçëÉ= ãçêÉ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ääó= ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉÇçÑÑáÅá~äë=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ= ÅçåÇìÅíáåÖ= ëÅçéáå= âÉó= ÅçìåíêáÉë= íç= ~ëÅÉê

ä~êäó=ïÜÉå=éä~ÅÉÇ= Äó=K= pÉîÉê~ä=áåÖ= ëíìÇáÉë=

ÜáÅÜ= éä~íÑçêãë=íêó= ÄÉÑçêÉ=ïÉêÉ= ãçëí= éçéìä~ê= áå= ~= ÖáîÉå= Åçìå

ÇÉÅáÇáåÖ=ïÜáÅÜ=çåÉë=íç=ÉãÄê~ÅÉ=~í=É~

áåíÉê~ÅíáîÉ= ï~ó= íÜ~í= áë= çí

táääá~ã=e~ÖìÉI=ìëÉë=qïáíí =ëÉëëáçåë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=éìÄäáÅK====• bîÉå= í íÜÉ= éä~íÑçêãë=ëçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= ~êÉ= ÜÉêÉ= íç= ëéìí= áíI= ïáíÜ= çîÉê=

ÜçìÖÜ= ïáää= ÅÜ~åÖÉI=í~óK= ^ë= çåÉ= çÑÑáÅá~ä=áääáçåRMM= ã = ~ÅíáîÉ= ìëÉêëI== íÜÉ= ïçêäÇÛë= íÜáêÇ== åÉÉÇë= íç= ëí~êí=áå= íÜáë= ÑáÉäÇK=kçí=

ë= ÖççÇ= ~í= ëçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= ~åÇ= ac^q=ëÜçìäÇ=ëí~êí=áÇÉåíáÑóáåÖ=íÜçëÉ=ëí~ÑÑ=ïÜç=~êÉI=~åÇ=

êíìåáíáÉë=íç=ÇÉîÉäçé=ëÜçìäÇ= ~äëç= ëí~êí=ÄÉëí= ëçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~==

å= ÇáÑÑáÅìäí= íç=ã~âÉ=ïÜÉå= Äó=ÖçîÉêåãÉåíëI=Çç=

= ÉåÖ~ÖÉ= âÉó= åáÅÜÉ=Éí= âÉó= ^ìëíê~äá~å=ìëíê~äá~å= ÉãÄ~ëëáÉë=ëçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= ÑÉÉÇ=

íáåÖ= éêçëéÉÅíáîÉ= çîÉêëÉ~ë= ëíìÇÉåíë= íÜ~í== Ñçê= ìåáîÉêëáíó=~ééäóáåÖ= Ñçê= îáë~ëI=éë= ~åÇ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Éê= éêçÖê~ãë= ÉíÅK= fí== ~åëïÉê= èìÉëíáçåë=

c~ÅÉÄççâ= áë= Éèìáî~äÉåí= íçä~êÖÉëí= ÚÅçìåíêóÛK= ac^qÇÉîÉäçéáåÖ= íÜÉ= ëâáääë= çÑ= ëí~ÑÑ=ÉîÉêóçåÉ= á

éêçîáÇÉ=íÜÉã=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=çééçíÜÉáê= ëâáääë= çåäáåÉK= fí=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíáåÖ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=éä~íÑçêãë=Ñçê=áíë=éìêéçëÉëK===

• pçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~I= ïÜáäÉ= çÑíÉáåíÉêÉëíáåÖ= éê~ÅíáëÉÇ=çÑÑÉê= íÜÉ= çééçêíìåáíó= íç~ìÇáÉåÅÉë= ~åÇ= íç= ã~êâÉñéçêíëK= cçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI= ^ÅçìäÇ= ìëÉÑìääó= éêçîáÇÉ= ~=í~êÖÉéêçîáÇÉë= ÅäçëáåÖ= Ç~íÉë~ééäáÅ~íáçåëI= íáãÉäáåÉë= Ñçê=áåÑçêã~íáçå= çå= ëÅÜçä~êëÜáíáãÉëI= ïçêâáåÖ= ÜçäáÇ~óã~âÅçìäÇ= ~äëç= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= íç= ÜÉäéîáêíì~ääó= EëÉÉ= qÉäëíê~Ûë= qïáííÉê= ÑÉÉÇ= ~ë= ~å=~å~äçÖçìë=Éñ~ãéäÉFK==

• pçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~I= áÑ= ÇçåÉ= ïÉääI= çÑÑÉê= ~= ÖççÇ=éä~íÑçêã= íç= ÇáëëÉãáå~íÉ= ÑçêÉáÖå= éçäáÅó=ãÉëë~ÖÉëK= qÜáë= ïáää= ÄÉÅçãÉ= ~å= áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖäó=ÅçãéÉíáíáîÉ= ëé~ÅÉ= ~ë= çíÜÉê= ÑçêÉáÖå= ãáåáëíêáÉë=~ÇçéíI= ~åÇ=ÄÉÅçãÉ= ÑäìÉåí= áå= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑI= ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~K= ^í= éêÉëÉåí= ac^q= áë= ~ÄëÉåí= Ñêçã= íÜáë=ëé~ÅÉK==

m~ÖÉ=NM=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=

~å

äó=ïáíÜçìí=ÉíïçêÑÉÉÇë=Ñêçí~åâëI= ~êÉ~=FK=qÜÉ=Ñä

= éêçÑÉëëáçå~äë=íÜáë=ëé~ÅÉ=~êÉ=~äêÉ~Çó=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉëÉ=íççäë=~åÇ=ï

=çÑ=ac^~ä= ãÉÇá~I=ÉK===

åí=íççä=ÑqÛë= ïçê

=ãÉÇáÇìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= fÅÉä~åÇáÅ= ~ëÜ= ÅäçìÇ= Åçåëìä~ê= Åêáë

í=ïÜ~í=íÅÜ=~ääçïc^q=Åçì

=~ÅíáîÉäó=ÉåíÉê= áåíç= íÜÉ=ëçÅá~ê

• pçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= ~êÉ= ~= ÖççÇ=áåÑçêã~íáçå= Ö~íÜÉêáåÖK= cÉï= éçäáÅó=ac^q=ÅçìäÇ=åçï=Çç=íÜÉáê=àçÄ=éêçéÉêäáåâáåÖ= áå= íç= íÜÉ=âÉó= ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=åíÜÉáê=~êÉ~ë=çÑ=ÉñéÉêíáëÉ=EêÉ~ÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=éçäáíáÅá~åëI= ÑçêÉáÖå= çÑÑáÅá~äëI= íÜáåâ=ÉñéÉêíëI=ÖçîÉêåãÉåí=ÇÉé~êíãÉåíë=ÉíÅëáÇÉ= çÑ= íÜáë= áë= íÜ~í= çíÜÉê= âÉó

ãÉ ë= çÑ=çÑÑáÅÉêë= áå=

âë= áå=ã=

áé=áå=áää=q=

çê=âK=~=áë=ÜÉ=ÉÇ=äÇ=ä=

äáâÉäó=éáÅâ=ìé= ~åÇ=ÄÉÅçãÉ= ÑçääçïÉêëåÉïë= ÑÉÉÇë= éêçîáÇÉÇ= çîÉê= ëçÅáÉñé~åÇáåÖ=áíë=çééçêíìåáíó=íç=áåÑäìÉåÅ=

• pçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=~êÉ=~äëç=~å=áãéçêí~ãçåáíçêáåÖ= éìÄäáÅ= êÉ~Åíáçåë= íç= ac^cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=c`l=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=çÑ= ëçÅá~ä

êÉîÉ~äÉÇ=ëçãÉ=éìÄäáÅ=ÅçåÑìëáçå=~Äçìc`l=ï~ë=~ÇîáëáåÖ=éÉçéäÉ=íç=ÇçI=ïÜááí= íç=ÅçêêÉÅí= áíë=éìÄäáÅ=ãÉëë~ÖáåÖK=aÇç=íÜáë=~ë=ïÉää=~ëãÉÇá~=ÇÉÄ~íÉI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=îá~=qïáííÉ K====

• mä~íÑçêãë=äáâÉ=cäáÅâê=çÑÑÉê=~å=É~ëóÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=éêçãìäÖ~íáåÖ=éçëáíãáåáëíêó= áã~ÖÉë= áåíç= íÜÉ= éìÄäáÅ=ÉëéÉ

=~åÇ=íáãáîÉ=ÑçêÉáÖÇçã~áåI

Åá~ääó=áÑ=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ÑêÉÉK===

íç= É ~ÖÉ=

qÜÉ= c`l= Ü~ë= ÇçåÉ= íÜáë= ïáíÜ=

ÉJå==

• pçÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= çÑÑÉê= íÜÉ= éçíÉåíá~ä=~äìãåá=åÉíïçêâë=~åÇ=Ü~êåÉëë=íÜÉã=~Éñ~ãéäÉI= ^ìëíê~äá~å= ëÅÜçä~êëÜáé=

åÖí=éçëí=EÑçê=êÉÅáéáÉåíëFK=`ÜÉîÉåáåÖ=

ëÅÜçä~êëÜáé= êÉÅáéáÉåíëK= qÜáë= Ü~ë= ~äëç= ã~ÇÉ= áí=ÅÜÉ~éÉê= ~åÇ= É~ëáÉê= íç= ÅçããìåáÅ~íÉ= ïáíÜ= íÜáë=ÖêçìéK====

• mä~íÑçêãë= äáâÉ= áqìåÉë= çÑÑÉê= ~å= É~ëó=ï~ó= íç=ÇáëëÉãáå~íÉ= éçÇÅ~ëíë= çÑ= ëéÉÉÅÜÉëI= ëçãÉíÜáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=c`l=áë=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíáåÖK========

ãáåáëíêáÉë=ÅìêêÉåíäó=ìëÉ=íÜêÉÉ=íóéÉë=çÑ=ÄäçÖëW==

ãìåáíáÉëI= ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=

äçÖë= ã~áåí~áåÉÇ= Äó=íë= EÑçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI=

_äçÖë=~åÇ=ÄäçÖÖÉêëW=cçêÉáÖå=

NK fåíÉêå~ä= ÄäçÖë= ~åÇ= Åçã~ÄçîÉK=

=

OK mìÄäáÅ~ääó= ~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉ= ÄÜÉ~Çèì~êíÉêë= çê= éçëaáékçíÉI= íÜÉ= çÑÑáÅá~ä=aÉé~êíãÉåí= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=páãçå= pÜÉêÅäáÑÑÛë=

ÄäçÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= pí~íÉ=rh= cáêëí= pÉÅêÉí~êó=

ÄäçÖ= Ñêçã= t~ëÜáåÖíçåFK=Ü~ë= TO= ~ÅíáîÉ= ÄäçÖë=Ç=RMI=ã~åó=áå=äçÅ~ä=ïáåÖ= íÜÉëÉ= ÄäçÖë=íÜÉáê= èì~äáíóK= _äçÖë=~ãçìåí= çÑ= íáãÉ= íç=

ÅçåíÉåí=Ó= ~ää= çÑ= ïÜáÅÜ= ~êÉ=ë=íç=Çç=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìääóK=ÖI= áå= ãçëí= Å~ëÉëI=éêçãáëáåÖ= Ñçêã= çÑ=íÜÉó= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ=ÅÜÉ= ~êÉ~ë= íç= ÄêáåÖ=ÅêÉíÉ= ~ìÇáÉåÅÉë= ~åÇ=ÇÉÄ~íÉëK= qÜÉ= ~êãë=

qÜÉ= pí~íÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=c`l=Ü~ë=~êçìåä~åÖì~ÖÉëK= qÜÉ= Ñçääç~ííê~Åí= î~êáÉëI= ~ë= ÇçÉë=í~âÉ= ~= ÅçåëáÇÉê~ÄäÉ=ã~áåí~áå=~åÇ=êÉèìáêÉ=ÑêÉëÜI=çêáÖáå~ä=íç= êÉã~áå= áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ=Ü~êÇ=Ñçê=Äìëó=Çáéäçã~íqÜáë= Å~íÉÖçêó= çÑ= ÄäçÅçãéêáëÉë= íÜÉ= äÉ~ëí=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåíI= ~äíÜçìÖÜ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉäó= áå= ëçãÉ= åáíçÖÉíÜÉê= áãéçêí~åí= ÇáëÄó= ÇçáåÖ= ëç= áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=Åçåíêçä= ÄäçÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= rdÉåÉî~I= gçÜå=aìåÅ~åI^åçíÜÉê= ï~ë= íÜÉ= rp=

h= ^ãÄ~ëë~Ççê= áå== áë= ~= ÖççÇ= Éñ~ãéäÉK=ÉãÄ~ëëó= áå= g~é~åÛë=

êÉéä~ÅÉãÉåí=çÑ=~=êÉÖìä~ê=Éã~áä=ÇáÖÉëí=ïáíÜ=~=É= Äó= êÉãçîáåÖ= íÜÉ=çÑ= âÉÉéáåÖ= ä~êÖÉ=

ëëÉë=ìé=íç=Ç~íÉK=låÉ=çÑÑáÅá~ä=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ=~=ÄäçÖ=áå=`Üáå~I=êÉ~Ç=Äó=çÑÑáÅá~äë= áå= íÜÉ= `ÜáåÉëÉ= cçêÉáÖå= jáåáëíêóI=ïÜáÅÜ= ~ääçïÉÇ= íÜÉ= ÉãÄ~ëëó= íç= ÅçåîÉó=ãÉëë~ÖÉë=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=íç=Äêç~ÅÜ=áå=éÉêëçåK===

=

PK fåÑäìÉåíá~ä=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÄäçÖëK=qÜÉ=rpI=rh=~åÇ=`~å~Ç~=Ü~Ç=~ää=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíÉÇ=ïáíÜI=çê=ïÉêÉ=~ÅíáîÉäó= ÉåÖ~ÖÉÇ= áåI= ÄäçÖÖáåÖ= áå= áãéçêí~åí=~êÉ~ë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄäçÖçëéÜÉêÉK=qÜÉ=rp=ã~áåí~áåë=

ÄäçÖI= ïÜáÅÜ= ë~îÉÇ= íáã~Çãáåáëíê~íáîÉ= ÄìêÇÉå=åìãÄÉêë=çÑ=Éã~áä=~ÇÇêÉ

m~ÖÉ=NN=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=

ÄäçÖì=Ääç~= íÉ~

íÉ= áíÜ=~ë==ÉåíÉê=Çë= ~å`~å~åÖ= áåó= çÑ=Ñ~ÅíK=

ÖÖÉêëI= í~ë=É=áãéÉîÉêÄÉÅçã

åí=ac^q=ïáää= Ü~ëí~êí=ÉåÖ~ÖáåÖ=áå=íÜáë=ëé~ÅÉ=EÑçê=Éñ~ãé

`Üáå~= ~åÇ= fåÇá~FK= ^åÇ= ~í=a ^q=

ÉåíÉê=ÇîáÅÉ

åáåÉ= ÑìääJíáãÉ= ^ê~ÄáÅJä~åÖì~ÖÉ=íïç=c~êëá=ÄäçÖÖÉêë=~åÇ= íïç=rêÇEíÜÉ= mÉåí~Öçå= ~äëç= ã~áåí~áåë=ÄäçÖÖÉêëFK= qÜÉëÉ= ÄäçÖÖÉêë= ~ää= ïêáÄóäáåÉë= áÇÉåíáÑóáåÖ= íÜÉã=aÉé~êíãÉåí=çÑÑáÅá~äë=~åÇ=~ÅíáîÉäóÄäçÖ= ÇÉÄ~íÉë= áå= ÅçããÉåí= íÜêÉ~éêçîáÇáåÖ=ÄäçÖë=íÜÉãëÉäîÉëK=qÜÉ=~äëç= ÉñéÉêáãÉåíÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÄäçÖÖáï~ó= Äìí= çéÉê~íÉÇ= çå= ~= éçäáÅÉåíÉêáåÖ= ÇÉÄ~íÉë= çå= éçáåíë= çÑ=c`l=Ü~ë=íïç=ÑìääJíáãÉ=c~êëá=ÄäçÄóäáåÉë= áÇÉåíáÑóáåÖ= íÜÉã=ÉãéäçóÉÉëK=fí=áë=Ü~êÇ=íç=Ö~ìÖÉ=íÜÜ~åÇÑìä=çÑ=ÄäçÖÖÉêë=Å~å=Ü~îÉI=ÜçïäáâÉäó= íÜ~í= ~ë= íÜÉ= ÄäçÖçëéÜÉêÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖäó= áãéçêí~

ÖÉêëI=ÖÖÉêë=ã= çÑ=ïpí~íÉ=áåíç=Ç= Äó=Çá~åë== íÜáë=çåäó=qÜÉ=ïá Ü=c`l=~Åí=~=I=áí=áë=

Éë=îÉ= íç=äÉI=áå=äÉ~ëí=fåÇçåÉëá~I=

áå= íáãÉë= çÑ= Åçåëìä~ê= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅáÉë=ÅçìäÇ= ìëÉÑìääó= ãçåáíçê= ~åÇ=ÄäçÖçëéÜÉêÉ= ÇÉÄ~íÉ= íç= éêçîáÇÉ= ~ÅçêêÉÅí=ãáëìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖëK=====

=`çåëìä~ê=

cíÜÉ=

= ~åÇ=

kÉ~êäó= ÑáîÉ= éÉê= ÅÉåí= çÑ= ^ìëíêçîÉêëÉ~ëI=~êçìåÇ=ëáñ=ãáä

~äá~åë=äáçå=íê~îÉä=~Äêç~Ç

óÉ~ê= ~åÇ= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= íê~îÉääáåÖ= íç= áåÅêÉ~ Öäó=êÉëÉåÅÉ=ëáåÖ=çå= ac^qÛë=Ç= óç

^ìëíê~äá~åëÛ=Ñ~ãáäá~êáíó=ïáíÜI=~åÇ=ìëÉ=çÑI=ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~= ãÉ~åë= ÇáÖáí~ä= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå= çÑÑÉêë=Éåçêãçìë=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=íç=ac^qK===ac^q=Ü~ë=ëç= Ñ~ê=ã~áåäó=ìëÉÇ=ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~= Ñçê=íÜáë=éìêéçëÉI=Äìí= áíë=ìëÉ=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëìÄëí~åíá~ääó=Éñé~åÇÉÇK=bJÇáéäçã~Åó=ïçìäÇ=~ääçï=ac^q= íç=êÉ~ÅÜ=ÇáëíêÉëëÉÇ=^ìëíê~äá~åë=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=ÖäçÄÉI=íç=äáëíÉå=~åÇ=êÉëéçåÇ=íç=ãáëìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖë=~ãçåÖ=

áåÖ= Åêáëáë= ëáíì~íáçåë=çÑ= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáåÖ=

íÜÉ= ÑáÉäÇK= fí= áë= ~äëç= íÜÉ=çÄîáçìë= ï~ó= íç= Äêç~ÇÅ~ëí= ãÉëë~ÖÉë= íç=

íê~äá~åë=íê~îÉääáåÖ=áå=êÉãçíÉ=~êÉ~ë=EíÜÉ=c`l==qïáííÉêFK==

pí~íÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= áå= é~êíáÅìä~ê= Ü~ë=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= ïáÇÉ= ê~åÖÉ= çÑ= ãçÄáäÉ=

ëÉ= éä~íÑçêãë= Ü~îÉ=ëá ãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ãçëí=

ëíÉêëK= qÜÉ= pí~íÉ=ÉãÄÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìÄäáÅ=

É = íç= Ççå~íÉ= íç=Éñ~ãéäÉ= Äó= íÉñíáåÖ=

^q

äáîÉ==É~ÅÜ=ëáå

ÉñçíáÅ= äçÅ~íáçåë= ïÜÉêÉ= ac^qÛë= éäáãáíÉÇ= çê= åçåJÉñáëíÉåíK= qÜÉ= áåÅêÉ~íÜáë= Åçåëìä~ê= ïçêâäç~Ç= áë= éìííáåÖ=~Äáäáíó= íç= éÉêÑçêã= çíÜÉê= í~ëâë= ~å

íÜÉ= ^ìëíê~äá~å= éìÄäáÅ= Çìê~åÇ= çÑÑÉêë= áí= ~= ÄÉííÉê= ï~ó=ïáíÜ= áíë= çïå= ëí~ÑÑ= áå=

áë=ëíê~áå=

ìåÖÉê=

^ìëÜ~ë=ÑçìåÇ=~=ãáëëáåÖ=ÅáíáòÉå=ìëáåÖ=jçÄáäÉ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=qÜÉ=

éÜçåÉJÄ~ëÉÇ= íççäëK= qÜÉÖåáÑáÅ~åí= éçíÉåíá~äK= pç

éêçãáëáåÖ=ìëÉë=ïÉêÉW==• cìåÇê~áëáåÖ= Ñçê= Çáë~aÉé~êíãÉåí=Ü~ë=Éå~ÄäÉÇ=ãíç= ìëÉ= í ñí= ãÉëë~ÖáåÖÜìã~åáí~êá~å= ÅêáëÉëK= cçê=Úpt Û=íç=RMRRR=ãÉãÄÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìÄäáÅ=ÅçìäÇ=Ççå~íÉ=ANM= íç=m~âáëí~åá= ÑäççÇ=îáÅíáãë=ïáíÜ= ~ää=

oÉÑìÖÉÉ=^ÖÉåÅó=éìÄäáÅ= êÉä~íáçåë=

= ~í= ÜçãÉ= ~åÇ== ë= éêçîáÇáåÖ= ãìÅÜJ

ë= ÅçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= Äó= ac^q= áå= ~=ïáÇÉ= ê~åÖÉ= çÑ= ëáíì~íáçåëK= cçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI=

ç ëÉ~ë= ÅçìäÇ= êÉÖáëíÉê=ì Éêë= ïáíÜ= ac^q= íç=

åÅáÉë= EíÜÉ= ÅìêêÉåí=

ÑìåÇë= ê~áëÉÇ= ÖçáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ=rk=Erke`oFK= qÜáë= ïçìäÇ= ÅêÉ~íÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáíë= Ñçê= ac^q= ÄçíÜáåíÉêå~íáçå~ääó ~ë= ïÉää= ~åÉÉÇÉÇ=~ëëáëí~åÅÉK====

• pjp= ~äÉêí

^ìëíê~äá~åë= íê~îÉääáåÖ= îÉêíÜÉáê= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜçåÉ= å ãÄêÉÅÉáîÉ= ~äÉêíë= áå= ÉãÉêÖÉpã~êíê~îÉääÉê= éêçÅÉÇìêÉ= Ñçê= êÉÖáëíê~íáçå= áë= íçç=çåÉêçìëFI= íÉñí= ~äÉêíë= ÅçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= íç= ëìêîÉó=~ííÉåÇÉÉë=~í=ac^q=éìÄäáÅ=Çáéäçã~Åó=ÉîÉåíë=çê=íç=êÉãáåÇ=íÜÉã=çÑ=ÉîÉåí=íáãÉëK==

• jçÄáäÉ= íÉÅÜåçäçÖó= Ü~ë= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíLãáäáí~êó= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåëK= qÜÉ= rp=dçîÉêåãÉåí= áë= íêá~äáåÖ= ÉÑÑçêíë= íç= é~ó= ^ÑÖÜ~å=éçäáÅÉ=çÑÑáÅÉêë=îá~=ãçÄáäÉ=éÜçåÉI=íÜìë=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=éçíÉåíá~ä= Ñçê= Öê~ÑíK= få=jÉñáÅç= ~å= ~ííÉãéí=ï~ë=

m~ÖÉ=NO=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=

îÉäçé= ~= ÑêÉÉ= ëÜçêí= ÅçÇÉ= ëç=áå= áÑ=

• mÜçåÉ= ~ééë= ÅçìäÇ= ~äëç= ÄÉ= ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= Äó=í=

Ec~ÅÉìåíë=áå

ë=êÉîáÉïÉÇ=

ã~ÇÉ= íç= ÇÉ íÜ~í=íÜÉó=ãÉãÄÉêë= çÑ= íÜÉ= éìÄäáÅ= ÅçìäÇ= íÉñí=

ïáíåÉëëÉÇ=~=ÅêáãÉK==

ac^q= íç= ÜÉäé= ÇáëëÉãáå~íÉ= áíë= éêçÇìÅãÉëë~ÖÉëK=======e~êÇï~êÉ=~åÇ=ëçÑíï~êÉ==j~åó= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= íççäë= ~êÉ= ÑêÉÉ=qïáííÉêI= vçìqìÄÉ= ~åÇ= cäáÅâê= ~ÅÅçÉñ~ãéäÉFK=bîÉå=ëçÑíï~êÉ=éä~íÑçêãë=Ñçê=ïáâáë=~êÉ=ÑêÉÉ=Ó=íÜÉ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ãáåáëíêáÉ~ää=ìëÉÇ=

~åÇ=

ÄççâI=Ñçê=

íÉêå~ä=

jÉÇá~táâáK=pçãÉ=ã~å~ÖÉêëï~ë= ~= Åìäíìê~ä=

=ë~áÇ= =éêÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ= Ñêçã= ÉåÖáåÉÉ

= çê== êÉÇìó= ÉñçÇ= ï

ä= áÑ= ÑççêäÇ=

Éèìáî~äÉåí=éÜçåÉë=~êÉ=ÉëëÉåíá~ä=Ñçê=âÉó=ÑêçåíJäáåÉ=ëí~Ñ

âÄÉêêáÉë=

== áåíÉêåÉí=~ÅÅÉëë= EïáíÜ= ~

^ää= ìåÅä~ëëáÑáÉÇ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= éä~íÑçêãë= EïáâáëI=ÅçããìåáíáÉë=ÉíÅF=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=Ü~êÇï~êÉ=E_ä~ÅâÄÉêêáÉëI=áé~Çë=ÉíÅFK===pí~ÑÑáåÖ=~åÇ=ëíêìÅíìêÉ=bJÇáéäçã~Åó= áë= ÖçáåÖ= íç= ÄÉ= áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖäó=ÉëëÉåíá~ä= Ñçê=~ÅÜáÉîáåÖ=Çáéäçã~íáÅ=çÄàÉÅíáîÉëK= fí=ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= Ñáêãäó= áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ= áåíç= ~ää=ÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä= ~ÅíáîáíáÉë= ~åÇ= ~å= ~ééêçéêá~íÉäó=

= Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ= íç=ÄÉ=~=íç=ïçêâ=ÅäçëÉäó=ïáíÜ=ëÉåí=ac^q=Ü~ë=åç=ÉJ

áí= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ïÉÄëáíÉ= ëÉÅíáçå= ëáíë=ìåÇÉê= íÜÉ= mìÄäáÅ= aáéäçã~Åó= _ê~åÅÜK= _ó=

ãÉåíÛë= lÑÑáÅÉ= çÑ= bJÑÑK===

~Åêçëë=ac^q= ~åÇ=áíë= ~ÅíáîáíáÉë= ïáää= ~äëç= äáâÉäó= êÉèìáêÉ= ~= ãçÇÉëí=

çëÉ=êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ=ëI= ïÉÄëáíÉë= ~åÇ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=

áëëìÉë= ~ää= ìåÇÉê= íÜÉ= êÉãáí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=Äê~åÅÜK==

ëçìêÅáåÖ= çÑ= ÑçêÉáÖå=É=åÉÉÇÉÇK==

áíáçå~ä= Ñ ~åÇ=Éëí~ÄäáëÜ=~å==ac^qK=qÜáë=ëÜçìäÇ=

= çäáÅó= ~åÇ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=~íÉ= íç= í~âÉ= ~=

áíÜ= íÜÉ= éä~íÑçêãë= áí=Ü= áí= ÉñéÉêáãÉåíëK= qÜáë=

ïáää= äáâÉäó= êÉèìáêÉ= êÉÅêìáíáåÖ= éÉçéäÉ= ïáíÜ=çÅá~ä= ãÉÇá~= ~åÇ=

éêçÖê~ããáåÖ= ÉñéÉêíáëÉ= Eac^q= ~ÇîáëÉÇ= íÜ~í= áí=ëçãÉ= éÉçéäÉ= ïáíÜ=

ÉñéÉêíáëÉ= áå= íÜáë= ~êÉ~= áå= íÜÉ= é~ëí= óÉ~êFK= líÜÉê=êÉä~íÉÇ= ~êÉ~ë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÄêçìÖÜí= ìåÇÉê= áíë=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé= EÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåëI= ïÉÄëáíÉ= ~åÇ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~äFK=qÜáë=çÑÑáÅÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=í~ëâÉÇ=ïáíÜW==• aÉîÉäçéáåÖ= ~åÇ= êçääáåÖ= çìí= ~ää= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=éä~íÑçêãëK=• j~áåëíêÉ~ãáåÖ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= ~Åêçëë= íÜÉ=ÇÉé~êíãÉåíK==

íÜÉêÉêë= íç= =

ÉáíÜÉê= ÇÉîÉäçé= íÜÉ= íÉÅÜåçäçÖó= áå= ÜçìëÉéêçéêáÉí~êó= ëçÑíï~êÉI= Äìí= íÜáë= ï~ëïÜÉå= ÉñÅÉääÉåí= ÑêÉÉ= ëçÑíï~êÉ= ~äêÉ~ÇrëÉ= çÑ= ÑêÉÉ= ëçÑíï~êÉ= ï~ë= ~äëç= ~= ÖçÚÇáëêìéíÛ=íÜáë=ÅìäíìêÉK=====

Äìó=åÇ~åí=áëíÉÇK=~ó= íç=

êÉáÖå=çÑ= ÉJëã~êí=Ñ=EíÜÉ=

dáîÉå= ëìëí~áåÉÇ= ìåÇÉêJêÉ~ÑÑ~áêëI=åÉï=êÉëçìêÅÉë=ïáää=Ä==oÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë==

NF=mêçîáÇÉ=~ÇÇ ìåÇáåÖ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=Äê~åÅÜ=ïáíÜáåÄÉ= ëí~ÑÑÉÇ= Äó= ~= ãáñ çÑ= éÉñéÉêíë= ~åÇ= Ü~îÉ= ~= ã~åÇêÉ~ëçå~ÄäÉ= äÉîÉä= çÑ= êáëâ= ïÇÉîÉäçéë= ~åÇ= ïáíÜ= ïÜáÅ

e~îáåÖ=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=Ü~êÇï~êÉ= áë=ÅêáíáÅ~ãáåáëíêáÉë= ~êÉ= ÖçáåÖ= íç= ÉåíÉê= íÜÉ= ïÇáéäçã~ÅóK= _ä~ÅâÄÉêêáÉë= çê=

`~å~Çá~åë=Ü~Ç=áëëìÉÇ=ëçãÉ=QIRMM=_ä~Åíç=ëí~ÑÑFK==

e~îáåÖ=ÇÉëâíçé =~ää= ëçÅá~ä=åíá~ä= ~ë= áë=

ëéÉÅá~äáëí= àçìêå~äáëíáÅI= ëãÉÇá~= ~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉF áë= å= çÄîáçìë= ÉëëÉìíáäáëáåÖ=îáÇÉç=ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅáåÖ=Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉëK===

ëí~ÑÑÉÇ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=Äê~åÅÜêÉéçëáíçêó=çÑ=ÉñéÉêíáëÉ=~åÇ=äáåÉ=~êÉ~ë=~åÇ=éçëíëK=^í=éêÉÇáéäçã~Åó= ìå

Åçåíê~ëíI= íÜÉ= pí~íÉ= aÉé~êíÇáéäçã~Åó=Ü~ë=~Äçìí=PM=ëí~=qç=ã~áåëíêÉ~ã= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=

êÉëíêìÅíìêÉ=Ó=éÉêÜ~éë=ÄêáåÖáåÖ=íÜÑçê= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå

Ü~ë= ~äêÉ~Çó= ÉãéäçóÉÇ=

m~ÖÉ=NP=

=

=

mçäáÅó=_êáÉÑ=

^=aáÖáí~ä=ac^q=

=

Ñçê== éê

êáãÉåí~íáçåK=ëíJéê

= ÉåÅçìê

Ñ=jáççäëK

êáåÖ= ~åÇI= áÑ= åÉÅÉëë~êóI= ÅäëK=

ìí= ~å

Å~ãé~áÖåë=í= áëI= éêçãìäÖ~íáåÖ= éêáçêáíó= ÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä=

Ó= ~åÇ=~íÉÖáÉë=Ñçê=êÉÖìä~ê=

çå= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= Åçåëìä~ê=

êäá~ãÉåí~êó=Éó= Å~å= ëÉÉ=FK=

ëí=ïÉÄ=ÉÇáíçêë=~åÇ=ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉ=ÄÉííÉê=ìëÉ=çÑ=ïÉÄëáíÉë=Äó=éçëíëK=

Äê~åÇáåÖ=K

ÉÅÜ~åáëãë=åÅáÉë= ~åÇ== ÉñíÉêå~ä=

==OF=ac^q=åÉÉÇë=íç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áíë=êáëâ=~ééÉíáíÉ=~åÇ=ÄÉ= êÉ~Çó= íç= Ä~Åâ= áíë= ëí~ÑÑ= ïÜÉå= ÅçåíêçîÉêëáÉë=ëìêêçìåÇáåÖ= åÉï= ãÉÇá~= ~êáëÉK= qç= ìëÉ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉäó= êÉèìáêÉë= ~ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ= çÑ=ÜáÖÜÉê= êáëâI= Ñçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI= ~= ëã~ää= ÅçåíêçîÉêëó

• aÉîÉäçéáåÖ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë= ëí~ÑÑ=çîáÇÉ=

~ÅíáÅÉ=~ÖáåÖ=

ëëáçåI===çëáåÖ=

íÜ~í= ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉ= áååçî~íáçå= ~åÇëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ä~íáíìÇÉ=Ñçê=ÉñéÉ• bÇìÅ~íáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÇÉé~êíãÉåí= çå= ÄÉìëÉ= çÑ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= íççäë= ~åÇÇÉé~êíãÉåíJïáÇÉ=ÇáÖáí~ä=áååçî~íáçåK=• qê~áåáåÖ=ëí~ÑÑI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=eÉ~Çë=çáå=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=~åÇ=ìíáäáíó=çÑ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=í• jçåáíçáå~ÅíáîÉ=çê=áå~åÉ=ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=éä~íÑçêã• mêçÖêÉëëáîÉäó= ÅçåëçäáÇ~íáåÖ= ÉJÇáéäçéä~íÑçêãë= ~ë= åÉï= çåÉë= ~êÉ= êçääÉÇ= ççåÉë=ëìéÉêëÉÇÉÇK=

ã~Åó=Ç= çäÇ=

• q~âáåÖ= íÜÉ= äÉ~Ç= çå= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=Ó= íÜ~ãÉëë~ÖÉë= ìëáåÖ= ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó= íççäë=~ëëáëíáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=ëíêÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåëK=• q~âáåÖ= íÜÉ= äÉ~Ç=áåáíá~íáîÉëK=• mêçîáÇáåÖ= jáåáëíÉêë= ~åÇ= m~pÉÅêÉí~êáÉë= ïáíÜ= ~= a~ëÜÄç~êÇ= ëç= íÜíÜÉáê=çåäáåÉ=~Åíáîáíó=EìëÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=c`l• qê~áå=éç

• aÉîÉäçé= ÅçåëáëíÉåí= ä~ÄÉäáåÖ= ~åÇ=~Åêçëë=ÉJÇáéäçã~Åó=éä~íÑçêãë =• bëí~ÄäáëÜ= ÇáÖáí~ä= ÅççêÇáå~íáçå= ã~Åêçëë= êÉäÉî~åí= ÖçîÉêåãÉåí= ~ÖÉÇÉé~êíãÉåíë= ~ë= ïÉää= ~ë= ïáíÜëí~âÉÜçäÇÉêëK=======

QIMMM= ÄäçÖë= çîÉê= íÜêÉÉ= óÉ~êë=íÜÉëÉ=Ü~îÉ=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=àìëí=íÜ==qÜÉ= ãÉÇá~= ïáää= äçîÉ= ~= ëäáéãáåáëíÉêë=åÉÉÇ=í =ëíÉé=áå=ÄÉçÅÅìêëI=ÅäÉ~êäó=Çê~ïáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ëí~íìë=çÑ=~=ëí~ÑíïÉÉíëI= ÄäçÖë= ÉíÅ= ~åÇ= çéçäáÅóK= få= Ñ~Åí

~åÇ= Éëíáã~íÉë=êÉÉ=ÅçåíêçîÉêëáÉëK==

= Äìí= ac^q= ~åÇ= áíë=ç ÜáåÇ=ëí~ÑÑ=ïÜÉå=íÜáë=

êÉäÉî~åí=ÇáëíáåÅíáçå=Ñ=ãÉãÄÉêÛë=éÉêëçå~ä=ÑÑáÅá~ä= ÖçîÉêåãÉåí=

I= áÑ= ÅçåíêçîÉêëáÉë= Çç= åçí= ~êáëÉ=éÉêáçÇáÅ~ääó=áí=áë=êÉ~ëçå~ÄäÉ=íç=~ëëìãÉ=íÜÉ=íççäë=

óK=ac^q=ïáää=ÄÉ=Ñ~ê=êÉ=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=ïáíÜ=áíë=ìëÉ=çÑ=ëçÅá~ä=ãÉÇá~=áÑ=áí=

Éêêë=çå=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=ãçÇÉëí=êáëâK=====PF= oÉîáÉï= êÉëíêáÅíáîÉ

~êÉ=åçí=ÄÉáåÖ=ìëÉÇ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉäãç

= ac^q= ãÉÇá~= ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=ïáíÜ=~=îáÉï=íç=ã~âáåÖ= áí=ãìÅÜ=É~ëáÉê= Ñçê= ëí~ÑÑ=íç=ÉåÖ~ÖÉ=çåäáåÉK====

=ÉêìéíÉÇ=çîÉê=~=_êáíáëÜ=^ãÄ~ëë~ÇçêÛë=ÄäçÖ=éçëí=ÅçããÉåíáåÖ=çå=^ó~íçää~Ü=c~Çä~ää~ÜK=qÜáë=åÉÉÇë=íç=ÄÉ=éìí= áå=ÅçåíÉñíW= íÜÉ=c`l=Ü~ë=éçëíÉÇ=çîÉê=

m~ÖÉ=NQ=

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Fergus Hanson has a Masters in International Law from the University of Sydney. His published thesis focused on regional stability in the Pacific. He worked for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) from 2004 to 2007. From 2005 to 2007 he served at the Australian Embassy in The Hague where he was responsible for Australia’s relations with five international legal organisations and domestic political issues.

Prior to joining DFAT he was a fellow at Cambridge University’s Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law. Fergus has also studied at Uppsala University. Fergus is the Director of Lowy polling and a visiting Vasey Fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Pacific Forum.

www.lowyinstitute.org