IB Sports, exercise and health science Sub-topics Exercise Physiology Test - Momentum and Collisions Topic 2 Exercise physiology 1. Structure & function

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Sports, exercise and health science

Sub-topics

Exercise Physiology

Test - Momentum and CollisionsTopic 2

Exercise physiology

1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system

2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

KEY 1. A2. C3. B4.C5. B

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KEY 6. A –8.0 kg•m/s

Pi = 4.0 kg m/s Pl = -4.0 mg m/sP = pl – pi =(-4.0 kg m/s) – 4.0 kg m/s = - 8.0 kg m/s

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KEY 7. C8. B9. B 10. The Baseball’s momentum decreases as its speed decreases.

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KEY 11. The first pitch is harder to stop. The first pitch has greater momentum because it has a greater velocity, so the change in momentum to zero is greater. 12. The total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of the nature of the forces between the objects

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KEY 13. –1.8 kg m/s

Given m = 6.0 x 10-2kgvi= 12m/svf= - 18 m/s

Solution P = m(vf – vi) = (6.0 x 10-2kg) (-18m/s – 12m/s) = -1.8kg m/s

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KEY 14. 4.2 kg m/sGiven

F = 35 Nt = 0.12s

SolutionP = F x t = (35N)(0.12s) = 4.2 kg

m/s

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KEY 15. 5.7 m/s forward Given m1 = 7.0kg m2 = 2.0kg v2i = 0 m/sv1f = 4.0 m/s forward v2f = 6.0 m/s forward Solutionm1v1i + m2iv2i = m1v1f + m2v2f v1i = m1v1f + m2v2f - m2iv2i

m1

v1i = (7.0kg)( 4.0 m/s forward) + (2.0kg)( 6.0 m/s forward) – (2.0kg)( 0 m/s) 7.0kg

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KEY 16. 10 m/s to the north.

Given m1 = 90kg m2 = 120kgv2i = 4m/s to the south v2i = -4m/sv1f = 2m/s to the north = v1f = 2m/svf = 2.0m/s to the north = vf = 2.0m/s Solution m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2) vf

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KEY 16. Given m1 = 90kg m2 = 120kgv2i = 4m/s to the south v2i = -4m/sv1f = 2m/s to the north = v1f = 2m/svf = 2.0m/s to the north = vf = 2.0m/s

Solution m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2) vf

v1i = (m1 + m2) vf - m2v2i = (90kg + 120kg)( 2m/s) – (120kg)( -4m/s) = 1 x 101m/s

m1 90kg= 1 x 101m/s10 m/s to the north.

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2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways.

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Read pages 30 through 36HW page 48 #s 1,2,3

1. Why might a doctor be interested in assessing VO2 in an exercise test?Physical assessment for a particular job.It can be used to assess types of illnesses or causes of illnesses. To evaluate health and fitness levels

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2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs.

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2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on how exercise affects this process.Starts with the breathing (inhalation) of oxygen rich air through the mouth and nose and into the lungs. This is done by changing the pressure inside the lungs to be lower then outside the lungs. When this occurs air will flow from the higher pressure outside of the lungs to the lower pressure inside.

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2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on how exercise affects this process.The diaphragm is the muscle that facilitates this change in air pressure. When it drops down (contracts) the area (volume) of the lung cavity is increased which in turn decreases the pressure inside the lungs.


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2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on how exercise affects this process.The exhalation of air is done in the reverse. The diaphragm relaxes and recoils back to its starting position. This decreases the area (volume) in the chest cavity which in turn increases the pressure inside the lungs. The air then flows from high to low pressure out of the lungs.


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2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on how exercise affects this process.During exercise there is a need for additional oxygen and a need to get ride of additional carbon dioxide being produced. The rate of breathing will increase. In addition, muscle of the crest wall, abdomen and shoulders will assist in increasing the area (volume) of the chest cavity to bring in more air. They will also assist in compressing the chest cavity to decrease the area and increase the pressure so more air can be exhaled.


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3. Insert higher and lower and from and to into the correct places in the following statements.The partial pressure of oxygen is in arterial blood supplying exercising muscles than in the muscle tissue. Therefore, oxygen will diffuse

the blood the muscle.The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is in the lungs (alveoli) than in the blood returning from exercising muscles. Therefore, carbon dioxide will diffuse the lungs the blood.

higher

from tolower

from to


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2.2.1 State the composition of blood Topic 2

Exercise physiology

Blood is a specialised type of connective tissue.

It is heavier and more viscous than water and accounts for about 8% of our total body weight.

Healthy adult males have around 5-6 litres of blood and females about 4-5 litres.

Its color varies, depending upon the amount of oxygen it is carrying, from dark red (oxygen poor) to scarlet red (oxygen rich)

Browne et al 2001



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The components are as follows:

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): makes up 99% of the formed elements in blood.

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Platelets (Thrombocytes) Plasma: liquid portion of blood



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http://www.oxfordreference.com/media/images/30325_0.jpg

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Blood performs a number of specialized functions:

Transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and hormones to cells and organs around the body.

Protects us from bleeding to death, via clotting, and from disease, by destroying invasive micro-organisms and toxic substances.

Acts as a regulator of temperature, the water content in cells, and body pH.



Browne et al 2001

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2.2.2 Distinguish between the functions erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets

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http://www.esa.int/images/bloodcell400.jpg

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): contain an oxygen-carrying pigment called hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color.They live for around 120 days, and are replaced at the at the astonishing rate of 2 million per second.



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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): exist in our bodies to combat infection and inflammation. They do this by ingesting foreign microbes in a process called phagocytosis.

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/35a5c/35A5C297.jpg



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Platelets (Thrombocytes): are involved in the process of clotting and help repair slightly damaging blood vessels.



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuoU




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Due todayBiomechanics workbook and respiratory lab

HomeworkRead pages 37 through the top of 40Page 48-49 do problems 4, 5, 6.

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2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with reference to the heart chambers, valves and major blood vessels

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The heart is an involuntary muscle with striated muscle fibers.

The heart wall is composed of three layers and four chambers which are separated by a septum and valves. A triple layered bag called the pericardium surrounds, anchors and protects the heart.

Browne et al 2001



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The superior structures of the heart are called the left atrium and right atrium (atrium means court or entry hall), which are separated by a thin wall.

The inferior chambers are called the left ventricle and right ventricle.




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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rguztY8aqpk





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The atria act as receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart. They are relatively small and thin walled, because they only have to pump blood the relatively small distance into the ventricles.

The ventricles are quiet large, because they are responsible for propelling blood from the heart into circulation around the body.

Browne et. al 2001



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Dense connective structures called valves prevent backflow of blood into chambers by opening and shutting when the heart contracts and relaxes.

Two lie between each atria and ventricle (the atrioventricular valves: tricuspid on the right and bicuspid on the left)..



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Both arteries coming from the heart have a semilunar valve on them to prevent blood from flowing back into the heart (the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve).

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The heart has it’s own blood supply via the coronary arteries. It branches off the aorta. It also has its own set of veins.

http://images.main.uab.edu/healthsys/ei_0019.gif



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2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart muscle

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The heart is able beat spookily after being separated from the body of it’s owner (as seen in horror films) is not totally a product of overactive imaginations. The heart can actually continue to beat for a number of hours if supplied with appropriate nutrients and salts. This is because the heart has it’s own specialized conduction system and can beat independently of it’s nerve supply.

Solomon & Davis



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Still Beating Heart

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZKKy6KCapQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZKKy6KCapQ

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The sinoatrial (SA) node is a small mass of specialized muscle in the posterior wall of the right atrium. Because automatic self-excitation of the SA node initiates each heart beat, setting the basic pace for the heart rate, the SA node is known as the pace maker.



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The end of the fibres of the SA node fuse with surrounding atrial muscle fibres so that the contraction spreads, producing atrial contraction.

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Several groups of atrial muscle fibres conduct the contraction to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which spreads action potential throughout the rest of the heart via specialised muscle fibres called Purkinje fibres. These form the atrioventricular (AV) bundle OR bundle of his.

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Cardiac Cycle – Electrical Impulse

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http://img.tfd.com/dorland/thumbs/bundle_of-His.jpg



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• The complete sequence of events from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next.

• an electrical impulse (depolarization event) is conducted through the myocardium causing the cardiac cycle.

• Systolic/diastolic (Contraction/ relaxation) pressures in the ventricles

Cardiac Cycle

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Cardiac Cycle

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Although the heart is capable of beating independently of body control systems, in order to adapt its rate to the changing needs of the body it is carefully regulated by the nervous system. A number of other factors, including hormones, ion concentration and change in body temperature can influence heart rate.

Solomon & Davis



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The heart is innervated by parasympathetic nerves that slow it’s rate, and by sympathetic nerves that speed it up.

Solomon & Davis



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Parasympathetic innervation originates in the cardiac centers in the medulla and passes to the heart by way of the vagus nerves. Vagus nerve fibres richly supply the SA and AV nodes. When stimulated, these parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine, which slows the heart.

Solomon & Davis



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Sympathetic nerves that serve the heart originate in the upper thoracic spinal cord and reach the myocardium by way of several nerves sometimes called accelerator nerves. These nerves supply the nodes and also the muscle fibres themselves. When stimulated, they release norepinephrine or noradrenaline, which increases the heart rate as well as the strength of ventricular contraction.

Solomon & Davis



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Noradrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands as a hormone into the blood, but it is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system where it is released from noradrenergic neurons during synaptic transmission, as mentioned on the previous slide.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine



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SA node (pacemaker)Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic: flight or flightepinephrine, norepinephrine underlies the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing skeletal muscle readiness.

Parasympathetic: feed & breed, rest & digest work opposite each other.



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Indirect factors-Stress hormones (adrenaline), thyroid hormones-Deep breathing, stimulants, medications-Emotions: anxiety increase HR, -happiness, depression lower HR-Dehydration, temperature, altitude.

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In addition, as a stress hormone, it affects parts of the human brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine underlies the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing skeletal muscle readiness.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine



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2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circulationTopic 2

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Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation



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Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with pulmonary circulation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulation



2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circulation

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Pulmonary circulationTo the lungs

Systemic circulation To the body

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine/blood-vessel-diseases/v/arteries-vs--veins---what-s-the-difference







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Arteries: transport oxygenated blood away from heart.

Pulmonary artery: carry deoxygenated blood

Veins: carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.Pulmonary vein: carry oxygenated blood

Capillaries: carry food & oxygen to tissues, carry waste away.

Blood Vessels

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Arteries Veins

Comparison BetweenArteries and Veins

Arteries carry oxygenated blood (with the exception of the pulmonary artery and umbilical artery).

Oxygen Concentration

Veins carry deoxygenated blood (with the exception of pulmonary veins and umbilical vein)

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Arteries Veins


Pulmonary and systemic arteries

Types Superficial veins, deep veins, pulmonary veins and systemic veins

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Arteries Veins


From the heart to various parts of the body.

Direction ofBlood Flow

From various parts of the body to the heart.

Valves Aren't present (except for semi-lunar valves)

Are present, especially in limbs.

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ReviewCardiovascular System: function, partsBlood: function, composition

WBC, RBC, Platelets, PlasmaHeart: function, anatomy, cardiac cycle, electrical impulse(SA, AV nodes…)

Atria & ventricle sizes/differencesPulmonary & Systemic circulationsBlood Vessels: veins, arteries, capillaries

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2.2.6 Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise

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Cardiac Output = the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute. This measured in litres per minute.Stroke Volume = the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in each contraction. The average volume is is about 0.07 litres of blood per beat.Basal Heart Rate = when heart rate is reduced to it’s minimum. E.g. when sleeping.

DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme



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2.2.7 Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different populations at rest and during exercise.

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Heart RatePre, during, post exercise measurements

Baseline, intensity, recovery observations6s, 10s, 15s, 30s HR readingsAverage HR 60-80bpm, lower for athletic populationBradycardia (>60bpm), Tachycardia(<60bpm)Radial, Carotid, Brachial readingsMax HR = 220-age, MHR-RHR=RHR

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One response to exercise of the cardiovascular system is the increase in cardiac output from around 5 litres at rest to between 20 and 30 litres during maximal exercise. The response is due to an increase in stroke volume in the rest to exercise transition, and an increase in heart rate.

Sewell et.al 2005



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Heart rate can reach 200bpm or more in some individuals. Maximal cardiac output differs between people primarily due to differences in body size and the extent to which they might be endurance trained.

Sewell et.al 2005



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Library Research:

Complete a review of literature analysing cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different populations. Cite your sources.

Populations to consider include males/females, trained untrained & young old.



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An improvement in cardiac performance brought about by endurance training, occurs as a result of changes in:

Stroke volume (increased)Heart rate (decreased for a set workload)Ventricular mass and volume (increased)

Sewell et.al 2005



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2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular driftTopic 2

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If you begin a 90 minute steady state ride on your bicycle trainer at a controlled intensity, your heart rate may be 145 after 10 minutes. However, as you ride and check your heart rate every 10 minutes, you will notice a slight upward "drift".



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By 90 minutes, your heart rate may be 160. Why is this happening if intensity is held constant? There are two explanations. As you exercise, you sweat. A portion of this lost fluid volume comes from the plasma volume. This decrease in plasma volume will diminish venous return and stroke volume.



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Heart rate again increases to compensate and maintain constant cardiac output. Maintaining high fluid consumption before and during the ride will help to minimize this cardiovascular drift, by replacing fluid volume.

http://home.hia.no/~stephens/hrchngs.htm



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There is also a second reason for the drift during an exhaustive exercise session. Your heart rate is controlled in large part by the "Relative" intensity of work by the muscles. So in a long hard ride, some of your motor units fatigue due to glycogen depletion.




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Your brain compensates by recruiting more motor units to perform the same absolute workload. There is a parallel increase in heart rate. Consequently, a ride that began at heart rate 150, can end up with you exhausted and at a heart rate of 175, 2 hours later, even if speed never changed!




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2.2.9 Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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Blood PressureThe blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within the arteries. It is produced primarily by the contraction of the heart muscle. It's measurement is recorded by two numbers.Tools: stethoscope, sphygmomanometer

Systolic & diastolic

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S648xZDK7b0





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Blood PressureSystolic

The top number, which is also the higher of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts).

Systolic

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Blood PressureDiastolic

The bottom number, which is also the lower of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood).

Diastolic

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2.2.10 Analyse systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise

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Using the data in the table provided, analyse the changes in blood pressure in response to

exercise. (Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications)



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What is the AHA recommendation for healthy blood pressure?

Blood Pressure Systolic

Diastolic

Category mm Hg (upper #) mm Hg (lower #)

Normal less than 120 and less than 80

Prehypertension 120 – 139 or 80 – 89

High Blood Pressure140 – 159 or 90 – 99

(Hypertension) Stage 1

High Blood Pressure160 or higher or 100 or higher

(Hypertension) Stage 2

Hypertensive CrisisHigher than 180 or Higher than 110

(Emergency care needed)

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/Hypertensive-Crisis_UCM_301782_Article.jsp

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AHA Recommendation

For overall health benefits to the heart, lungs and circulation, perform any moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic activity using the following guidelines:

•Get the equivalent of at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity (2 hours and 30 minutes) each week.•You can incorporate your weekly physical activity with 30 minutes a day on at least 5 days a week.

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AHA Recommendation

For overall health benefits to the heart, lungs and circulation, perform any moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic activity using the following guidelines:

•Physical activity should be performed in episodes of at least 10 minutes, and preferably, it should be spread throughout the week.•Include flexibility and stretching exercises.•Include muscle strengthening activity at least 2 days each week

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2.2.11 Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise

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Dynamic exercise is that which requires muscular movement and elevated heart rate. i.e. traditional exercise.



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Cardiac performance is determined by factors such as preload, afterload and heart rate. Preload is related to the end-diastolic volume when there is passive tension in the ventricles.

The Frank-Starling law of the heart refers to the principle that the more the heart fills during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole, so the higher the end-diastolic volume (EDV) the more forceful the next contraction is.

Sewell et.al 2005



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Written Response: Considering these factors outlined on the previous page, together with the graph you have viewed previously, discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic exercise.



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Yoga is a good example of static exercise.

Written Response: Examine the website below, as well as two other sources, and consider the impact of static exercise on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2007/08/bp_yoga.html





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2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and the redistribution of blood during exercise

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Because arteries are large, there walls offer little resistance to blood flow, even when meeting the demands of exercise.

Arterioles have a much smaller diameter and offer a great deal of resistance to blood flow.

As blood flows to the through capillaries, most of the pressure caused by the action of the heart is spent.

Solomon & Davis



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It takes little pressure to force the blood through veins because they offer little resistance to blood flow. There diameters are large and vein walls are so thin they can hold large volumes of blood.

Solomon & Davis



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During exercise increased muscle contraction results in increased flow of blood through the veins and into the heart, thereby increasing cardiac output.

Solomon & Davis



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On the other hand when one stands still for a long period of time, e.g. when a soldier stands at attention, blood pools in the veins. Within a few moments, pressure increases in the capillaries (veins are not accepting blood from them because they are dammed up with their own), and some plasma is lost to interstitial fluid. After a short time as much as 20% of the blood volume can be lost from circulation in this way. Arterial blood pressure falls and blood supply to the brain is diminished, sometimes resulting in fainting.

Solomon & Davis



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Written Response: View the website on the next slide. Discuss what this can tell us about the redistribution of blood during exercise.



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http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.educationopera.net/pictures/Charts_Hildebrandt_E/hi23e.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.educationopera.net/Archive/07_Chronomedicine/0724_chronomedicine_muscular_blood_circulation.php&h=312&w=312&sz=26&hl=en&start=37&tbnid=6CGmZ-1SdurU_M:&tbnh=117&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bcirculation%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN



http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.educationopera.net/pictures/Charts_Hildebrandt_E/hi23e.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.educationopera.net/Archive/07_Chronomedicine/0724_chronomedicine_muscular_blood_circulation.php&h=312&w=312&sz=26&













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2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training

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View Clickview:

Training Principles – Physiological responses



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Resting heart rate decreases as a result of aerobic training. This is due largely to an increase in stroke volume.

Reference 1: Board of Studies NSW (1999). Personal development, health and physical education: Stage 6 syllabus.Reference 2: Browne, S. (2001). HSC core 2 health priorities in Aust.: Summary quest. & sample HSC extended responses.

Reference 3: Browne, S., et. al. (2000). PDHPE application and inquiry: HSC course. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.Reference 4: Buchanan, D. & Nemec, M. (2003). HSC PDHPE. McMillan Education Australia: Melbourne.

Reference 5: Charles Sturt University. NSW HSC online. Available: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/



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Stroke volume increases due to an increased cardiac hypertrophy (muscle size)/left ventricular volume from aerobic training. Therefore, for every heart beat, a trained athlete can pump more blood from the heart to the working muscles.

Reference 1: Board of Studies NSW (1999). Personal development, health and physical education: Stage 6 syllabus.Reference 2: Browne, S. (2001). HSC core 2 health priorities in Aust.: Summary quest. & sample HSC extended responses.

Reference 3: Browne, S., et. al. (2000). PDHPE application and inquiry: HSC course. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.Reference 4: Buchanan, D. & Nemec, M. (2003). HSC PDHPE. McMillan Education Australia: Melbourne.

Reference 5: Charles Sturt University. NSW HSC online. Available: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/



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Exercise physiology

Read the below article and provide an analysis of how training can result in increased capillarization:

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1665084





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Exercise Physiology


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Exercise physiology

Arterio-venous oxygen difference

The difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed venous blood. It may be expressed as millilitres of oxygen per 100 mL of blood. The value represents the extent to which oxygen is removed from the blood as it passes through the body.

http://www.answers.com/topic/arteriovenous-oxygen-difference?cat=health



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Exercise physiology


Usually, the arterial oxygen concentration is measured in blood from the femoral, brachial, or radial artery, and the oxygen content of mixed venous blood is measured from blood withdrawn from the pulmonary artery.




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Exercise physiology


At rest, the average arterial-venous oxygen difference is about 4-5 mL per 100 mL of blood, but it increases progressively during exercise reaching up to 16 mL per 100 mL of blood, indicating that more oxygen is extracted from the blood by active muscles.




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Exercise physiology


The maximum arteriovenous oxygen difference of a trained athlete usually exceeds that of an untrained person. The training effect may be due to adaptations in the mitochondria, increased myoglobin content of muscles, or improved muscle capillarization.




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Exercise Physiology

2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumptionTopic 2

Exercise physiology

Maximal oxygen consumption represents the functional capacity of the oxygen transport system and is sometimes referred to as maximal aerobic power or aerobic capacity.



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Exercise physiology



VO2 Max

The more CO2 you expel the closer you are to fatigue, you no longer use O2 for energy. Proper Units: mL/kg/min

O2/body mass/time

How well your body can transport and use oxygen during exercise.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7kn3mkO7Ec

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Exercise physiology



VO2 Max

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Exercise physiology

Read and summarise the following website and in so doing explain maximal oxygen consumption.

http://home.hia.no/~stephens/vo2max.htm



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Exercise Physiology

2.2.15 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups

Topic 2

Exercise physiology

Library Task: Consider endurance-trained versus non-trained, males versus females, young versus old.



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Young Vs Old

Older people have a much lower VO2 MAX.

This can be attributed to issues such as atherosclerosis and hardening of the arteries.



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Exercise physiology

Trained Vs Untrained

A VO2 MAX exceeding 60ml is an indication of a trained athlete.

Trained athletes are able to demonstrate their full cardio-respiratory potential, whilst Untrained athletes yield fatigued muscles and are only able to reach sub-maximal levels.



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Males Vs Females

VO2 of untrained female is 2 litres/min, an untrained male of the same age is 3.5 litres/min.

Heart size scales in proportion to lean body size, so therefore the male heart is usually bigger than the female heart. Stronger pump results in a increase in MAX VO2.



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Exercise Physiology

2.2.16 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise

Topic 2

Exercise physiology

Library Task: Consider cycling versus running arm ergometry.



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IB Sports, exercise and health science Sub-topics Exercise Physiology Test - Momentum and Collisions Topic 2 Exercise physiology 1. Structure & function