Upload
memoo5000
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
1/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
2/115
Agenda Ice storage basics Ice storage design considerations
Full and partial storage systems Internal and external melt systems
Ice storage installations and applications
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
3/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
4/115
Ice Build on Ice Coil Tube
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
5/115
Ice Build on Ice Coil
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
6/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
7/115
What is Ice Storage? Ice Storage is the process of using a
chiller or refrigeration plant to build iceduring off-peak hours to serve part or all of
the on-peak cooling requirement
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
8/115
Ice Thermal StorageHow does it work?
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
9/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a
d
Typical Cooling Load Profile
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
10/115
Conventional System
Chiller
Cooling Load
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
11/115
Ice Storage System
Ice Storage Tank Chiller
Cooling Load
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
12/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a
d
Ice Storage Cycle
IceStorage
Cycle
IceStorage
Cycle
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
13/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
14/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
P o w e r
( M e g a w a t
t s )
Typical Daily Utility Load Curve
Demand
Charges
High Timeof DayRates
Total Utility Capacity
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
15/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a
d
Ice Storage Cycle
IceStorage
Cycle
IceStorage
Cycle
DemandCharges
High Timeof DayRates
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
16/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
17/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
18/115
0
20
40
60
80
100
M 2 4 6 8 10 N 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
% G
e n e r a
t i o n
0
20
40
60
80
100
M 2 4 6 8 10 N 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
% G
e n e r a
t i o n
Electric Generation Fuel Sources
Hydro-electric 0.2/kWh
Nuclear 0.4/kWh
Coal-fired steam 2.5/kWh
Combined cycle 3.0/kWhOil-fired steam 3.5/kWh
Diesel 6.5/kWhComb. turbine 7.0/kWh
TheStorage
Shift
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
19/115
Thermal Storage SystemEnvironmental Advantages
Require less kWh than conventionalsystems
Utilize efficient power and produce fewercarbon dioxide emissions
Energy line losses at night are 4% to 5%lower than during the daytime
Source: Source Energy and Environmental Impacts of Thermal Energy Storage , California Energy Commission - February 1996
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
20/115
Advantages of Ice Thermal Storage Reduced equipment costs Reduced energy and operating costs Colder supply water temperature
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
21/115
Advantages of Ice Thermal Storage Reduced equipment costs
Only ~60% of chillers and heat rejectionequipment required
Requires only 1/4 to 1/6 of the space requiredfor chilled water storage (~3Ft 3/Ton-Hour) Requires less chiller plant plan area than
instantaneous chiller system
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
22/115
30,000 RT Output
16,000 RT Heat Rejection
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
23/115
Advantages of Ice Thermal Storage Reduced equipment costs Reduced energy and operating costs Colder supply water temperature
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
24/115
Ice Thermal StorageUses Less Energy
During daytime, chillers operate at highersupply temperatures and greater efficiencywhen piped upstream of the ice storage
At night, chillers operate when ambienttemperatures are lower
Pump and fan energy can be less when
colder system supply temperatures areused
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
25/115
EER of Air Cooled Chillers*
6
8
10
12
14
16
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Leaving CHW
E E R
95 Air 85 Air 75 Air* includes heat rejection
75
85
95
Normal
Design Point Pre-cooling
Ice-Making
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
26/115
EER of Water Cooled Chillers*
10
12
14
16
18
20
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Leaving CHW
E E R
85 80 75* excludes heat rejection
Pre-cooling Normal
Design Point
Ice-Making
75
80
85
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
27/115
Ice Thermal StorageReduces Operating Costs
Reduces air conditioning kW demand byapproximately 40%
Reduces air conditioning kWh by up toapproximately 15%
Reduces electric utility costs Large percentage of energy usage is at night
Daytime energy costs 2 to 5 times more thannight time energy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
28/115
http://www.usgbc.org/programs/leed.htm8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
29/115
http://www.usgbc.org/programs/leed.htm8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
30/115
LEED Criteria Sustainable sites (14 possible points) Water efficiency (5 possible points) Materials and resources (13 possible points) Energy and atmosphere (17 possible points)
Ozone depletion Optimize energy performance
Cost based analysis vs. ASHRAE 90.1 Indoor air quality (15 possible points) Innovation & design process (5 possible points)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
31/115
Advantages of Ice Thermal Storage Reduced equipment costs Reduced energy and operating costs Colder supply water temperature
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
32/115
Advantages ofCold Supply Water Temperature
Smaller distribution pumps and piping Reduced pumping power Allows for economical building isolation
(indirect interface) with smaller heatexchangers Provides better dehumidification and
indoor air quality(IAQ) 78F (25.5C) at 40% RH is more comfortablethan 76F (24.4C) at 50% RH
Cold air distribution
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
33/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
34/115
Burj Dubai Tower Will become worlds
tallest building at over180 floors
Currently at 156 floors 41,600 ton-hours
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
35/115
Taipei 101
Currently the worldstallest building at 101floors
36,400 ton-hours
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
36/115
7 th & 8 th floors37.8 F (3 C)
42 nd floor39.2 F (4 C)
74 th floor41.0 F (5 C)
Taipei 101
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
37/115
Factors Favorable forIce Storage Systems
Loads are of short duration Schools
Loads occur infrequently Churches Sports venues
Loads are cyclical in nature
Process or batch cooling
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
38/115
Factors Favorable forIce Storage Systems
Loads are not well matched to availabilityof the energy source
Energy costs are time-dependent Time-of-use energy rates
Energy supply is limited Demand charges for peak energy use
Utility rebates, tax credits, or othereconomic incentives are provided for theuse of load-shifting equipment
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
39/115
Potential Ice Storage Projects Commercial A/C and industrial
Schools Hospitals
Office buildings Internet data centers Hotels
Airports Sports venues Manufacturing plants
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
40/115
Potential Ice Storage Projects Commercial A/C and industrial District cooling
Colleges and universities Corporate campuses Hospitals Convention centers
Sports arenas Utilities
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
41/115
Ice Thermal Storage Systems
Design Considerations
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
42/115
Full Storagevs.
Partial Storage
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
43/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a d
( T o n s )
Batch Cooling or Process LoadProfile
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
44/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a d
( T o n s )
Full Ice StorageBatch Cooling or Process Application
Ice Charge Ice Discharge
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
45/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a d
( T o n s )
Air Conditioning Load Profile
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
46/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a d
( T o n s )
Full Ice Storage Air Conditioning Application
Ice Charge Ice Discharge
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
47/115
Ice Thermal Storage System DesignFull Ice Storage
Advantages Best suited for short,
peak demand periodsand/or high, peakloads Shifts largest electricaldemand that providesthe lowest operatingcost
Provides systemstandby capability andoperating flexibility
Disadvantages Largest storage
volume required Larger chiller required Most expensive
thermal storage design
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
48/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a d
( T o n s )
Partial Ice Storage Air Conditioning Application
Ice Charge Chiller
Ice Discharge
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
49/115
Partial Ice Storage Air Conditioning Application
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a d
( T o n s )
Ice Charge Chiller
Ice Discharge
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
50/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a d
( T o n s )
Partial Ice Storage Air Conditioning Application
Ice Charge Chiller
Ice Discharge
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
51/115
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
C o o
l i n g
L o a
d ( T o n s
)
Ice Charge Chiller
Ice Discharge
Base Chiller
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
52/115
Ice Thermal Storage System DesignPartial Ice Storage
Advantages Best suited for long
cooling periods
Lower first cost due toreduced storagevolume and smallerchiller
Provides systemoperating flexibility
Disadvantages Less standby
capability
Less electricaldemand shifted to off-peak
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
53/115
Internal Meltvs.
External MeltIndirect vs. DirectContact Cooling
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
54/115
Ice Storage System Types
Direct Contact Cooling Indirect Contact Cooling
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
55/115
Ice Thermal StorageIce-on-Coil Technology
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
56/115
Ice Thermal Storage System DesignIce on Coil - Internal Melt
Cold glycol solution is circulated through thecoil to the A/C system
Warm glycol solution, circulating through thecoil, is cooled indirectly by the melting ice
ICE
ICE ON COIL
WARMGLYCOL
IN
COLDGLYCOL
OUT
WARMGLYCOL
MELTING OCCURSFROM INSIDE
Indirect
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
57/115
Ice Storage DesignInternal Melt (Indirect Contact)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
58/115
Ice Storage DesignInternal Melt Performance*
32
34
36
3840
42
44
46
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Ice Meltout
L e a v
i n g
T e m p e r a
t u r e
0
1
2
34
5
6
7(F)(C)
*10 hour, constant load
w/o air agitation
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
59/115
Ice Storage DesignInternal Melt (Indirect Contact)
Advantages Simple to design and operate
simple controls for various operating modes closed, pressurized loop
Stable, cold discharge temperatures 36F to 38F (2.2C to 3.3C) typical
Durable steel construction 150 to 300 psi (10.3 to 20.7 bar) design pressure
rating tested at 190 to 375 psi (13.1 to 25.8 bar) Flexible layout (modular tanks or vault design)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
60/115
Ice Storage Tank Chiller
Heat Exchanger
OptionalBase Chiller
Cooling Load
System Schematic
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
61/115
Ice Storage DesignInternal Melt (Indirect Contact)
Disadvantages Heat exchanger required for chilled water
in building loop
Not able to discharge as quickly as directcontact cooling ice melt limited by flow through coil
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
62/115
Ice Thermal Storage System DesignIce on Coil - External Melt
Ice water is circulated through the icestorage tank to the A/C system
Warm return water, circulating through thetank, is cooled via direct contact with the ice
Direct
ICE
ICE ON COIL
REFRIGERANTOR GLYCOL
MELTING OCCURSFROM OUTSIDE
WATERIN
WATEROUT
AIR
WARMWATER
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
63/115
Ice Storage DesignExternal Melt (Direct Contact)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
64/115
Ice Storage DesignExternal Melt Performance*
32
34
36
3840
42
44
46
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Ice Meltout
L e a v
i n g
T e m p e r a
t u r e
0
1
2
34
5
6
7(F) (C)
*10 hour, constant load
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
65/115
External Melt Supply Temperatures
0102030405060708090100
% Ice Remaining
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
3940
L e a v i n g
W a t e r
T e m p .
( F )
Hours
1
24
126
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
66/115
6000 Ton-HoursIce Storage
6000 Ton-HoursIce Storage
375 TR Water Chiller
375 TR Water Chiller
375 TR Water Chiller
(Spare)
34FCWS
54FCWR 42FCWS
250 TR Glycol Chiller
250 TR Glycol Chiller
250 TR Glycol Chiller
(Spare)
21.4FCGS27.8FCGR
2000 GPM
1500 GPM
External MeltSystem Schematic
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
67/115
Ice Storage DesignExternal Melt (Direct Contact)
Advantages Lowest chilled water supply temperatures Quickest discharge capability Eliminates glycol from chilled water loop
I S D i
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
68/115
Ice Storage DesignExternal Melt (Direct Contact)
Disadvantages Chiller with lower temperature capability
generally required
Glycol control valves required on largersystems
Heat exchanger may require to manage
static head of open system More difficult to monitor amount of ice ininventory
I Th l S S
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
69/115
Ice Thermal Storage SystemsExternal Melt vs. Internal Melt
External Melt Project requires a
constant, cold supplywater temperature of34F (1C) or quickdischarge periods
Trained operating staffavailable
Large savings indistribution piping system
Highest energy efficiency
Internal Melt Project does not require
coldest possible supplytemperature
Simpler design andoperation Individual buildings Energy efficiency is less
critical (extra heattransfer step required)
I Th l S S
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
70/115
Ice Thermal Storage SystemsExternal Melt vs. Internal Melt
Most air conditioning applications useinternal melt
Most process and district cooling systems
use external melt
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
71/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
72/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
73/115
Maryknoll Grade School
Honolulu, HawaiiBelow-Grade Concrete Tank2,000 Ton-Hours Ice Storage
District Cooling Retrofit
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
74/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
75/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
76/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
77/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
78/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
79/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
80/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
81/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
82/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
83/115
Maryland Stadium Authority
Oriole Park at Camden YardsRavens Stadium at Camden Yards
Baltimore, MarylandBuried Concrete Tank
13,000 Ton-Hours Ice Storage
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
84/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
85/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
86/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
87/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
88/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
89/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
90/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
91/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
92/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
93/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
94/115
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
95/115
Comfort Link Plant #2Saratoga and Eutaw Streets
Baltimore, Maryland Above-Grade Steel Tanks
27,000 Ton-Hours Ice Storage
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
96/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Construction (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
97/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Construction (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
98/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Construction (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
99/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Construction (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
100/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Construction (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
101/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Construction (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
102/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Construction (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
103/115
Comfort Link Market Center Chilling Station Completion (1999)
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
104/115
Comfort Link District Cooling
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
105/115
gBaltimore, Maryland USA
Operations began in 1996 with traditionalelectric tariff 10:00 AM to 8:00 PM peak window Fixed peak demand charge Time of day energy rates
Began purchase of electricity throughindependent suppliers in June, 2002
System flexibility allows daily changes tooperating schedules to minimize spotmarket consumption and capacity charges
Electric Cost Components - Typical UserSRC Current Market Estimate - PJM Mid-Atlantic
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
106/115
72%
5%
4%
19% Market - Energy Cost
Market - Capacity Cost
Market - Other Costs
Local Delivery / Utility
Current Market Supply Estimate, 1 Year:$85-$88/MWh
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
107/115
Electric Cost Components
Energy Based on prevailing market prices Daytime energy costs average twice nighttime
energy costs
Capacity UCAP (generation capacity charge)
Highest system load hour on each of 5 highestload days (not customer)
Transmission More than $60/kW/year
Energy Cost Operating Strategy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
108/115
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
7/3/03
12:00 AM
7/3/03
6:00 AM
7/3/03
12:00 PM
7/3/03
6:00 PM
7/4/03
12:00 AM
7/4/03
6:00 AM
7/4/03
12:00 PM
7/4/03
6:00 PM
7/5/03
12:00 AM
7/5/03
6:00 AM
7/5/03
12:00 PM
C o m
f o r t
L i n k k W
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
P J M I S O P r i c e
( $ / m W )
Chart courtesy of Comfort Link
Energy Cost Operating Strategy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
109/115
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
7/3/03
12:00 AM
7/3/03
6:00 AM
7/3/03
12:00 PM
7/3/03
6:00 PM
7/4/03
12:00 AM
7/4/03
6:00 AM
7/4/03
12:00 PM
7/4/03
6:00 PM
7/5/03
12:00 AM
7/5/03
6:00 AM
7/5/03
12:00 PM
C o m
f o r t
L i n k k W
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
P J M I S O P r i c e
( $ / m W )
Chart courtesy of Comfort Link
Energy Cost Operating Strategy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
110/115
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
7/3/03
12:00 AM
7/3/03
6:00 AM
7/3/03
12:00 PM
7/3/03
6:00 PM
7/4/03
12:00 AM
7/4/03
6:00 AM
7/4/03
12:00 PM
7/4/03
6:00 PM
7/5/03
12:00 AM
7/5/03
6:00 AM
7/5/03
12:00 PM
C o m
f o r t
L i n k k W
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
P J M I S O P r i c e
( $ / m W )
Chart courtesy of Comfort Link
Demand Limiting Operating Strategy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
111/115
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
T o
t a l S y s
t e m
T o n s
( 0 0 0 )
Chiller Ice
Chart courtesy of Comfort Link
June 27, 2007High of 100F (37.8C)Low of 80F (26.7C)
12 mWDemand Shift
Record Heat and Record Loads
Load Leveling Operating Strategy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
112/115
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
T o
t a l S y s
t e m
T o n s
( 0 0 0 )
Chart courtesy of Comfort Link
August 8, 2007High of 108F (42.2C)Low of 86F (30.0C)
(1) 1750 TR chiller out of service
Load Leveling Operating Strategy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
113/115
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
T o
t a l S y s
t e m
T o n s
( 0 0 0 )
Chiller Ice
Chart courtesy of Comfort Link
August 8, 2007High of 108F (42.2C)Low of 86F (30.0C)
(1) 1750 TR chiller out of service
6 mWDemand Shift
Demand Limiting Operating Strategy
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
114/115
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
T o
t a l S y s
t e m
T o n s
( 0 0 0 )
Chiller Ice
Chart courtesy of Comfort Link
August 8, 2007High of 108F (42.2C)Low of 86F (30.0C)
11 mWDemand Shift
Predicted performance with all chillers in service
8/12/2019 Ice Storage Systems
115/115
Ice Thermal Storage Systems
Greg HendersonDirector, Global Thermal Storage