* ICMLnP 000Research~ Prouc 87.1 EL.T

I ~Tann Research Productor-1yLET

OCT 1987981

U.S.Ary esarh nsittefor the CeaomandeSilSens

A pRI ed Unit pl1,..es datr Kn o Ke tu k

U. S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTEFOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

A Field Operating Agency under the Jurisdiction of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

WM. DARRYL HENDERSONEDGAR M. JOHNSONCOITechnical Director Commanding

Technical review by

Charles 0. NystromRonald E. Kraemer Accesi-C' Fu

JNTIS CkA.&IDFIC TAB3

U n a n Qi i i cL

NOTICES

IFINAL flI9POSITl6N This Research Product "MY be destroyed whenl It Is no longer needed. Plese do nOtreturn It to the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Science&

NOlZL This Research Product is not to be construed as an official ciepartment of the Army document in Itspresent form.

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEIs. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGSUnclassified

Za. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. OISTRIMUTINIAVARILITY OF REPORT

1Approved for public release;2b. DECLASSIFICATION / DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE distribution unlimited.

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) $. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUME()

Research Product 87-19

68. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7s. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIONU.S. Army Research Institute (if applicable) U.S. Army Research Institute for theField Unit-Fort Knox j PERI-IK Behavioral and Social Sciences

6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City. Stat. and ZIP Code)

FortKnox KY 012156205001 Eisenhower AvenueFortKnox KY 01215620Alexandria, VA 22333-5600

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- LKMWP4TW_0 NO- 2Q2627 NO. jACESSION NO.

16.27.17.A I 17A790 I 3-54.- 1.51J.H. 111. TITLE (Include Security Classiftatuon)

Preliminary Training Requirements Analysis for the Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer(CITy)

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Kathleen A. Quinkert

13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year Month, Day) lS. PAGE COUNTFinal Report IFROM 2..TO QLWL May 19871

16 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

17, COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Coninue on reveise if necessay and identify by block nlumbe)FIELD GROUP SU-GROUP Training requirements MANPRINT

CITV Target acquisition,4K. i.

MlAl Block II Thermal s stems19 ABSTRACT (Continue on rovers@ if necessary and identify by block number)

,This-pv4ua--provides a preliminary analysis of the titaining requirements for the Commander 's1Independent Thermal Viewer (CITV). CITV is a real-time thermal sensing system designed forthe tank commander (TC) to use in both open and closed hatch for target acquisition and sur-veillance. It has been proposed as an integral component of the MlAl fire control systemand will provide a backup capability for firing the main gun. For this analysis two config-urations of the CITV are included. The first consiolers the CITV in relation to the alreadyexisting system including the Gunner's Primary Sight Extension (GPSE). The second assumesthat the GPSE is removed and only the CITV exists. This analysis identifies the necessarychanges in the duties of the TIC as a result of the addition of a CITV. These changes arethen incorporated into a conduct-of-fire procedure and subjectively analyzed for poteatialproblems related to TIC training. Additionally, they provide information about the location,cause, and tentative solutions for the potential training problems.

20. DISTRIBUTION IAVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONI)UNCLASSIFIEOIUNLIMITED 0 SAME AS RPT. 0Qomi USERS Unclassified

228. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (bwko*d Area Code) 122c. OFFICE SYMBOLKathleen A. Quinkert (502) 624-6928 1PERI-IK

DD FORM 1473. MAR 63 APR editson m", be lend until exostd SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEAll other editionS off obSolete UNCLASSI1FI ED

Research Product 87-19

Preliminary Training RequirementsAnalysis for the Commander's

Independent Thermal Viewer (CITy)

Kathleen A. Quinkert

ARI Field Unit at Fort Knox, KentuckyDonald F. Haggard, Chief

Training Research LaboratoryJack H. Hiller, Director

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH WMWrUE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES5001 Eisenhower Avenue, AlexanrIs, Viginia 22333-5600

Office. Deputy Chief of Staff for PersonnelDepartment of the Army

May 1987

Army Project Number Human Performance2026271 TA700 Effectiveness and Simulation

Appreved for public release; distributon unl~mted.

Mi

PRELIMINARY TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS FOR THE COMMANDER' S INDEPENDENTTHERMAL VIEWER (CITy)

CONTENTS

Page

HANPRINT . . . . . . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. I

C ITV CHARACTERISTICS . . .. .. .. ... . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. 4

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS . ... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 7

SOLDIER-IN-THE-LOOP WITH CITV ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS/CAVEATS. ..... .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. . .10

INSTRUMENT CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . ..*. . .. . . ii ... 1

FINDINGS . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . . 13

CONCERNS . .. .. .. ...... . . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . 15

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. 18

APPENDIX A. PROPOSED SWITCHES AND CONTROLS LOCATED ON CITV CONTROL

B. PROPOSED SWITCHES LOCATED ON CITV CONTROL HANDLE . . . . . . B-1

C. GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-i

D. MIAI WITH CITY AND GPSE TASK COMPARISON ANALYSIS . . . . . . D-1

E. MIAI WITH CITY TASK COMPARISON ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. External viev of the MIAl depicting the MIAI Block 11enhancements . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ... 2

2. Internal view of the MIAI depicting selected components ofthe MIAI Block II Product Improvement Program . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Proposed CITY display and associated panel controls . . . . . . 5

vii

FOREWORD

The U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI) provides research, development, andapplications support to ensure that soldier-related issues are integrated intothe acquisition process for weapon systems. The Future Battlefield ConditionsTeam at the ARI Field Unit at Fort Knox conducts applied research in the earlyphases of system development to address pertinent soldier issues such as train-ing and soldier-machine interface.

This report was prepared by the ARI Fort Knox Field Unit under Science andTechnology Task 3.5.1, "Training Requirements of NBC and the Future IntegratedBattlefield," upon request of the TRADOC System Manager (TSM) for the M1AIBlock II. This proactive examination of required training for new equipment issupported by the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between ARI and the U.S.Army Armor Center and School (USAARMC) on Land Battle Test Bed research, signed9 January 1986. The results of this effort were briefed to COL Burgess (TSM-TANK) on 23 February 1987 and the report was provided to the TSM office in re-sponse to questions addressed in Tab D of the System MANPRINT Management Plan(SMMP) for the MlAl Block II. This information has been used in subsequentrewrites of the system requirement documentation.

EDGAR M. JOHNSONTechnical Director

v

CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Figure 4. Design concept of CITV control handle currently underconsideration (General Dynamics Land System HumanFactors Engineering) .. ............... . . . . . 6

5. Sample entry in task inventory . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. 12

viii

PRELIMINARY TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ANALYSES FOR THEPROPOSED COMMANDER'S INDEPENDENT THERMAL VIEWER (CITV)

OVERVIEW

Although the MIAl tank is currently an effective force on the battle-field, several technological advancemenLs are under consideration as enhance-ments or product improvements to the original design. These enhancements areformally referred to as the MIAl Block II and consist of a Commander's Inde-pendent Thermal Viewer (CITV), an improved Commander's Weapon Station (CWS),a CO2 Laser Rangefinder (CO2 LRF), a Battlefield Management System (BMS) toinclude position location and heading (POS NAV), a Driver's Independent Ther-mal Viewer (DITV), and a Survivability Enhancement package. These componentsare shown in relation to an external view of the MiAl tank in Figure 1. Aninternal view of a subset of these components is shown in Figure 2.

The potential capability of the MIAl is greatly enhanced with the addi-tion of the Block II components, but the achieved capability will depend inlarge measure on the performance of the soldiers who operate, maintain, andsupport it. In the past, little attention was given to these soldiers duringmateriel development phases. Often, operator and maintainer performanceproblems were not identified until the new equipment was fielded. As a re-sult, there are numerous examples of systems used at only 50-75% of theirpotential and in even more extreme cases systems that were never operational-ized. The reasons for such problems include poor soldier-machine interface(SMI), improper anthropometric design, little consideration of training re-quirements, and little or no consideration for the cognitive capability ofthe operator and maintainer. The problem is an expensive one, both in termsof wasted dollars and lost combat effectiveness.

MANPRINT

The Army's initiative to obviate or at least reduce future discrepanciesbetween perceived and achieved weapon system capability is called MANPRINT.MANPRINT is formally defined as Manpower and Personnel Integration (Elton,1986). One of its major goals is to consider the soldier in the design loopearly in the life cycle of the new system. Theoretically, this would allowthe design to be affected by soldier-based concerns and would move equipmentdesign in the direction of total system performance enhancement. TheMANPRINT program attempts to integrate information from six major domains:Manpower, Personnel, Training, Human Factors Engineering, System Safety, andHealth Hazard Assessment. MANPRINT efforts should produce systems designedfor the soldier in lieu of past approaches which forced the redesign of sol-diers (e.g., through training or selection) or the existing equipment(retrofit) for the new system. The MANPRINT approach emphasizes the use offront-end analysis (FEA), modeling and prediction tools. Logically, morequality time and effort spent up front should alleviate the need for resourceintensive retrofits after fielding.

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Achieving full soldier-in-the-loop system capability necessitates aclosely knit integration of all MANPRINT areas and a clear audit trail tomaintain information continuity during the life cycle change. A major toolfor this integration and audit trail is the System MANPRINT Management Plan(SKMP), that is generated at the early stages of the life cycle to addressmajor issues, goals, milestones, and associated questions. It is a livingdocument, changing periodically to record the events of the system throughoutits life. The Army Research Institute (ARI) is currently involved in the de-velopment and resolution of SMMP issues for several new systems.

From a time-line perspective, the MIAI Block II product improvement pro-gram preceded the formal introduction of the Army's MANPRINT initiative. Asa result, complete FEAs suggested by MANPRINT were not accomplished and theability to affect total system design can not be fully realized. However,because Block II was comprised of several components which were still in thedesign stage, it was subjected to a MANPRINT effort and a SMMP was composedto organize and manage the remainder of major events. As an outgrowth ofARI's work with the Block II SMMP construction, the Training and DoctrineCommand (TRADOC) System Manager for MIA (TSM) requested ARI provide a pre-liminary training requirements analysis for one of the major components ofthe Block II, the CITV.

CITV CHARACTERISTICS

The CITV is proposed as a real time thermal viewer to be utilized by theTC in a closed or open hatch mode for target acquisition and surveillance.Components of the proposed system are shown in Figures 3 and 4. These in-clude the CITV display and the TC handle, respectively. The CITV will func-tion as an integral component of the MIAI fire control system and provide abackup capability for firing the main gun. The CITV is a passive infrared(IR) imaging system designed to operate within the 8-14 micron range of theelectromagnetic spectrum. It will allow a TC to effectively survey the bat-tlefield and acquire targets otherwise lost due to one or more of the follow-ing: nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) agents in the area, adverseenvironmental conditions, lighting conditions (night), dust, smoke, or otherman-made obscuration material.

The CITV is a stand alone imaging system in that it is in no way inte-grated with the Gunner's Thermal Imaging System (TIS). It provides the indi-vidual TC with a greatly expanded view of the battlefield which should enablehim to move and shoot more efficiently and effectively. The CITV, however,was designed as an integral component of the proposed BMS. As such, itsworth is best realized as an enhancement to unit performance rather than toindividual tank crew performance. With the capability of seeing more anddisseminating that additional information faster, armor units should betterdetect the enemy and prepare for battle.

The proposed CITV will have three modes of operation: Independent Sur-veillance, Acquisition (turret and gun slaved to CITV), and Monitor (CITVslaved to turret and gun). These are to be controlled with switches on theCITV display panel and the commander's control handle. Each is briefly ex-plained below.

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Independent Surveillance. In this mode, the CITV will provide, at aminimum of 270', an independent surveillance capability to the TC. Coveragewill be controlled either by the commander's control handle when it is func-tioning In CITY status (manual mode) or by the pre-set sector scan which islocated on the display panel (auto mode). The auto sector scan can be set atless than 270 0and adjusted for angle, position, and rate.

Acquisition: Turret and Gun Slaved to CITV. This mode is referred to asthe "Hunter-Killer" capability. At the discretion of the TC, the turret andmain gun are slaved to the CITV and respond to the TC's control. The CITVremains on target and the main gun is aligned parallel to the CITV line ofsight to within + 0.15 mil.

Monitor: CITV Slaved to Turret and Gun. This mode is the operationalinversion of the override mode. At the discretion of the TC, the CITV isslaved to the turret and gun while the TC assumes the role of a monitor. TheCITV line of sight and the main gun are aligned in parallel to within + 0.15mil.

In summary, the CITV provides the TC with several new capabilities.These include an expanded view of the battlefield and a view completely inde-pendent (if desired) from the gunner's. These capabilities should enablemore efficient detection, identification, realistic determination of the mostlethal target, and target destruction. Additionally, when integrated withBMS, information such as target location and identification can be gatheredand disseminated to other crews or units enabling the total force to be bet-ter prepared to meet and fight the enemy.

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

Training requirements are statements of training obligations the systemmust fulfill in order to effect its mission (DeGreene, 1970). Simply stated,training requirements analyses, based on solid task and training analyses,provide the system manager and the training manager with indications of pos-sible training concerns and issues associated with the proposed system. Thesedocuments should detail: a) who will be trained and to what level, b) whatduties and tasks will require training, c) where the proposed training willoccur, d) at what stage in the soldier's career progression the training willtake place, and e) what materials and devices the training will require.

Training requirement documents should become embedded in the progressivedesign of the new system. They are based upon Information provided in taskand training analyses. As such, their worth is completely dependent upon thequality of those analyses and the providers' perceptions of what the traininganalyst needs. Within the Army's Materiel Acquisition Process (MAP), theinitial task analysis should be provided by the contractor of the component/-system, while the training analysis should be conducted by the Directorate ofTraining and Doctrine (DOTD). These data may be supplemented by subjectmatter experts (SME) opinions and/or subjective ratings of the user (soldier)on mock-up displays or demonstrators.

7

The accuracy, but not the value, of the task analysis is dependent uponthe maturati *on of the system. In the early phases of the life cycle, exactsystem specification are not completely established. The analysis musttherefore be based on the system design concept rather than the actual equip-ment. Analysis at this level is considered proactive, but it also requiresthe consideration of an important tradeoff. On the negative side, the ana-lyst is forced to work from a blueprint, an assumed design, or subject matterexpert's (SHE's) best guess. On the positive side, it may provide prelimi-nary specifications of the duties required in the operational system, earlydetection of an undesireable human factors design, and potential trainingproblems. In these cases, the proposed design can be changed to bring itmore in line with operator and systems performance expectations. Lastly, thepredictions made in these analyses can be utilized in the determination ofappropriate training programs, simulation for training and/or job aid devel-opment. Development of training resources might then occur concurrently withthe proposed design allowing the fielding of an operational system with theappropriate mature training strategy and devices.

Given the available data, the analyst systematically steps through theoperator tasks searching for specific patterns and/or reoccurring themes.These may include: increases in cognitive requirements, changes in psycho-motor responses, potential information overload requiring inefficient atten-tion splits or time sharing, and duties which may ultimately place thesoldier's health in jeopardy. When these patterns, trends and problems areidentified they can provide the system manager and/or the training managerwith insights into potential problematic training areas associated with theproposed system. These may include essential information pertaining to theneed of additional resources, such as trainers, training time, training areasand the need for devices and simulators. Additionally they should highlightpersonnel-related issues to include necessary changes in mental and physicalrequirements.

In summary, training requirements are the bases for establishing portionsof the system performance criteria. Assuming the proper information has beengathered, preliminary analyses of a system in the concept phase can be ofgreat value. In the present analysis, for example, to determine how thesoldier interacts with the CITy, what changes in the~ current training pro-grams are required to facilitate CITV use, and what additional problems mayoccur as the result of CITV use, should provide the system manager with theinsight necessary to affect the subsequent design of the system. Further,training managers should be aided through a better understanding of thetraining resources required for the CITV.

SOLDIER-IN-THE-LOOP WITH CITV

In order to focus on the duties, tasks, and subtasks involved in thesystem's use, it is important to view the soldier as he interacts with thesystem. Therefore, an example of a conduct of fire procedure using the CITVis outlined below. The proposed sequence of crew behaviors Includes: targetacquisition, ranging, firing, sensing and reengagement.

8

Target Acquisition/Handoff. With the exception of the TC, crew behaviorsin the CITV enhanced MIAI are similar to those in the MIA1 version. In bothversions, crewmen search assigned sectors and report target sightings to theTC. Unlike the MIAI, the CITV enhanced version provides the TC with thecapability to independently search with 3 or 10 power sight magnification.This search may be over a wide arc (as much as 2700) or narrowed to a spe-cific sector or a portion of a sector. Target identification remains a pri-mary responsibility of the TC. Gunners in both systems search to the tank'sfront using either the Gunners Primary Sight (GPS) daylight or thermal chan-nels in a three power setting. Loaders in both systems search an assignedsector using the 3600 swivel mounted angle unity periscope, while the driverssearch forward, between the front fenders, looking through vision blocks.

When a target is detected by the TC or reported to him by other crewmembers, he issues a fire command and lays the main gun for direction withthe commander's control handle. When the gunner sees the target he announces"IDENTIFIED." The TC at this point hands-off the target to the gunner andreleasing his override. The gunner responds by engaging the palm switches onthe control handles, switching the GPS to 10 power whether he is using day-light or thermal channels, and beginning the ranging procedure. With theCITV version the TC has alternatives to this procedure. First he can use theCITV for a direction lay, thus leaving the main gun and the gunner's eyes inanother sector. Second, he has the option of handing-off the target to thegunner or engaging the target himself. If he decides to engage, or he simplyannounces "FROM MY POSITION" and begins the ranging procedure.

Ranging. When the control of the turret/main gun is passed to the gunnerhe lays the GPS reticle on target center-of-mass and lases to input the rangeinto the fire control system. The laser rangefinder controls and displaysare similar in both versions. Range information can be provided on the faceof the CITV display (Figure 3), but that capability is slaved to the existingsystems. Similarly, the commander's control handle modified for CITV use(see Figure 4) allows the TC to lase to the target, but range determinationis dependent upon the already existing rangefinder system.

When a range determination has been made, both the gunner and the TCevaluate the displayed range. If the range does not appear correct, the TCorders "RELASE" and the procedure (gunner lases to target center-of-mass orTC lases to center-of-mass using CITV) is repeated. If the TC determines therange is still wrong, he can press the battle range button on his controlpanel. This automatically feeds a preset ammunition dependent range figureinto the fire control system. The TC has the additional capability for cor-rection using the MANUAL RANGE ADD/DROP switch. This allows him to add to orsubtract from the battle range figure to the estimated target range. Thesystem is now ready for fire.

Fire, Sense, and Reengagement. In a normal hand-off situation, when theTC is satisfied with the range data input, he announces "FIRE." The gunnerre-aims onto the center-of-mass and announces "ON THE WAY," and activateseither or both firing triggers. The TC and gunner attempt to observe (sense)the effect of the round. If the round misses, reengagement procedures begin.These procedures are dependent upon the type of round. For kinetic energy

9

rounds (SABOT) the gunner reports the results of the engagement, such as"OVER" "SHORT", etc. based on round location in relation to the target. Hethen states -REENGAGING." He relays, relases, and announces the new range.After allowing time for the TC to evaluate the range and on TC command, heannounces "ON THE WAY" and fires. High explosive anti-tank (HEAT) roundsrequire a different procedure. Because the speed of the ammo is slower,there is a higher probability of TC or gunner accuracy in sensing roundstrike relative to the target. After the gunner makes the observation heannounces his correction, e.g., "RIGHT ONE-DROP ONE." The "ONE" indicates aone mil adjustment in both range and azimuth. If the TC disagrees with theadjustment he can countermand with a subsequent fire command. The engagementends when the TC commands "TARGET CEASE FIRE" (indicating target destruction)or until "CEASE FIRE" (for any other reason) is given.

The CITV version allows the TC several alternatives to the above proce-dure. In the normal target hand-off situation, once the command "FIRE" hasbeen given, the TC may choose to remain as a monitor of the gunner's perform-ance as before or stop monitoring the gunner and resume search for othertargets. To do this he must disengage the CITV from the main gun lock. Addi-tionally, and at any point during the procedure, the TC has the capability ofcomparing target criticality. For example, if a gunner is occupied with atarget and the TC detects a new target he suspects as more lethal, he canquickly move the CITV to the gunner's target and make a quick decision. Ifthe new target is determined to be a greater threat, the TC can move the CITVback to the new target, activate the designate button causing main gun align-ment with the CITV. At this point the TC is again faced with an option. Hecan engage the target himself or he can hand-off the target to the gunner,remain until the "FIRE" command is given, disengage the CITV from main gunlock, and reactivate the CITV search.

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS/CAVEATS

While the desired effect of adding CITV capability to the MlA1 tank isclear, namely increased speed in acquiring and engaging targets, the designspecifications have not been so clearly defined. Thus, using a system designconcept for the purpose of training requirements analyses requires assump-tions and caveats. Those used for the present analyses are shown below.

1. At the time of writing, agreed upon design specifications for theCITV display panel and the TC control handle did not exist. Therefore, aproposed candidate for each was chosen and their functions and capabilitieswere assumed. Duties requiring integrated operations of these may not bereflected in the task list.

2. Decisions pertaining to the replacement of the GPSE with CITV had notbeen finalized. Therefore, it was assumed either configuration was possible(i.e. CITV with a GPSE or CITV without a GPSE) and a separate analysis wasconducted for each.

10

,m ill I 111~ 11111 .

3. For the purpose of these analyses, the CITV is considered as a standalone component added to the original IAl system. Therefore, integrationwith other Block II components (especially BMS) is not assumed. This effortmay be considered subsequently in an interactive simulator or a crew displaydemonstration.

4. It was assumed that manual control of the CITV was to be made on

either the CITV display panel or with the TC control handle. Other controldevices are not involved.

5. It was assumed that CITV does not include an independent LRF capabil-ity. The only LRF available will be the existing component.

6. It was assumed that tasks 1-216 in Appendix D and 1-147 in Appendix Epertain only to single tank target engagements.

As indicated, these assumptions range from system integration to the typeof function and control manipulanda under consideration. The reader is cau-tioned that these are preliminary training requirements, but reminded thatwithin the MANPRINT process they are constructed to assist in the determina-tion of the best soldier-in-the-loop performance.

INSTRUMENT CONSTRUCTION

A training requirements analysis requires knowledge of the functional andoperational characteristics of the system under consideration. It also re-quires the necessary background in training devices and development to makejudgments concerning the relative difficulty of performing and/or trainingspecific tasks. In response to the TSM's request for such an analysis forCITV, data on proposed CITV characteristics were obtained from the ImprovedHiAl Tank Program document (General Dynamics, 1985) and judgement categorieswere based on task and training analyses conducted for the XMI by Black andKraemer (1981). Revisions were made to include new tasks specific to theM111 conduct-of-fire, maintenance, and command, control, and communication(C ) requirements. Duties, tasks, and subtasks that constitute the TC's jobdescription were prepared for alternative CITV configurations. One configu-ration where the Gunners Primary Sight Extension (GPSE) was retained and onein which the GPSE was removed were examined. The analyses were establishedand verified with the assistance of SHEs from the Weapons Systems Departmentof the US Army Armor School (USAARMS).

The order in which the various tasks appear in the task inventory wasbased on a chronological sequence of events that occurs in an operationalArmor unit preparing for and conducting combat missions. Tasks functionallyrelated were grouped and listed in a duty category classification and desig-nated with Roman numerals). Tasks were defined as requiring the performanceof one or more individual behaviors and are denoted by Arabic numerals. Thesein turn were broken down to behaviors with definite beginnings and endingsare assigned lower case letters which were defined as subtasks.

11

TASK LIST ;TASK PERFORM i PROBL-M CAUSE :TENATIVE SOLUTION(TANK COMMANDER) :COMMON-;MORE SAME NEU, * MORE JOi TRc

:ALITY EFF :INST UNIT:MENTAL MOTOR:E NO AID DEV:

xxv. TA GET "ACEMENT WITH SAME NO YES NO NO NO NO o "NO so NO NO:MAIN GUN (MANUAL) (GAS)

116. Establish Weapon SySem S XOperating Conditions

For MANUAL Mode

a. Designate Gun Select (S) (X)Made

Figure 5. Sample entry in task inventory.

The categories or informational divisions which constitute the subjectiveMiAl CITV comparability analysis include Commonality, Task Performance, Prob-lem, Cause and Tentative Training Solution (see Appendix C). The results ofthe training analyses are presented in Appendixes D and E. Appendix D pre-sents the analysis of CITV and GPSE, and Appendix E presents the analysis oftraining requirements where the GPSE has been removed. To facilitate the useof these analyses, a brief explanation of the informational divisions and theanalysis' coding system is provided in the following paragraphs.

The first division, COMMONALITY, contains a task by task classificationwhich notes whether performance of a task was unique ("UNIQUE" or "U) to theCITV version of the MUAl task, different ("DFRNT" or "D") in some aspect fromthe MIAI, or essentially the same ("SAME' or "S") as the MiAI counterpart.

The second division is a task by task subjective evaluation of the per-formance assessment of the MiAI (CITV version) with reference to the MiAl(see example above and Appendix C for further explanation). For example, an"X" or (X)" appearing under the heading labeled TASK PERFORM: MORE EFFECindicates that performance of the task/subtask appears to be more effectivewith the addition of the CITV. An "X" or "(X)" under the heading labeledTASK PERFORM: SAME denotes no difference in the task or effectiveness of theperformance. An "X" or "(X)" under the label TASK PERFORM: NEW indicatesthe task/subtask is new and performance assessment is not possible at thisstage.

The third division evaluates duties according to their potential forprecipitating a training problem. These are further analyzed according tolocation (Institution or Unit) where the problem is most likely to occur (seeAppendix C for further explanation). For example, a task that is identifiedas problematic and requires a change in institutional training resources isnoted with an "X" or "(X)" under the heading PROBLEM: INSTITUTION. Simi-larly, if the problem requires a change in Unit training resources an "X" or"(X)" is indicated under the heading PROBLEM: UNIT.

A fourth division identifies a possible cause for the potential problems.These may be the result of a mental or physical loading and are labeledMENTAL and MOTOR. The cognitive classification includes problems associated

12

with memory, procedures, cognitive overload (both quantitative and qualita-tive). Motor problems are physical (psychomotor) in nature. Duties havingpotential problems were identified by placing "Yes" under the appropriatecolumn heading, CAUSE: METAL MOTOR. Problematic tasks and subtasks wereidentified by an "X" or (X)" under the appropriate column heading.

The final division was for the proposed training solutions. Stlutionsconsidered included embedded training (ET), more hands-on training (More HO),job aids, and training devices (Trng Dev). If incorporating a particulartype of training appeared to he the appropriate solution for that duty then"YES" was placed under the corresponding column. If not, a "NO" was entered.Similarly, when a task/subtask received an affirmative evaluation, an "X" or(X)" was entered under that heading. If a task/subtask received a negativeevaluation or there was insufficient data to propose a solution, the spacewas left blank. Appendix C provides a more detailed explanation.

FINDINGS

The findings are organized using the major table headings used in theanalyses. These are: (1) Effectiveness; (2) Problem location; (3) Cause;and (4) Tentative Solution. The issues generated by these analyses and gen-eral concerns follow in the closing text.

Effectiveness. If designed according to the Army's guide for the CITVspecifications, there i no doubt that the CITV will provide the TC with aunique fighting capability. This should allow for more effective performanceby the TC, crew, platoon, etc., especially in the areas of target acquisi-tion, simultaneous engagements, and C . The effectiveness may be limited,however, by the type of training (isolated component vs integrated system),the types of training devices used, and the availability of those devices andother training facilities. For example, if the CITV capability Is integratedwith BIS, then a form of embedded training which allows inter-vehicular com-munication and target acquisition practice would be required to maximizetraining effectiveness. /

Additional limitations include efforts toward integration. At the compo-nent (CITV) operational level there is the potential for at least "un-friendly" if not greatly hampered interfaces among the use of the sensor, the

TC control handle, and the CITV display panel if they are not properly inte-grated. At the design level, the potential for a "new widget" attitude is

highly likely. This attitude occurs when individual components (widgets) areassessed on their positive individual capabilities without consideration ofthe integration problems that will most certainly occur. This problem maybe precluded by efforts of both the training designer and the equipment de-

signer to integrate CITV with already existing and also expected components(CPSE (if maintained) and BMS) of the system.

Problem Location. A change in training resources is expected with theaddition of CITV. Because it is a unique addition and does not directlyreplace another component its training will demand previously unallocatedtime. Introducing a major component, like CITV, into an existing system

13

requires acquisition and assimilation of a substantial amount of new informa-tion. In this case there is no basis for direct transfer of old skillstraining. Additional limitations will likely be evidenced in the choice oftraining devices and facilities as well as their availab'lity. For example,UCOFT devices will need to be retrofitted for CITV capability. In addition,the advent of CITV will place renewed emphasis on the need for effective andreliable thermal targets for live fire and laser engagements.

Cause: Mental/lMotor. The majority of the problems anticipated with CITVtraining are cognitive in nature. The potential for cognitive overload ap-pears to be the main concern. This overload is defined as the quantity ofinformation to be processed (e.g., memory for characteristics, capability,procedures for usage, plus quick fixes) versus the quality (components de-signed for M.I.T. graduates). Simply stated, the use of CITV produces moreduties, each loaded with additional memory requirements that are critical forthe operation of the total system. Type of training, training devices andfacilities, and availability will again be limiting factors.

Potential psychomotor problems are also anticipated in the operation ofthe CITV control handle. Specifically, the proposed dual mode of the com-mander's control handle may result in operational problems. The first con-cern is the differential in the rate of movement control for the CITV andmain gun. At the present time, TCs have a built in motor memory for movementcontrol of the turret and gun. Imposing a second movement control on thesame handle, especially when the differential is assumed to be extreme, lendsitself to confusion and potential for serious flaws in operational usage. Tobuild a new motor memory for acquiring the necessary "touch" associated withthe fine tuned control of the CITV requires additional training time andpractice for the TC . To accomplish this "touch" while retaining the previ-ously learned main gun control movement memory will be extremely difficult.This soldier-in-the-loop problem is compounded by an equipment design thatrequires the TC be cognizant at all times of the operational mode (CITV ver-sus turret/main gun control). From the design concepts provided, there ap-pears to be no redundant sensory information to aid the TC in this respect.For example, apparently no provision has been made for signal lights on thedisplay to note the control handle's status (CITV vs. turret).

Perhaps a more serious problem can be attributed to proactive interfer-ence. This interference occurs when old motor memories block or interferewith the complete learning of new motor patterns. The effects of this typeof interference are generally seen during fatiguing and or stressful situa-tions. In the case of the CITV, function switches are to be located on thecontrol handle in close proximity of the existing function switches. A con-cern is that under stressful situations the probability of proactive inter-ference effects will increase and temporary loss of an operational systemwill become more likely. The problem will be more evident in the "well sea-soned" TC who is very familiar with the control handle. However, the TC whohas not been completely trained and practiced may also fall victim to theinterference. It should follow then that the probability of occurrenceshould be lowered substantially by quality training and practice as well ascareful attention to the development and final design of the control handle.

14

....................................U

Tentative Solutions. Embedded training may be partial solution for thetraining of CITY. The degree of its effectiveness however, is dependent uponthe level of embedding. If the embedded training is designed for close in-teractions with other crew members, many of the new tasks would be appropri-ately addressed. ilore hands on training is a desirable solution thoughperhaps not achievable given the restraints which already exist for fieldtraining. The probable solution is the use of some type of training devicepreferably, but not limited to, an interactive simulator. A quality simula-tion would allow the TC not only to develop the necessary motor memory, butalso to assimilate the acquired Information through practice. This occurringin the midst of interactive crew training is second only to the "real thing".One of the more obvious trends in the data is the non-use of job aids. Itwould appear that job aids cannot replace practice with the CITV.

CONCERNS

The reported findings are based on the subjective analyses of data re-corded in Appendixes D and E. As with most preliminary analyses, the state-ments made herein are limited to broad generalizations and/or obvious trendsfound In the data. Within these parameters, however, the findings shouldassist members of the Armor community in making some proactive decisionsregarding the training associated with the addition of CITY. Additionally,they may serve to highlight research issues for consideration in researchefforts such as those using man-in-the-loop simulation capabilities likeS ItNET.

In addition to the training problems expected with the use of the CITY,other soldier-related problems surfaced during this analysis. These includephysiological problems and hardware design considerations which are reflectedin soldier-machine interface (SMI) problems.

Physiological. There are at least three major physiological concerns:visual accommodation and adjustment; disorientation; and motion sickness.The visual accommodation and adjustment concern centers on the need for a TCto make periodic checks from the CITY to the real world through the visionblocks. While CITV provides the TC with a novel viewing capability, thisview will be limited at any point In time by a number of variables. Problemswith accommodating and adjusting from a screen to the real world through thevision blocks will never be completely eliminated through design, but designconsiderations may provide the ease in transfer necessary for timely re-sponses by the TC. Some type of sensory augmentation in the form of signallights, for example, located in the area of the vision blocks, may be useful.

Disorientation is sure to be a major concern with the CITV. At any pointIn time the TC can experience movement in three directions - movement of theCITV, movement of the turret and main gun, and movement of the chassis. Thismakes it difficult for the TC to ascertain where he is in relation to histank and the rest of the world. This problem has been researched by theGermans with the Leopard II and more recently by Hyman (1987). The issue isessential to the effective use of the CITV and to date remains unresolved.

15

Motion sickness is a catch-all malady which may be the result of severalphysiological occurrences. Additionally, it has been shown that its proba-bility may be increased by equipment design. The Human Factors Engineeringgroup at General Dynamics Land Systems Division recently published researchwhich addresses motion sickness (1986) with different display models of theCITV. They found two and one-half times more reports of motion sickness whena biocular display was used instead of the preferred direct view displaypanel. Their results should be considered for subsequent research before thefinal decisions of the CITV design are completed.

Hardware design. The hardware designs which prove to be sources forconcern for the SMI, center on the display presentation, the display panel,and the CITV commander's control handle. With the display, the concern ishow the information is presented and how many of the additional responsi-bilities of the TC will be partially sacrificed when the CITV is used. Theseconcerns stem from the different types of CITV displays proposed. Earlyversions of the CITV were represented by a "heads-in" design which left lit-tle possibility for time sharing between TC duties. Later versions incorpo-rate either the direct view version (flat and rectangular) or the biocularview design (slightly outset from the panel and circular). A complete exami-nation of the advantages and disadvantageous of these has yet to be under-taken. This leaves the question of the best soldier fit unresolved. Anadditional concern on the display panel is the number of switches necessaryto operate and control the CITV. given the time and accuracy constraintswithin which the TC must work, introducing a system with this many controlswitches may also increase probability of error.

There are several concerns which focus on the commander's control handlethat is modifiIJ for CITV use. As mentioned in the training analysis sec-tion, the dual mode of operation regarding CITV rotation and main gun rota-tion may be a potential training problem. Additionally, this dual mode hasthe potential for operational problems. In this light, several questionsimmediately surface. These are focused on handle-display integration, sen-sory augmentation necessary for the TC to be cognizant of a) the operationalmode of the systems, b) built redundancy in the control of the CITV, and c)the operational capability of one system when the other is rendered inopera-ble.

These are MANPRINT concerns which should be addressed before final deci-sions on the CITV design are formalized. If properly researched they shouldprovide information that contributes to enhanced system performance.

SUMMARY

The findings and concerns as presented contain a common theme. Whetherconsidered seperately or in combination, they can be classified as systemintegration concerns. This is obvious given that subjective assessments madeunder virtually every major heading of the analysis could have been "it de-pends". It depends on other existing components in the system (e.g., GPSE)as well as anticipated components (BMS). It depends on the resources (time,

16

money, energy, facilities) and support. It depends on the upkeep and mainte-nance. Each of these "it depends" will in some way affect the usage andeffectiveness of the CITV, moreover the requirements for training.

From a systems perspective this isolated component analysis begs forintegration, the "it depends" questions cannot be addressed from a vacuum. Ifthe preliminary analyses do nothing more than issue red flags of concern tobe followed by research efforts in the field or at a simulation site, theyhave served a purpose. Only in these locations can the quality of integrationand interface of the operator, maintainer, and supporter with the componentand the total system can be tested and ultimately determined.

Neglecting this type of research effort will lead to the practices of thepast where a new "widget" is dropped into a system, forcing some type of inte-gration and interface with the existing components of the system while stillexpecting designer promised performance. There are too many examples wherethis practice has failed. Maximum system performance is never achieved andthe soldier is left picking up pieces of what should have been. Thealternative is to become proactive in applying the necessary resources toaddress MANPRINT issues during the system design and development phases.This will ensure that the equipment fielded by the Army can achieve its fullcapability when operated and maintained by available personnel.

17

-F So

REFERENCES

Army Regulation 602-2 (1986). Manpower and personnel and integration (MA'-PRINT) in the materiel acquisition process, HQDA, Washington, DC.

DeGreene, K.B. (1970). Systems Psychology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, NewYork.

Elton, R.E. (1986). MANPRINT (Manpower and Personnel Integration). Proceed-ings of the Human Factors Society - 30th Annual Meeting. Dayton, Ohio.

General Dynamics Land System Division (1985). Improved MIAI Tank Program.Critical Item Development Specification for Commander's IndependentThermal Viewer System. Warren, Michigan.

Hyman, A. (1987). Enhancing the display interface of the commander's inde-pendent thermal viewer. Army Research, Development & Acquisition Maga-zine, 11-13.

Kraemer, R. E. and Black, B. A. (1981). XMI gunnery training and aptituderequirements analysis. ARI Research Product 81-5.; ADA102885

Pickard, J.C., and Boismier, J.D. (1985). MIlAl Block II Commander's Inde-pendent Thermal Viewer: A Comparative Study of Motion Sickness inBiocular and Direct View Displays. General Dynamics Technical Report8314-TR-005-181185.

18

APPENDIX A

PROPOSED SWITCHES AND CONTROLS LOCATED ON CITV CONTROL PANEL

The necessary switches and controls for the operation of the proposed CITV

are located on the display panel and consist of the following:

1. Power. Labeled Power and correspond to ON/OFF.

2. Operate/Standby. Labeled READY/STBY, allows operational or standby mode.

In the standby mode, detectors will be in a cooled down state with only a

minimum of other CITV systems operational.

3. Search/Scan. Labeled SEARCH/SCAN, the search mode permits automatic

viewing of imagery produced by CITV rotation. The scan mode permits viewing

of selected angular sectors.

4. Gun Line of Sight. Labeled GLOS, the CITV is slaved to the turret and

main weapon with a parallel relationship to within 0.15 mil. The gunnermaintains control with the TC in monitor mode.

5. Polarity. Labeled WHOT/BHOT, allows the display representation of hot or

cold targets as either bright or dark.

6. Battlesight. Labeled BATTLESIGHT, allows for manual range functions by

the TC.

7. Focus/Drift. Labeled FOCUS/DRIFT, allows fine tuning of the sensor.

Drift control nulls drift of reference gryos in both the elevation and azi-

muth loops.

8. Reticle and Symbology Brightness. Labeled SYMBOL/RETICLE, allows illumi-

nation to be varied for all symbols and reticles. Range includes full brightto full black.

9. Contrast/Sensitivity. Labeled CONTRAST/SENSITIVITY, image contrast is

self explanatory and sensitivity provides simultaneous control of all channelgains.

10. Sector/Rate. Labeled SECTOR/RATE, allows TC to establish parameters of

the areas to be scanned. Rate controls the angular displacemeit using scan

and search.

11. Boresight adjustment. Labeled BORESIGHT, allows the adjustment of the

NFOV scene to boresight coincidence with main gun in azimuth and elevation.

12. Others. This proposed control panel includes three space controlswitches. One suggested switch is the Built in Test (BIT). The BIT allowsfault isolation and diagnostics to major replaceables of the system.

A-I

APPENDIX B

PROPOSED SWITCHES LOCATED ON CITV CONTROL RANDLE

1. CITV Designate. Slews main gun to the CITV Line of Sight.

2. Palm Switch. Provides power to the handle to enable all handle switches

and CITV modes.

3. Laser Fire Button. Fires laser to target.

4. Field of View. Changes between 1OX (narrow) and 3X (wide) Field of View.

5. Trigger. Fires either coax or main gun dependent upon which is selected.

B-

A

-B-

p

APPENDIX C

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Major Category Level Explanation

Duty Task Subtask

Dfrnt D (d) MIAI with CITV different

Commonality Same S (s) than MiAlUnique U (u)

Task Perform Yes X (x) Is task performanceMore Same New No X (x) changed with CITV?Effec N/A X (x) If so, how?

UND (UND-UNDETERMINED)

Problem Yes X x) Is there a potentialInstit Unit No X x) training problem for the

institution and/or unitrelated to performancein the MIAI with CITV?

If so, where?

Cause Yes X x) The cause of the poten-Cognitive Motor No X x) tial problem is primar-

ily mental (memory, pro-cedural, cognitive over-load) or motor (physical

or psychomotor)

Proposed Trng Solution Yes X x) Proposed training solu-More Job Trng No X x) tions include: Embedded

ET HO Aid Dev Training (ET); More

Hands On Training (MoreHO); Job Aids; andTraining Devices (Trng

Dev)

*An asterisk appearing next to an S or X indicates dependence on final de-

sign. Especially relevant is the ability to fire from CITV, and the parallaxproblem associated with the LRF-CITV relationship.

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