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1ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM, a Conceptual Model for Cultural Documentation
Martin Doerr
Foundation for Research and Technology - HellasInstitute of Computer Science
Heraklion,April 26, 2001
Center for Cultural Informatics
2ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRMScope
Aspects of cultural information:
Collection description (art, archeology, natural history….)
Archives and literature (records, treaties, letters, artful works..)
Administration, preservation, conservation of material heritage
Science and scholarship – investigation, interpretation
Presentation – exhibition making, teaching, publication
ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
System
disciplines
viewpoints
Precision/detail Technical
complexity
Conceptualframework
Activities
Communication
Research
CollectionManagement
Info - Objects
Current culturalpriorities
how
how
talksabout
mapsservesin order
to
The CIDOC CRMScope
4ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Historical Archives….
Type: TextTitle: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference Title.Subtitle: II. Declaration of Liberated Europe Date: February 11, 1945.Creator: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The President of the United States of AmericaPublisher: State DepartmentSubject: Postwar division of Europe and Japan
“The following declaration has been approved:The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert… ….and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world…… “
DocumentsMetadata
About…
5ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Images, non-verbose…
Type: ImageTitle: Allied Leaders at Yalta Date: 1945Publisher: United Press International (UPI)Source: The Bettmann ArchiveCopyright: CorbisReferences: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Photos, Persons
Metadata
About…
6ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Places and Objects
TGN Id: 7012124Names: Yalta (C,V), Jalta (C,V) Types: inhabited place(C), city (C)Position: Lat: 44 30 N,Long: 034 10 EHierarchy: Europe (continent) <– Ukrayina (nation) <– Krym (autonomous republic)Note: …Site of conference between Allied powers in WW II in 1945; ….Source: TGN, Thesaurus of Geographic Names
Places, Objects
About…
Title: Yalta, Crimean PeninsulaPublisher: Kurgan-LisnetSource: Liaison Agency
7ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Explicit Events, Object Identity,
Symmetry
carried out
participated in
has created E31 Document“Yalta Agreement”
E7 Activity
“Crimea Conference”
E65 Creation
*
E38 Image
falls within
took place at
refers to
E52 Time-Span
February 1945
at least covering
at most within
E39 Actor
E39 Actor
E39 Actor
E53 Place7012124
E52 Time-Span
11-2-1945
8ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM The Role of the CRM
Legacy systems
Legacy systems
Databases
World Phenomena
?
Data structures &Presentation models
Conceptualization
abstracts fromapproximates
explains,motivates
organize
refer to
Data in various forms
9ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Metaschema of the CIDOC CRM
participate in
Actors
Types
Conceptual Objects
Physical Entities
Temporal Entities
Ap
pel
lati
ons
affect or / refer to
refer to / refine
refe
r to
/ i d
ent i f
ie
location
atwithinPlaces
Time-Spans
10ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM The Temporal Entity Hierarchy
11ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity
Temporal Entity
This is an abstract entity and has no examples. It groups together things such as events, states and other phenomena which
are limited in time. It is specialized into Period, which holds on some geographic area, and Condition State, which holds for, on, or over a certain object.
— consists of related or similar phenomena,
— Is limited in time, is the only link to time, but not time itself
— spreads out over a place or object (physical or not).
— the core of a model of physical history, open for unlimited
specialisation.
12ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Subclasses
Period binds together related phenomena introduces inclusion topologies - parts etc. Is confined in space and time the basic unit for temporal-spatial reasoning
Event looks at the input and the outcome the basic unit for causal reasoning each event is a period if we study the process
Activity brings the people in adds purpose
13ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Main Properties
Temporal Entity Properties: has time-span (is time-span of): Time-Span
Period Properties: consists of (forms part of): Period
falls within (contains): Period took place at (witnessed): Place
Event Properties: had participants (participated in): Actor
occurred in the presence of (was present at): Stuff
Activity Properties: carried out by (performed): Actor
had specific purpose (was purpose of): Activity had as general purpose (was purpose of): Type
was intended use of (was made for): Man-Made Object
14ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
custody_changed_byTransfer of Epitaphios GE34604 (entity Transfer of Custody, Acquisition)
custody_surrendered_byMetropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara (see above)
transfers_title_fromMetropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara (see above)
custody_received_byMuseum Benaki (see above)
transfers_title_toExchangable Fund of Refugees (entity Legal Body)
has typenational foundation
carried out byExchangable Fund of Refugees (see above)
has time-span- (entity Time-Span)
begins at 1923 (entity Date)ends at
1928 (entity Date)took place at
Greece (entity Place)has type
nationrepublic
falls withinEurope (entity Place)
has typecontinent
Metadata and the CIDOC CRM Instantiation sample of the CIDOC CRM
15ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Place
Place A place is an extent in space, determined diachronically wrt a
larger, persistent constellation of matter, often continents -
by coordinates, geophysical features, artefacts, communities, political systems, objects - but not identical to.
A “CRM Place” is not a landscape, not a seat - it is an abstraction from temporal changes - “the place where…”
A means to reason about the “where” in multiple reference
systems.
Examples: figures from the bow of a ship, African dinosaur foot-prints in Portugal ( to which degree are “fiat objects” places?)
16ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Place - Main Properties
Place
names identify non-uniquely places - TGN-like reasoning
places form 2, even 3-dimensional topologies.
Properties:
is identified by (identifies): Appellation
consists of (forms part of): Place
falls within (contains): Place
17ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Time-Span - Main Properties
Time-Span :
determined by specific dates, expressions, “the time when…”
intervals: distinguish uncertainty from duration: Processes have characteristic durations, our interest has a certain scale. A suitable “time-primitive” should support temporal reasoning. (Allen’s logic is not for uncertainty !)
forms one-dimensional topologies.
Properties: is identified by (identifies): Time-Appellation at least covering: Time Primitive at most within: Time Primitive consists of (forms part of): Time-Span falls within (contains): Time-Span
18ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
time
after
at most within
at least covering
before
“in
ten
sity
”
The CIDOC CRM Time Uncertainty, Certainty and Duration
duration
19ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
0,n 1,1
0,n 1,n
Activity
Type
Event
CIDOC Entity String has notes
CIDOC Notion
has type
is type of
The CIDOC CRM Activities
20ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n 0,n
0,n
Measurement
Attribute Assignment
Physical Entity Dimension value unit
has dimension (is dimension of)
was measured (measured) observed dimension (was observed)
The CIDOC CRM Activities: Measurement
21ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
1,1 0,n
0,n Activity
Condition Assessment
Physical Entity Condition State has conditions (condition of)
assessed by (concerns) has identified (identified by)
Actor carried out by (performed)
in the role of
Temporal Entity
The CIDOC CRM Activities: Condition Assessment
22ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n
Activity
Acquisition
Actor Physical Object is current owner of (has current owner)
is former or current owner of (has former or current owner)
acquires title of (transferred title to)
transferred title of (changed ownership by) surrenders title of (transferred title from)
The CIDOC CRM Activities: Acquisition
23ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n 0,1 0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n 0,n 0,n
0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n
Activity
Move
Physical Object Place
moved by (moved)
moved to (occupied)
has current location (currently holds)
moved from (vacated)
Type had as general purpose (was purpose of)
has specific purpose (was purpose of)
has current permanent location (is ~ of)
has former or current location (is ~ of)
The CIDOC CRM Activities: Move
24ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n 0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n 0,n
0,n 0,n
0,n
Activity
Modification
Physical Entity
has produced (was produced by)
Actor carried out by (performed) in the role of
Type used general technique (was technique of)
Man-Made Entity
Design or Procedure
used specific technique (was used by)
Material
consists of (is incorporated in)
usually employs (is usually employed by)
The CIDOC CRM Activities: Modification/Production
25ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Entity 11: Modification
Properties: is called (identifies): Period Appellation has type (is type of): Type had participants (participated in): Actor carried out by (performed): Actor
(in the role of : Type) has produced (was produced by): Physical Man-Made Stuff took into account (was taken into account by): Conceptual Object occurred in the presence of (was present at): Stuff used object (was used for): Physical Object (mode of use: String) used general technique (was technique of): Type used specific technique (was used by): Design or Procedure was motivation for (motivated): Conceptual Object motivated the creation of (was created for): Conceptual Object was intended use of (was made for): Man-Made Object (mode of use: String) had specific purpose (was purpose of): Activity had as general purpose (was purpose of): Type
declared properties
inherited properties
inherited properties
declared properties
26ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRMSome Major Ideas
Fundamental categories: Temporal Entity, “Stuff”, Actors, Place, Date, Appellation, Types
Event-centric: Actors, Stuff, Place and Date connect ONLY through Temporal Entities
(events and states). Date is subordinate to event relations, auxiliary.
Reasoning on world names: Naming activities as historical facts
Unlimited decomposition: Any Date, Place, Period, Object may subdivide into parts
Extensibility: Creation of subclasses, subproperties, indirection of properties
27ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
The CIDOC CRM Conclusions
The CIDOC Model is the first international data standard for the cultural area
It is a rich intellectual framework for the analysis of cultural contents (physical world)
It is a powerful component for implementation of information systems
Its extensibility should give it a long validity.
28ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
Applications:The CIMI-Harmony test
Transformation of 4 cultural sources into one common representation
Two models: CRM and ABC-Harmony in XML 200 Relational records from National Museum of Denmark transformation of sources “1-1” into XML transformation of “1-1” into CRM compatible form creation of a simple CRM compatible DTD to transport correct
instances. Therefore — CRM properties mapped as elements.— CRM Entities mapped as data : <in_class>E& Activity</in_class>
Well readable with simple style-sheet
29ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
Applications:The Spectrum DTD
Attempt by MDA to create a general DTD for museum documentation
Try to satisfy data entry, genericity and presentation
Based on CRM: mapped entities as elements,properties ignored
Draft stage, still under development.
30ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001
Applications:The FORTH-GNM Project
Management of documentation for 15 museum departments, 1.5 million objects.
Each department a different XML DTD
Global consistency control on: accession numbers, inventory number.
Authority control on: Object types, persons, periods, places.
Control enforced by underlying data base.
Other queries by contents and tags.