ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 1 Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model Martin…

1ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006

Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model

Martin Doerr

Gothenburg, SwedenSeptember 12, 2006

Corrections made 25 January 2008

Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas

CIDOC 2007


The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information.

The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate library information.

Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it. Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature

describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.

Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.

Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information

Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap.

Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and library information overlaps, and otherwise is different.

Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology.

Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information

There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, CIDOC CRM.


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Harmonization Project

Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:

A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.

To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.

To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.

After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBROO” for public comment. Definition available as text in the format of the CRM.

Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.

Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority Records)


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006 a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information

Innovations:

centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.

explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.

typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.

Lacks: a model of intellectual work


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR

The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)

developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)

A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation Might result in a new library practice

Innovations:

Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item.

Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.

Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR : Abstraction Levels

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

has part

is realized through(is a realization of)

has part

is embodied in(is the embodiment of )

has part

is exemplified by(exemplifies )

has part

has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation

“a distinct intellectual or artistic creation…there is no single material object one can point to as the work...”

“the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic

notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc”

“the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same

characteristics……may be only a single physical exemplar…”

“a single exemplar of a manifestation...”

has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Work concepts

The substance of Work is concepts (the idea).

Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible.

Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”)

Complex Work: Continuation (possiblyby others), complements,

alternatives, translations ! Container Work: Incorporating

unaltered work. The Publisher’s work is a Work !

Serial Work: Coherent, open ended series/serials

F1 Work

F15 Complex WorkF14 Individual Work

R1 is logical successor of

(has successor)R2 is derivative of(has derivative)

F20 Performance Work

F21 Recording Work

F16 Container Work

F18 Serial Work

F17 Aggregation Work

R10 has member

(is member of)

E28 Conceptual Object

F19 Publication Work


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Expression concepts

The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”).

An Expression can be “complete”.The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function.

Self-Contained ~: “Complete” – either according to author or unfinished.

Fragment ~: Any piece, in relation to the whole.

Publication ~: Text, layout, illustrations,…

F25 Performance Plan

F2 Expression

F22 Self Contained Expression

F26 Recording

F23 Expression Fragment

R15 has component (is component of)

R14 incorporates (is incorporated

in)

E73 Information Object

R15 is fragment of (has fragment)

F24 Publication Expression


F1 WorkF1 Work

F1 Work F1 Work

F14 Individual WorkF14 Individual Work

F15 Complex WorkF15 Complex Work

F22 Self-Contained ExpressionF22 Self-Contained ExpressionF22 Self-Contained ExpressionF22 Self-Contained Expression

F22 Self-Contained ExpressionF22 Self-Contained Expression

R3 is realized in(realises)

R10 has member(is member of)

F1 WorkF1 WorkF1 WorkF1 Work

F22 Self-Contained ExpressionF22 Self-Contained Expression

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression

Self-Contained Expression = Evidence of Individual Work

Complex Work = Coherent set of Individual Works (not “complex”)




The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Manifestation

concepts

Item Item

Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication)

An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type.

ManifestationManifestationSingletonSingleton

F3 Manifestation Product TypeF3 Manifestation Product Type

An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”.It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription)

E55 TypeE55 Type

E24 Physical Man-Made StuffE24 Physical Man-Made StuffE84 Information CarrierE84 Information Carrier

immaterial

material


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The “Externalization”, material /

immaterial

E28 E28 Conceptual Conceptual

ObjectObject

E84 E84 Information Information

CarrierCarrier

E24 E24 Physical Physical

Man-Made Man-Made ThingThing

E65 E65 CreationCreation

E12 E12 ProductionProduction

F28 Expression F28 Expression CreationCreation

F2 ExpressionF2 Expression

F22 Self Contained F22 Self Contained ExpressionExpression

F23 Expression F23 Expression FragmentFragment

F4 ManifestationF4 ManifestationSingletonSingleton

F14 Individual F14 Individual WorkWork

F15 Complex F15 Complex WorkWork

F1 WorkF1 Work

F5 ItemF5 Item

F3 Manifestation F3 Manifestation Production TypeProduction Type

F32 Carrier F32 Carrier Production Production

EventEventR19 created a realization of

R9 is realized

in

R18 created

R4 comprises carriers of

R7 is example of

R17 created

R28 produced (was produced

by)


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conception and “Externalization”

Work conception Expression creation

Work elaboration

produces a workproduces an idea Produces (simultaneously) an

Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton

F28 Expression Creation

F27 Work Conception

F1 Work

E39 Actor

E52 Time

E53 Place

F2 ExpressionF4 Manifestation Singleton

R16 initiated (was initiated by)

P14 carried out

by (performed)

P4 has time-span(is time-span of)P7…

R17 created(was created by)R18 created (was created by)

P4…

P7 took place at(witnessed)

P14 carried out by(performed)

R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)

time


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression – short-cuts

F15 Complex Work Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass

F15 Complex WorkWalt Whitman’s Leaves of grass

“deathbed edition”

F14 Individual WorkAbstract content of translation Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass

“deathbed edition” into French by Leon Bazalgette

F22 Self-Contained ExpressionText of the French translation of Walt Whitman’s

Leaves of grass “deathbed edition” by Leon Bazalgette

F28 Expression CreationTranslation Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass

“deathbed edition” into French by Leon Bazalgette



R19B was realised through(created a realisation of)

R17 created(was created by)R3 is realized in

(realises)

R9 is realised in(realises)


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Container Work – What is the

Expression?

The Container Work adds Expression:may cause Work with empty expression!

The collected expressions are integral part of the container

F16 Container Work

Additional Expression

Expression of Work X

Expression of Work Y

F16 Container Work & F14 Individual Work

<Additional Expr.>

Expression of Work X

Expression of Work Y

Overall Expression



inconsistent consistent

Work X

Work X


R14 is Incorporated in



The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis

Publisher’s Level

F14 Individual Work

F22 Self-Contained Expression

F19 Publication Work


F32 Carrier Production Event

F5 Item

F4 Manifestation Singleton

F15 Complex Work

“Oliver Twist” Idea

“Oliver Twist” Completed

“Oliver Twist” Text

“Oliver Twist” Manuscript

“Oliver Twist” Publication Concept

“Oliver Twist”Publication content

“Oliver Twist” Publication

“Oliver Twist”Printing

“Oliver Twist” 20th Book



CLR5 should carry(should be carried by)

R7 is example of(has example)

R41 produced

(was produced by

R27 used as source material

(was used by)


Author’s Level

F30 Publication Event

“Oliver Twist” published!R24 created(was created

through)

R26 produced

things of type

(was produced by)

R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)

P128 carries(is carried by)

F3 Manifestation-Product Type

R23 created a realization of (was realized through)


ISBN:960-86830-0-9

F5 Item

E19 Physical Object F3 Manifestation Product Type

E60 Number

CLP57 should have number of parts(should be number of parts of)

P57 has number of parts

Individual copies

Inherits from E19 Physical Object:P57 has number of parts

2

CPL57 should have number of parts

(should be number of parts of)

P57 has number of parts

“R7 is example of” = instances

R7 is e

xample

of

(has e

xample

)

Items are seen as instances of a particular Manifestation Product Type.

This is simulated by property R7

1 3 …2 n

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass !

E55 Type

instances

Metaclasses

particulars


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Equivalence Physical - Electronic

Publishing Physical Publishing

Electronic Publishing


F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item

CLR5 should carry(should be carried by)

R7 is example of(has example)

R27B was used by (used as source material)


“Result of an industrial process”

R28 produced(was produced by)

R26 produced things of type(was produced by)

makes accessible: “how to produce”

“copy on localcarrier”

R24 created(was created through)

R6 carries (is carried by)

E29 Design or Procedure

P16B was used for

P94B was created by

makes accessible: “how to download”

F3 Manifestation-Product Type


F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item

R27B was used by (used as source material)


R28 produced(was produced by)

R24 created(was created through)

R6 carries (is carried by)

E29 Design or Procedure

P16B was used for

P94B was created by


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Reproduction

F33 Reproduction Event

E84 Information CarrierE84 Information Carrier

E12 Production

R30 reproduced (was reproduced by)

R29 reproduced (was reproduced by)

“In general, the copy will have different attributes from the original…F33 Reproduction Event and F32 Carrier Production Event are not declared as disjoint…”


The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationHow to identify Work?

F37 Representative Expression Assignment

F1 Work

F2 Expression

F3 Manifestation Product Type

F4 Manifestation-Singleton

F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

R42 has representative manifestation-singleton( is representative manifestation singleton for)*

R41 has representative manifestation product type(is representative manifestation product type for)

F44 Bibliographic Agency

R43 carried out

by(performed)

R50 assign to(was assigned

by)

R49 assigned

(was assigned

by)

R44 carried out

by(performed)

R51 assigned

(was assigned

by)

R48 assigned to

(was assigned

by)

R53 assigned(was assigned by)

R4 comprises carriers of(carriers provided by)

F22 Self-ContainedExpression

F23 Expression Fragment

R15 is fragment of(has fragment)

E39 ActorE13 AttributeAssignment

*R42 has representative manifestation-singleton( is representative manifestation singleton for) isa sub property of P128 carries (is carried by) F15 Complex Work

R3 is realised in (realises)

R40 has representative expression (is representative expression of)


The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationLibrary identifiers have structuring rules

F12 Name = E41 Appellation

F13 Identifier

F40 Identifier Assignment

F43 Identifier Rule

R47 used constituent(was used in)

E1 CRM EntityP1is identified by(identified)

R8 consists of(forms part of)

R46 assigned(was assigned by)

R52B used rule (was the rule used in)

R45 assigned to(was assigned by)


E7 Activity

E13 Attribute Assignment

E65 Creation

E11 Modification

F42 Representative Expression Assignment

F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

F40 Identifier Assignment


E12 Production

E15 Identifier Assignment

F28 Expression Creation

F32 Reproduction Event

F33 Carrier production Event

The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationSummary of new Activity Concepts

F27 Work Conception

E83 Type Creation


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary

Topics solved:

— Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes.

— The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation

— Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense?

— Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness, containment, reuse and intellectual contribution.

— What is the contribution and product of the publisher.

— What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript, of a digital file, a written diskette in that process?

— The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions

The combined model CRM – FRBROO:

Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of

intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.

On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.

clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR

Further work:

FRAD (Authority Data),

modeling equivalence with performing arts.

SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr

Documents

ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 1 Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model Martin…