Identification Introduction – In addition to verbal reports – Order of identification The ones most easily identified from a distance – Order of risk

City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n


Identification

• Introduction– In addition to verbal reports– Order of identification

• The ones most easily identified from a distance

– Order of risk• The least amount of risk to the most amount of

risk to the responder


Identification

• Introduction– 1. Occupancy types, locations, and pre-incident

surveys– 2. Container shapes– 3. Transportation placards, labels, and

markings– 4. Other markings and colors

(nontransportation) – 5. Written resources– 6. Senses– 7. Monitoring devices and detection devices


Identification

• Clue 1– Occupancy types, locations, and pre-incident

surveys• Local emergency response plans

– Required by federal law to be completed and reviewed annually by the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)

– Increases decision making accuracy» Product identification

– Increases decision making time» Response route» Resources needed


Identification


surveys• Occupancy Types

– High probable locations for finding signification quantities of hazardous materials

» Fuel storage facilities » Paint supply stores» Photo processing laboratories » Feed / Farm stores» Print shops» Warehouses


Identification


surveys• Incident Locations

– Roadways – Railways– Waterways– Airways– Pipelines


Identification

• Clue 2– Container shapes

• Bulk / nonbulk packaging – Bulk

» Materials loaded with no intermediate form of containment

• Cargo tank, railcar, portable tank» Maximum capacity > 119 gallons» Maximum net mass > 882 pounds


Identification


• Bulk / nonbulk packaging – Non-Bulk

» Smaller than the minimum criteria established for bulk packaging

• Drums• Boxes• Bags

» May have a form of intermediate containment


Identification


• Bulk-capacity fixed-facility containers– Buildings– Aboveground storage tanks– Machinery– Underground storage tanks– Pipelines– Reactors– Upon piles or bins


Identification


• Aboveground storage tanks– 1. Atmospheric / Nonpressure

» <0.5 psi– 2. Pressure tanks

» Low pressure• 0.5 – 15 psi

» Pressure vessels• >15 psi


Identification


• Atmospheric / Nonpressure– Horizontal Tank


Identification


• Atmospheric / Nonpressure– Cone Roof Tank


Identification


• Atmospheric / Nonpressure– Open Top Floating Roof Tank


Identification


• Atmospheric / Nonpressure– Covered Top Floating Roof Tank


Identification


• Atmospheric / Nonpressure– Atmospheric Underground Storage Tank


Identification


• Pressure Storage Tanks (Low Pressure)– Dome Roof Tank


Identification


• Pressure Storage Tanks (Low Pressure)– Spheroid Tank


Identification


• Pressure Storage Tanks (High Pressure)– Horizontal Pressure Vessel


Identification


• Pressure Storage Tanks (High Pressure)– Spherical Pressure Vessel


Identification


• Pressure Storage Tanks (High Pressure)– Cryogenic – Liquid Storage Tank


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Carry capacities in excess of 30,000 gallons– Tank cars carry the bulk of the hazardous materials

transported by rail» Nonpressure tanks cars» Pressure tank cars» Cryogenic liquid tank cars» Hopper cars» Boxcars» Special service cars


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Nonpressure tank car

» Also known as “general service” or “low-pressure”» Vapor pressure <25 psi» Contain 4,000-45,000 gallons

• May be compartmentalized with up to 6 compartments

» Cylindrical with rounded ends (heads)• They have at least one manway access


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Nonpressure tank car without expansion dome


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Pressure tank car

» Pressures >25 psi» Contain 4,000-45,000 gallons

• Noncompartmentalized » Cylindrical with rounded ends (heads)» Typically top loading cars

• Valves located inside the protective housing• Used to distinguish between pressure and nonpressure tank cars


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Pressure tank car


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Cryogenic liquid tank car

» Low pressure• <25 psi

» Argon» Hydrogen» Nitrogen » Liquid oxygen (NOX)» Liquefied natural gas (LNG)


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Cryogenic liquid tank car


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Other railroad cars

» Pneumatically Unloaded Hopper Car


Identification


• Rail Tank Cars– Other railroad cars

» High Pressure Tube Car


Identification


• Cargo Tank Trucks – Most must meet governmental tank-safety

specifications » MC or DOT/TC followed by a three-digit number

• Ie – MC 306• Ie – DOT/TC 406

– Nonspec tanks» Tank must be designed for a specific purpose


Identification


• Cargo Tank Trucks – Nonpressure liquid tank

» Vapor pressure <3 psi» MC 306 or DOT/TC 406


Identification


• Cargo Tank Trucks – Low-pressure chemical tank

» Vapor pressure <40 psi» MC 307 or DOT/TC 407


Identification


• Cargo Tank Trucks – Corrosive liquid tank

» Vapor pressure <75 psi» MC 312


Identification


• Cargo Tank Trucks – Dry bulk cargo tank

» Vapor pressure < 22 psi


Identification

• Clue 2– Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings

• UN Recommendations– Adopted by U.S., Canada, Mexico

» Hazard classes» Commodity identification numbers» Placards» Labels» Markings


Identification


• Hazard Classes– Class 1: Explosives– Class 2: Gases– Class 3: Flammable liquids– Class 4: Flammable solids – Class 5: Oxidizing substances– Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances– Class 7: Radioactive materials– Class 8: Corrosive substances – Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances


Identification


• UN Commodity Identification Numbers– Four-digit number that is used in conjunction with

illustrated placards


Identification


• DOT Placards– Diamond-shaped, colored coded sign– Used to identify the materials in transportation

containers

Background Color

Hazard Symbol

Diamond shaped

Hazard Class Number

4-Digit ID Number or Hazard Class Designation


Identification


• DOT Placards– Color coding

Explosive Oxidizer Flammable

Health Hazard Water Reactive Nonflammable Gas


Identification


• DOT Symbols

Explosive Oxidizer Radioactive

Poison Corrosive Nonflammable Gas

Flammable


Identification


• DOT Labels– Provide same information as vehicle placards– Found on packages– 3.9 inch square-on-point diamonds


Identification


• DOT Markings– By the DOT definition

» A descriptive name» A weight» A specification

– Includes» Instructions» Cautions» UN marks


Identification


• DOT Markings


Identification

• Clue 4– Other Markings and Colors

• NFPA 704 System– Found on fixed facilities

» Doesn’t tell you exactly what the chemical or chemicals are

• 0-4 rating

4

4 4


Identification


• NFPA 704 System

Health– 4 — Severe hazard– 3 — Serious hazard– 2 — Moderate hazard– 1 — Slight hazard– 0 — Minimal hazard

Flammability– 4 — Flammable gases, volatile liquids, pyrophoric materials– 3 — Ignites at ambient temperatures– 2 — Ignites when moderately heated– 1 — Must be preheated to burn– 0 — Will not burn

4

4 4


Identification


• NFPA 704 System

4

4 4

Instability– 4 — Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at ambient conditions– 3 — Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition with strong initiating source– 2 — Violent chemical change possible at elevated temperature and pressure– 1 — Normally stable, but becomes unstable if heated– 0 — Normally stable

Special hazardsLocated at 6 o’clockHave no special background although white is most often usedMay contain one of two special symbols

W — Unusual reactivity with waterOX — Oxidizer


Identification


• Manufacturers’ Labels and Signal Words– Caution

» Product may have minor health effects– Warning

» Product had moderate hazards– Danger

» Highest degree of hazard– Poison

» Highly toxic materials » Must have “danger” label


Identification


• Military Markings– Division 1: Mass Explosion

» Equivalent to DOT/UN Class 1.1

– Division 2: Explosion with Fragment Hazard» Equivalent to DOT/UN Class 1.2


Identification


• Military Markings– Division 3: Mass Fire

» Equivalent to DOT/UN 1.3

– Division 4: Moderate Fire – No Blast» Equivalent to DOT/UN 1.4


Identification


• Military Markings– Chemical Hazards

» Wear full protective clothing• “Red you’re Dead”

• Highly toxic chemicals• May cause death or serious damage


Identification



» Wear full protective clothing• “Yellow you’re Mellow”

• Presence of harassing agents • Riot control agents and smokes


Identification



» Wear full protective clothing• “White is Bright”

• Presence of white phosphorus • Other spontaneously combustibles


Identification



» Wear breathing apparatus • Intense heat hazard


Identification



» Apply no water • Dangerous reaction with water


Identification


• Military Markings– Chemical Hazards (Supplemental)

» G-Type nerve agents

» VX nerve agents

» Incapacitating nerve agents


Identification


• Military Markings– Chemical Hazards (Supplemental)

» H-type mustard agent» Blister agent

» Lewisite blister agent


Identification

• Clue 5– Written Resources

• Shipping Papers– Must accompany the shipment of hazardous materials– Indicates origin, destination, route and product

» Bill of Lading• Used by the trucking industry

» Waybill• Used by the railroad industry

» Air Bill• Used by the air industry

» Dangerous Cargo Manifest• Used by water shipping industry


Identification


• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)– Detailed information bulletin– Prepared by the manufacturer

» Chemical identity» Manufacturer’s information» Hazardous ingredients » Physical and chemical characteristics » Fire and explosion data » Reactivity data» Health hazard» Precautions » Control measures


Identification


• Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)– Primarily a guide to aid first responders in quickly

identifying the specific or generic hazards » Yellow Pages

• ID Number Index


Identification



identifying the specific or generic hazards » Blue Pages

• Material Name Index


Identification



identifying the specific or generic hazards » Orange Pages

• Initial Action Guides


Identification



identifying the specific or generic hazards » Green Pages

• Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances


Identification


• Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)– Small spill

» Involves a single small package» <53 gallons

– Large spill» Involves a spill from a large package» >53 gallons» Spill involving several small packages


Identification


• Inventory Records and Facility Documents– Shipping and receiving documents– Inventory records– Risk management and hazardous communication plans– Chemical inventory reports


Identification

• Clue 6– Senses

• Vision is definitely the safest of the five senses – Use binoculars from a safe distance

» Container deterioration» Containers bulging» Sick humans» Dead or dying birds, animals, insects or fish» Discoloration of valves or piping

• Statements from victims or witnesses– Smells– Tastes


Identification

• Clue 7– Monitoring and Detection Devices

• Combustible Gas Indicator– Detects the concentration of combustible gases and

vapors in the air

• Two-, Three-, and Four-Gas Monitors– Combustible gases– Oxygen concentrations– Carbon monoxide levels– Hydrogen sulfide levels


Identification


• Other Monitoring / Detection Devices– Photoionization detectors (PID)

» Used to detect the concentrations of many organic and some inorganic gases and vapors at the same time

– Specific chemical detectors» Devices used to sound an alarm when the

presence of a specific chemical is detected • Carbon monoxide detector • Chlorine detector• Hydrogen cyanide detector


Identification


• Other Monitoring / Detection Devices– Indicator papers and Ph meters

» Used to measure specific hazards– Detector tubes

» Detect a variety of gas vapors – Radiation monitors

» Detects alpha, beta, gamma radiation– Personal dosimeters

» Worn as badges


Identification

Works CitedN.F.P.A. 472 “Standard for Competence of responders to Hazardous

Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents” 2008 EditionN.F.P.A 1001 “Standard for Professional Firefighter Qualifications” 2008 EditionN.F.P.A. 1561 “Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System” 2008

EditionO.S.H.A 29 CFR 1910.120 “Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response” U.S. DOT “Emergency Response Guidebook” 2008 Edition