1Applied Biology Department

IDENTIFICATION OF

AGARWOOD-PRODUCING TREES IN VIETNAM

In this bilingual presentation we try answering to the following questions:

To which order belongs the family Thymelaeaceae ?

How to locate the position of Aquilaria genus , Gyrinops genus

and Gonystylus genus in the Phylogeny system ?

Which species/varieties of the family Thymelaeaceae are

existing in Vietnam ?

How to identify Aquilaria crassna Pierre species from other

species of the family Thymelaeaceae through: Leaf and venation,

Flower, Fruit, Seed ?

What is fake Agarwood ?

How is the transformation of chemical constituents during the

process of Agarwood formation in Aquilaria tree ?

How to germinate Aquilaria crassna Pierre seed ?

Main disease and pest infestation for Aquilaria trees

How to plant Aquilaria crassna Pierre seedlings in the field ?

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INTERNATIONAL CODE OF

BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN)

TOKYO CODE (1993), ST LOUIS CODE (1999), VIENNA CODE (2005)

Domain (Vực)Kingdom (Giới)

Subkingdom (Phân giới)Phylum or Division (Ngành) ---phyta

Subphylum (Phân ngành) --- phytina

Class (Lớp) --- opsida

Subclass (Phân lớp) --- idae

Order (Bộ) --- ales

Suborder (Phân bộ) --- ineae

Family (Họ) --- aceae

Subfamily (Phân họ) --- oideae

Tribe (Tông) --- eae; --- inae

Genus (Chi)Section (Tổ)

Series (Loạt)Species (Loài)

Variety (Thứ)Form (Dạng)

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THE FIRST QUESTION:

TO WHICH ORDER BELONGS THE FAMILY THYMELAEACEAE ?

Kingdom: Plantae Haeckel

Phylum: Magnoliophyta Cronquist

Class: Magnoliopsida Brongniart

? Order Myrtales (Bộ Sim) – according to Cronquist system

? Order Malvales (Bộ Cẩm quỳ) – according to APG II system

? Super-order Euphorbianae (Liên bộ Thầu dầu) – according to

Dr. Vo van Chi

To answer to this question you have to well understand what is Cronquist system (1968 & 1981) and what is Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG II–2003)

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THE ANSWER FROM CRONQUIST SYSTEM (1968-1981)

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Cây có hoa, 2 lá mầm

Class: Liliopsida

Cây có hoa, 1 lá mầm, 5 subclass

Subclass: Dilleniidae

Phân lớp Sổ, 13 orders

Magnoliidae

Mộc Lan

Hamamelididae

Sau sau

Caryophyllidae

Cẩm chướng

Asteridae

Cúc

Subclass: Rosidae

Phân lớp Hoa hồng, 18 orders

Order: Malvales

Bộ Cẩm quỳ

Order: Myrtales

Bộ Sim

Family: Thymelaeaceae

Họ Trầm

Cronquist system 1981: An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering plants

Subclasses

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THE ANSWER FROM Dr. VO VAN CHI

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Cây có hoa, 2 lá mầm

Class: Liliopsida

Cây có hoa, 1 lá mầm, 4 subclass

Subclass: Dilleniidae

Phân lớp Sổ

Magnoliidae

Ngọc Lan

Hamamelididae

Sau sau

Caryophyllidae

Cẩm chướng

Asteridae

Cúc

Rosidae

Hoa hồng

Superorder: Euphorbianae

Liên bộ Thầu dầu

Order: Thymelaeales

Bộ Trầm

Võ văn Chi - Sách tra cứu tên cây cỏ Việt nam – 2007 - trang 36

Subclasses

Lamiidae

Hoa môi

Ranunculidae

Hoàng Liên

Order: Euphorbiales

Bộ Thầu dầu

Subclasses

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THE ANSWER FROM APG II (2003 – 2007)

Family: Thymelaeaceae

Họ Trầm

Clade: Magnoliopsida

Cây có hoa, 2 lá mầm

Clade: palaeodicots

Cây có hoa, 2 lá mầm

Clade: eudicots

Cây có hoa, 2 lá mầm

thật sự (tricolpate)

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Vitales

Geraniales

Myrtales

Zygophyllales

Celastrales

Malpighiales

Oxalidales

Fabales

Rosales

Cucurbitales

Fagales

Brassicales

Sapindales

Malvales Thymelaeaceae

DESCRIPTION OF ROSIDS CLADE

After www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/Magnoliidae.html

Rosids

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Kingdom (Giới): Plantae HaeckelSubkingdom (Phân giới): EmbryophytaPhylum or Division (Ngành): Magnoliophyta CronquistSubphylum (Phân ngành): Magnoliophytina Frohne & U. JensenClass (Lớp): Magnoliopsida BrongniartSubclass (Phân lớp): Rosidae Takht.(or clade rosids in APG II)Order (Bộ): Malvales Dumort. (placed in clade eurosids II, APG)Family (Họ): Thymelaeaceae Juss.Subfamily (Phân họ): ThymelaeoideaeTribe (Tông): Daphneae; Aquilarieae; Synandrodaphneae;…Genus (Chi): Aetoxylon Airy Shaw; Aquilaria Lam.; Arnhemia Airy

Shaw; Craterosiphon Engl. & Gilg; Dais L.; Daphne L.; Deltaria Steenis; Diarthron Turcz.; Dicranolepis Planch.; Edgeworthia Meisn.; Enkleia Griff.; Gnidia L.; Gonystylus Teijsm. & Binn.; Gyrinops Gaertn.; Lethedon Spreng.; LinostomaWallich ex Endlicher; Octolepis Oliv.; Phaleria Jack; Solmsia Baill.; Stellera L.; Synandrodaphne Gilg; Synaptolepis Oliv.; Thymelaea Mill.; WikstroemiaEndlicher; ………

PROVISIONAL CONCLUSION (BASED ON APG II)

For other taxonomic hierarchy: www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/PBIO/pb450/intr.html

Octolepis

Gonystylus

Lethedon

Deltaria

Solmsia

ArnhemiaThymelae-oideae

Synandrodaphneae

Synandrodaphne

Aquilarieae

Daphneae

Aquilaria

Gyrinops

Daphne group

Gnidia group

Phaleria group

Thymelaeoideae is a subfamily of Thymelaeaceae

Tribes of subfamily Thymelaeoideae

Other genera

Other genera

Other genera

PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF THYMELAEOIDEAE

After Marline Rautenbach-Digispace at the University of Johannesburg, 8 July 2008

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AGARWOOD-PRODUCING TREES IN VIETNAM

Genus: Gyrinops Gaertn. (Dó Bụi)

Species: Gyrinops vidalii P.H.Ho (Dó Bụi)

Genus: Linostoma Wallich ex Endlicher (Dó Leo)

Species: Linostoma decandrum Wallich ex Endlicher (Dó Leo)

Genus: Aquilaria Lamk. (Dó Trầm)

Species: Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte (Dó Bầu)

Variety (?): Dó Tía (redish-brown stem and petiole, thick leaf)

Variety (?): Dó Trắng (grayish-brown stem, white stripe in petiole)

Aquilaria baillonii Pierre ex Lamarck (Dó Gạch)

Aquilaria banaensis P.H.Ho (Dó Bà Nà)

Aquilaria rugosa L.C.Kiet & Kebler (Dó Quả Nhăn)

Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Dó Mã Lai)

Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Sprengel (Dó Trung Quốc)

After Vu Van Dung’s report at MARD seminar

3 genera, 8 species, 2 varieties

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No. Compound Name

Content (%)

NI H

1 Pentadecenoic acid 6.8 0

2 Valerianol 3.0 0.1

3 Heptanoic acid 2.4 trace

4 Octanoic acid 2.1 0

5 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol 1.5 0

6 Tetradecanoic acid 7.1 6.9

7 Tridecanoic acid 0 3.2

8 Linoleic acid 0 3.4

9 Octadecanoic acid 1.0 4.1

10 Dodecanoic acid 2.5 3.1

11 Pentadecanoic acid 4.8 6.2

12 Hexadecanoic acid 20.0 31.5

- NI stands for wood chips of Naturally Infected tree- H stands for wood chips of Healthy tree- Tree species: Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.

COMPARISON BETWEEN INOCULATED TREE AND HEALTHY TREE

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION IN AQUILARIA TREE

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CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION IN AQUILARIA TREE

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WARNING: FAKE AGARWOOD

Some fakers sell resinous wooden piece of Excoecaria agallocha tree in agarwood market and call it as agarwood. Excoecaria agallocha is also known as milky mangrove, blind-your-eye mangrove and fish poison, whose milky sap is poisonous.

Applied Biology Department