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THE PREPARATION OF SLIDES FOR
I~DIVIOUA~IZED STUDY OF
SHORTHAND
A Thesis
Pr2sented to
the Division of Business Education
Kansas State Teac-lers College of Empori a
Par t i a1 FuIf i 11 men t
0-- -ne R2quirements for tre Degree
Master of Science
by
-J Jean Gerardi --~
August 1972
~KmiddotCS~f ltApproved for 1h jOr[)ipartment
~ ~lu ----
I _~ I
j t ~~ l J I _ _ J
rr 327686
TABLE Of CONTENTS
PAGE LIST CF ~~3~~S v
Ch3p ter
1 INTRC~UCTION
The Problem
Statement of the Problem 1
I~portance of the Study 2
Delimitations of the Study 3
Definitions of Terms 4
Automatization 4
Individualized Study 5
Most-Used Words 5
MethoGs of Procedure 5
2 REVI EvJ OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
Remedi a1 Study shy 7
Time Factor in the Classroom 8
Psychological Implications 8
Individualized Study 8
Skinnerls Theory of Learnin9 10
Teaching-Learning Process 11
Inculcating Behavior 11
Shorthand Theory 12
Post Office Department State Abbreviations 13
iii
iv
Chapter PAGE
500 Most-US2G Words 14
lt 1 ices 15
Transpare~cy Fil~ 15
Slides ~nd Slide-~~king Materials 17
Care of S1-1 des 17
Eouioment Sa~rces 18
3 T~~ PREPARATION Of SHORT~AND SLIDES 20
Transparency Film 20
IVlateria1 Costs 21
Mas ter Sheets 22
Mounting the Slides 24
Coding the Slides 25
Storing the Slides 28
4 SU~MARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29
Summary 29
Conclusions 32
Recommenda ti ons 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
APPENDIXES 38
A ~aSt2r Sheets for the Preparation of Film 38
B Mounts film and Codes 126
C Film Samples 130
D Manufacturers and Distributors of Equipment and Supplies 136
LIST Of TABLES
--aoles Page
1 ~a~~~actlrers and Distributors af Slides Film 3i~d~~g Sorting and Mounting Equipment and S~~JJ ~ - 25 137
2 ~~nufact~rers and Distributors of Slide Projectors 138
3 Code System Used to Keep Slides in Sequence When Filing in Carousels 26
v
Chap~er 1
ITROJUCTION
-~ concept of indivh1izction of instruction is one of the most
p2vaS-V2 ~i~C~~2S dominatin r~2middotC2n elcat~on during the last decade It
bcr oJIUC01 r I Oi-hoY UJIl_J gt---S Il~_r ~gtr-~--r nfluence or greater N1o la1 -rO--~ 01 r~II QLshy
~~~JC~ u~on the development of ~G~ern eG~cational programs and the impleshy
~2~~a~~on of instructional changes II
i The teacher has and will continue
to ~lay a ~~jor role in classroom changes
In this era of th2 computer and the knowledge explosion what
b2-~er method could be eiiJloyed in individualizing instruction than the
mc-ine l1achines are capable of aiding the teacher in individualizing
~ns~ruction with proper programs to meet the needs of education today
A programmed machine can offer the student a controlled stimulus evoke a
response and provi~e reinforcement
Sj~ues and the slide projector can become economical tools for
incivi~ualize~ instruction in shorthand These tools can be used effecshy
tiv2ly in beginning shorthand or advanced shorthand and can be used on
b)~h t~2 secon~ary level and the post-secondary level of instruction
The Probleiil
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this stu~y was to prepare shorthand slides for
indivicua1izec stUGy for stuQcnts l skill improvement in writing brief
loyu K 3ishop Individualizing Educational Programs1IBusiness EGuca~ion Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
2
fori1s theory phras0s S-clt-~2 abbreviations and the middot500 most-used words
Tmn r-C -0 ~ --gt S-i-I~_1110 lC u -ULy
One of ~~e major unsolve~ proJle~s in teaching shorthand is helping
each Stu~2~t ~~~i2ve his best pctential Brenholt and Houghton stated
3~sic to ~~y shorthand c~iiculum are the philosophical and 2d~ca~~onal beliefs supported by those who design an~ implement it The folloJing beliefs are valued and accepted by business education faculties An individualized video shorthand program should be predicated upon the following philosophical bases
Each ~2rson is a unique individual as a result of his exper ences This statement implies that the learning process ane t at VJilich is leiirned will vary with each individual
2 Learning develops through involvement--which is the ~nt2raction of self with all the facets of the environment The student involved is continuously making choices the consequences of which shape his being
3 All the critical factors of any learning experience include con~ent the process of learning and interaction of learner and the teacher (or medium) All are equally important and all must be co~tinually evaluated in terms of stated behavioral objectives
Th~s philosophy of education is being reflected in a shortshyhan program which emphasizes the business education department1s responsibili-cy to the learner These responsibilities are
1 To provide a stimulating environment in which the learner ~i11 accept tne responsibility for his own intellectual emotional and behavioral development in order to achieve his own personal and professional objectives
2 To provide numerous opportunities for the learner to beco~e actively involved with content and processes through intershyaction with various classroom learning activities
3 To provide the profession with competent creative teachers capable of synthesizing knowledge informational resources and ecucational1technology so that the business education student may adequately fulfill his personal and societal needs
4 To provide continuously cooperative evaluation of each learner by the shorthand teacher and by the learner himself to assess his personal growth attainment
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
cgte C ~-i shyV) D- --c gt 2irIUI u ) bullbull -)
Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
+-----+-----+----------1
1
i
S~31S~W 3Hl 8Nrln~ ~Oj 133HS 30rn8 6pound
S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
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47
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48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
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I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
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joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
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I CA -shyof a word - I i
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SWJOJ 3 HIS
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52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
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I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
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Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
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54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
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-- 0shy
g1ad I
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I
J
i i I
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thank i I
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1
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order
)
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55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
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one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
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56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
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manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
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et 0
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57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
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---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
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_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
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C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
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Iregular I
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1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
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i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
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___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
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6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
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~-1I
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undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
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64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
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Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
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~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
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66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
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bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
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r y1
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-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
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r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
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-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
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gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
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myself
failure
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themselves
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a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
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-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
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~ CI
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__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
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_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
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-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
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ch--- --0 A ---
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74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
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Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
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jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
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-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
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op 0)
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178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
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South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
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II
I
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I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
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----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
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r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
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r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
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Y
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117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
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name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
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i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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-shy
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
laquo bull
139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
~-_~ ~~~~~_-~ bull gt ~ ~ tmiddot _~
r~j --~ij~~
l i (
- L-shy
- bullbullA
DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
--1 11 F-7- __ bullgt - -pound-
( ~~~) middot~A tptmiddot
rmiddot lI
Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
~
r
lio~
r _ ~~
----11deg1_
shy
0lt
t ~
GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
~ 1 ~
~-~~~~f
--~
r~W 0 -
c I
~ ~
j
Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
[~~
-
-0
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
~
~
iiii
143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
- ~1Yil L 4f117 ~ J sect ~-l~middot
~ Pl ~
I bull
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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Price bull _~-~J i -_ Projects
---~
7JIL~- Capacity Operation
ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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146
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
ill bullbull L ~ i Notes Adapts to any appropriate light source JJ_
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second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
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TABLE Of CONTENTS
PAGE LIST CF ~~3~~S v
Ch3p ter
1 INTRC~UCTION
The Problem
Statement of the Problem 1
I~portance of the Study 2
Delimitations of the Study 3
Definitions of Terms 4
Automatization 4
Individualized Study 5
Most-Used Words 5
MethoGs of Procedure 5
2 REVI EvJ OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
Remedi a1 Study shy 7
Time Factor in the Classroom 8
Psychological Implications 8
Individualized Study 8
Skinnerls Theory of Learnin9 10
Teaching-Learning Process 11
Inculcating Behavior 11
Shorthand Theory 12
Post Office Department State Abbreviations 13
iii
iv
Chapter PAGE
500 Most-US2G Words 14
lt 1 ices 15
Transpare~cy Fil~ 15
Slides ~nd Slide-~~king Materials 17
Care of S1-1 des 17
Eouioment Sa~rces 18
3 T~~ PREPARATION Of SHORT~AND SLIDES 20
Transparency Film 20
IVlateria1 Costs 21
Mas ter Sheets 22
Mounting the Slides 24
Coding the Slides 25
Storing the Slides 28
4 SU~MARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29
Summary 29
Conclusions 32
Recommenda ti ons 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
APPENDIXES 38
A ~aSt2r Sheets for the Preparation of Film 38
B Mounts film and Codes 126
C Film Samples 130
D Manufacturers and Distributors of Equipment and Supplies 136
LIST Of TABLES
--aoles Page
1 ~a~~~actlrers and Distributors af Slides Film 3i~d~~g Sorting and Mounting Equipment and S~~JJ ~ - 25 137
2 ~~nufact~rers and Distributors of Slide Projectors 138
3 Code System Used to Keep Slides in Sequence When Filing in Carousels 26
v
Chap~er 1
ITROJUCTION
-~ concept of indivh1izction of instruction is one of the most
p2vaS-V2 ~i~C~~2S dominatin r~2middotC2n elcat~on during the last decade It
bcr oJIUC01 r I Oi-hoY UJIl_J gt---S Il~_r ~gtr-~--r nfluence or greater N1o la1 -rO--~ 01 r~II QLshy
~~~JC~ u~on the development of ~G~ern eG~cational programs and the impleshy
~2~~a~~on of instructional changes II
i The teacher has and will continue
to ~lay a ~~jor role in classroom changes
In this era of th2 computer and the knowledge explosion what
b2-~er method could be eiiJloyed in individualizing instruction than the
mc-ine l1achines are capable of aiding the teacher in individualizing
~ns~ruction with proper programs to meet the needs of education today
A programmed machine can offer the student a controlled stimulus evoke a
response and provi~e reinforcement
Sj~ues and the slide projector can become economical tools for
incivi~ualize~ instruction in shorthand These tools can be used effecshy
tiv2ly in beginning shorthand or advanced shorthand and can be used on
b)~h t~2 secon~ary level and the post-secondary level of instruction
The Probleiil
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this stu~y was to prepare shorthand slides for
indivicua1izec stUGy for stuQcnts l skill improvement in writing brief
loyu K 3ishop Individualizing Educational Programs1IBusiness EGuca~ion Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
2
fori1s theory phras0s S-clt-~2 abbreviations and the middot500 most-used words
Tmn r-C -0 ~ --gt S-i-I~_1110 lC u -ULy
One of ~~e major unsolve~ proJle~s in teaching shorthand is helping
each Stu~2~t ~~~i2ve his best pctential Brenholt and Houghton stated
3~sic to ~~y shorthand c~iiculum are the philosophical and 2d~ca~~onal beliefs supported by those who design an~ implement it The folloJing beliefs are valued and accepted by business education faculties An individualized video shorthand program should be predicated upon the following philosophical bases
Each ~2rson is a unique individual as a result of his exper ences This statement implies that the learning process ane t at VJilich is leiirned will vary with each individual
2 Learning develops through involvement--which is the ~nt2raction of self with all the facets of the environment The student involved is continuously making choices the consequences of which shape his being
3 All the critical factors of any learning experience include con~ent the process of learning and interaction of learner and the teacher (or medium) All are equally important and all must be co~tinually evaluated in terms of stated behavioral objectives
Th~s philosophy of education is being reflected in a shortshyhan program which emphasizes the business education department1s responsibili-cy to the learner These responsibilities are
1 To provide a stimulating environment in which the learner ~i11 accept tne responsibility for his own intellectual emotional and behavioral development in order to achieve his own personal and professional objectives
2 To provide numerous opportunities for the learner to beco~e actively involved with content and processes through intershyaction with various classroom learning activities
3 To provide the profession with competent creative teachers capable of synthesizing knowledge informational resources and ecucational1technology so that the business education student may adequately fulfill his personal and societal needs
4 To provide continuously cooperative evaluation of each learner by the shorthand teacher and by the learner himself to assess his personal growth attainment
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
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Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
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1
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S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
bullbull ~c - shy _j I
SlNVNOSNOJ
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r I i I
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waw uaw (
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47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
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say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
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her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
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II
I
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I I I
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II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
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W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
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I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
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l -- _-~----shy
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----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
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work --
I yesterday
I
J
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I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
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63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
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__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
le 1
MAN
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AND
DIST
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OF
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W K
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19 N
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PO
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33
96
407
E R
edon
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each
Min
neap
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MN
55
415
Roc
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NY
1445
0 Lo
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es
CA 9
0025
New
Yor
k
NY
1003
6 C
olor
ado
Spr
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CO
809
07
Wic
hita
KS
67
201
Wic
hita
KS
67
209
New
Yor
k
NY
1000
1 H
olly
woo
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CA
9004
6
End
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NY 1
3760
S
cott
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357
Gar
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CA
902
47
W
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Tab
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2
MAN
UFAC
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OF S
LIDE
PRO
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ILLU
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
TABLE Of CONTENTS
PAGE LIST CF ~~3~~S v
Ch3p ter
1 INTRC~UCTION
The Problem
Statement of the Problem 1
I~portance of the Study 2
Delimitations of the Study 3
Definitions of Terms 4
Automatization 4
Individualized Study 5
Most-Used Words 5
MethoGs of Procedure 5
2 REVI EvJ OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
Remedi a1 Study shy 7
Time Factor in the Classroom 8
Psychological Implications 8
Individualized Study 8
Skinnerls Theory of Learnin9 10
Teaching-Learning Process 11
Inculcating Behavior 11
Shorthand Theory 12
Post Office Department State Abbreviations 13
iii
iv
Chapter PAGE
500 Most-US2G Words 14
lt 1 ices 15
Transpare~cy Fil~ 15
Slides ~nd Slide-~~king Materials 17
Care of S1-1 des 17
Eouioment Sa~rces 18
3 T~~ PREPARATION Of SHORT~AND SLIDES 20
Transparency Film 20
IVlateria1 Costs 21
Mas ter Sheets 22
Mounting the Slides 24
Coding the Slides 25
Storing the Slides 28
4 SU~MARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29
Summary 29
Conclusions 32
Recommenda ti ons 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
APPENDIXES 38
A ~aSt2r Sheets for the Preparation of Film 38
B Mounts film and Codes 126
C Film Samples 130
D Manufacturers and Distributors of Equipment and Supplies 136
LIST Of TABLES
--aoles Page
1 ~a~~~actlrers and Distributors af Slides Film 3i~d~~g Sorting and Mounting Equipment and S~~JJ ~ - 25 137
2 ~~nufact~rers and Distributors of Slide Projectors 138
3 Code System Used to Keep Slides in Sequence When Filing in Carousels 26
v
Chap~er 1
ITROJUCTION
-~ concept of indivh1izction of instruction is one of the most
p2vaS-V2 ~i~C~~2S dominatin r~2middotC2n elcat~on during the last decade It
bcr oJIUC01 r I Oi-hoY UJIl_J gt---S Il~_r ~gtr-~--r nfluence or greater N1o la1 -rO--~ 01 r~II QLshy
~~~JC~ u~on the development of ~G~ern eG~cational programs and the impleshy
~2~~a~~on of instructional changes II
i The teacher has and will continue
to ~lay a ~~jor role in classroom changes
In this era of th2 computer and the knowledge explosion what
b2-~er method could be eiiJloyed in individualizing instruction than the
mc-ine l1achines are capable of aiding the teacher in individualizing
~ns~ruction with proper programs to meet the needs of education today
A programmed machine can offer the student a controlled stimulus evoke a
response and provi~e reinforcement
Sj~ues and the slide projector can become economical tools for
incivi~ualize~ instruction in shorthand These tools can be used effecshy
tiv2ly in beginning shorthand or advanced shorthand and can be used on
b)~h t~2 secon~ary level and the post-secondary level of instruction
The Probleiil
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this stu~y was to prepare shorthand slides for
indivicua1izec stUGy for stuQcnts l skill improvement in writing brief
loyu K 3ishop Individualizing Educational Programs1IBusiness EGuca~ion Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
2
fori1s theory phras0s S-clt-~2 abbreviations and the middot500 most-used words
Tmn r-C -0 ~ --gt S-i-I~_1110 lC u -ULy
One of ~~e major unsolve~ proJle~s in teaching shorthand is helping
each Stu~2~t ~~~i2ve his best pctential Brenholt and Houghton stated
3~sic to ~~y shorthand c~iiculum are the philosophical and 2d~ca~~onal beliefs supported by those who design an~ implement it The folloJing beliefs are valued and accepted by business education faculties An individualized video shorthand program should be predicated upon the following philosophical bases
Each ~2rson is a unique individual as a result of his exper ences This statement implies that the learning process ane t at VJilich is leiirned will vary with each individual
2 Learning develops through involvement--which is the ~nt2raction of self with all the facets of the environment The student involved is continuously making choices the consequences of which shape his being
3 All the critical factors of any learning experience include con~ent the process of learning and interaction of learner and the teacher (or medium) All are equally important and all must be co~tinually evaluated in terms of stated behavioral objectives
Th~s philosophy of education is being reflected in a shortshyhan program which emphasizes the business education department1s responsibili-cy to the learner These responsibilities are
1 To provide a stimulating environment in which the learner ~i11 accept tne responsibility for his own intellectual emotional and behavioral development in order to achieve his own personal and professional objectives
2 To provide numerous opportunities for the learner to beco~e actively involved with content and processes through intershyaction with various classroom learning activities
3 To provide the profession with competent creative teachers capable of synthesizing knowledge informational resources and ecucational1technology so that the business education student may adequately fulfill his personal and societal needs
4 To provide continuously cooperative evaluation of each learner by the shorthand teacher and by the learner himself to assess his personal growth attainment
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
cgte C ~-i shyV) D- --c gt 2irIUI u ) bullbull -)
Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
+-----+-----+----------1
1
i
S~31S~W 3Hl 8Nrln~ ~Oj 133HS 30rn8 6pound
S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
bullbull ~c - shy _j I
SlNVNOSNOJ
to)
S133HS H31SVW
7 L
Cgt
i I
I
~----_----___
I
Pl -r-----shy ill
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I
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I I
c I i ( 5
I i i I
I
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2 I
l
7 ill~P P
1 I
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i
Z D HP HP ~ap
J~P pap
) ljgt q
--------~----------___shys~u-eUOSUOJ
---------- __--__----_--_--shymiddot--rmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot
sas 4S
I
I (
s -eWWOl)
S +Jal
I I
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II )j5u 5u i
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I ipu u
I I -J ~---__---shy -----shy
r I i I
unw pw jW uow U~W
waw uaw (
__--~__~--------__-
S+U1UOSU0l
j
iI
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4----+--+ --
(7 4+
S17
ST3MOA
JoJ
S133HS M31SfW
47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
~---l-
I
I
I
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say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
-p
I1
I
I I
I
her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
-=====e=shyi
II
I
I~ I
I I I
iJ i I
II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
I
W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
i
I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
I I ~
I I----i
r j
ye yellow yielded =7C=-- u
l -- _-~----shy
I----i----t- L-_
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______~ ~ _ p bullbull _
----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
~
work --
I yesterday
I
J
i i I
I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
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57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
S133HS C131SuW
__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
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----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
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116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
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117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
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c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
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d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
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I
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I
II
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----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
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119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
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see tell d Jl---
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wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
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120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
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cover cut
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121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
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didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
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JI
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123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
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real regret Q 1--0--
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124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
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MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
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CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
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California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
laquo bull
139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
~-_~ ~~~~~_-~ bull gt ~ ~ tmiddot _~
r~j --~ij~~
l i (
- L-shy
- bullbullA
DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
--1 11 F-7- __ bullgt - -pound-
( ~~~) middot~A tptmiddot
rmiddot lI
Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
~
r
lio~
r _ ~~
----11deg1_
shy
0lt
t ~
GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
~ 1 ~
~-~~~~f
--~
r~W 0 -
c I
~ ~
j
Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
[~~
-
-0
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
~
~
iiii
143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
- ~1Yil L 4f117 ~ J sect ~-l~middot
~ Pl ~
I bull
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
bull
MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Accessories
Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
r~-~
Price bull _~-~J i -_ Projects
---~
7JIL~- Capacity Operation
ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
-
gt-
bull shy
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Lamp Lens Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
1Aipound
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
~f=middotmiddotmiddotmiddot ( f -- --
r ~r
k
146
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
1- I - ~ij~~- ~~-) I
middotr f
AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
~~ ~-_ ~~- ~~I~~( ~ I -1 lt~~j111 ~I~~~ ~Zl
~
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j(~ J (I~J~ IImiddot ~~ J_~ 1= ~
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
I
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
~ltF ~
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
ill bullbull L ~ i Notes Adapts to any appropriate light source JJ_
~ llt--j
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
iv
Chapter PAGE
500 Most-US2G Words 14
lt 1 ices 15
Transpare~cy Fil~ 15
Slides ~nd Slide-~~king Materials 17
Care of S1-1 des 17
Eouioment Sa~rces 18
3 T~~ PREPARATION Of SHORT~AND SLIDES 20
Transparency Film 20
IVlateria1 Costs 21
Mas ter Sheets 22
Mounting the Slides 24
Coding the Slides 25
Storing the Slides 28
4 SU~MARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29
Summary 29
Conclusions 32
Recommenda ti ons 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
APPENDIXES 38
A ~aSt2r Sheets for the Preparation of Film 38
B Mounts film and Codes 126
C Film Samples 130
D Manufacturers and Distributors of Equipment and Supplies 136
LIST Of TABLES
--aoles Page
1 ~a~~~actlrers and Distributors af Slides Film 3i~d~~g Sorting and Mounting Equipment and S~~JJ ~ - 25 137
2 ~~nufact~rers and Distributors of Slide Projectors 138
3 Code System Used to Keep Slides in Sequence When Filing in Carousels 26
v
Chap~er 1
ITROJUCTION
-~ concept of indivh1izction of instruction is one of the most
p2vaS-V2 ~i~C~~2S dominatin r~2middotC2n elcat~on during the last decade It
bcr oJIUC01 r I Oi-hoY UJIl_J gt---S Il~_r ~gtr-~--r nfluence or greater N1o la1 -rO--~ 01 r~II QLshy
~~~JC~ u~on the development of ~G~ern eG~cational programs and the impleshy
~2~~a~~on of instructional changes II
i The teacher has and will continue
to ~lay a ~~jor role in classroom changes
In this era of th2 computer and the knowledge explosion what
b2-~er method could be eiiJloyed in individualizing instruction than the
mc-ine l1achines are capable of aiding the teacher in individualizing
~ns~ruction with proper programs to meet the needs of education today
A programmed machine can offer the student a controlled stimulus evoke a
response and provi~e reinforcement
Sj~ues and the slide projector can become economical tools for
incivi~ualize~ instruction in shorthand These tools can be used effecshy
tiv2ly in beginning shorthand or advanced shorthand and can be used on
b)~h t~2 secon~ary level and the post-secondary level of instruction
The Probleiil
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this stu~y was to prepare shorthand slides for
indivicua1izec stUGy for stuQcnts l skill improvement in writing brief
loyu K 3ishop Individualizing Educational Programs1IBusiness EGuca~ion Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
2
fori1s theory phras0s S-clt-~2 abbreviations and the middot500 most-used words
Tmn r-C -0 ~ --gt S-i-I~_1110 lC u -ULy
One of ~~e major unsolve~ proJle~s in teaching shorthand is helping
each Stu~2~t ~~~i2ve his best pctential Brenholt and Houghton stated
3~sic to ~~y shorthand c~iiculum are the philosophical and 2d~ca~~onal beliefs supported by those who design an~ implement it The folloJing beliefs are valued and accepted by business education faculties An individualized video shorthand program should be predicated upon the following philosophical bases
Each ~2rson is a unique individual as a result of his exper ences This statement implies that the learning process ane t at VJilich is leiirned will vary with each individual
2 Learning develops through involvement--which is the ~nt2raction of self with all the facets of the environment The student involved is continuously making choices the consequences of which shape his being
3 All the critical factors of any learning experience include con~ent the process of learning and interaction of learner and the teacher (or medium) All are equally important and all must be co~tinually evaluated in terms of stated behavioral objectives
Th~s philosophy of education is being reflected in a shortshyhan program which emphasizes the business education department1s responsibili-cy to the learner These responsibilities are
1 To provide a stimulating environment in which the learner ~i11 accept tne responsibility for his own intellectual emotional and behavioral development in order to achieve his own personal and professional objectives
2 To provide numerous opportunities for the learner to beco~e actively involved with content and processes through intershyaction with various classroom learning activities
3 To provide the profession with competent creative teachers capable of synthesizing knowledge informational resources and ecucational1technology so that the business education student may adequately fulfill his personal and societal needs
4 To provide continuously cooperative evaluation of each learner by the shorthand teacher and by the learner himself to assess his personal growth attainment
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
cgte C ~-i shyV) D- --c gt 2irIUI u ) bullbull -)
Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
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I
I I
II
I I
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DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
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47
a
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shyi
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9
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fine I ~--
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line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
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joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
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I CA -shyof a word - I i
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52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
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_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
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with but I
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---------
their this
there J J
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----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
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them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
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54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
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55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
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were I I I value
year
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why business JI (i CJ
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gentlemen morningLshy I I
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Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
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et 0
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wish
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advantage
advertise
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57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
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next
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under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
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1- _ _ _L
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59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
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newspaper purpose
-F
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( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
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____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
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recognize never v--L-1d
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experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
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19
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63
Per- Purshy
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purchase
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~
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64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
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~ i
c
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65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
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Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
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Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
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Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
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66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
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Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
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Trans- translate transportation ~
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----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
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bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
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69
-ment treatment alignment
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--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
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r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
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74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
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South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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1445
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0025
New
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NY
1003
6 C
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CO
809
07
Wic
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KS
67
201
Wic
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KS
67
209
New
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NY
1000
1 H
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CA
9004
6
End
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3760
S
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MAN
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981
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
LIST Of TABLES
--aoles Page
1 ~a~~~actlrers and Distributors af Slides Film 3i~d~~g Sorting and Mounting Equipment and S~~JJ ~ - 25 137
2 ~~nufact~rers and Distributors of Slide Projectors 138
3 Code System Used to Keep Slides in Sequence When Filing in Carousels 26
v
Chap~er 1
ITROJUCTION
-~ concept of indivh1izction of instruction is one of the most
p2vaS-V2 ~i~C~~2S dominatin r~2middotC2n elcat~on during the last decade It
bcr oJIUC01 r I Oi-hoY UJIl_J gt---S Il~_r ~gtr-~--r nfluence or greater N1o la1 -rO--~ 01 r~II QLshy
~~~JC~ u~on the development of ~G~ern eG~cational programs and the impleshy
~2~~a~~on of instructional changes II
i The teacher has and will continue
to ~lay a ~~jor role in classroom changes
In this era of th2 computer and the knowledge explosion what
b2-~er method could be eiiJloyed in individualizing instruction than the
mc-ine l1achines are capable of aiding the teacher in individualizing
~ns~ruction with proper programs to meet the needs of education today
A programmed machine can offer the student a controlled stimulus evoke a
response and provi~e reinforcement
Sj~ues and the slide projector can become economical tools for
incivi~ualize~ instruction in shorthand These tools can be used effecshy
tiv2ly in beginning shorthand or advanced shorthand and can be used on
b)~h t~2 secon~ary level and the post-secondary level of instruction
The Probleiil
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this stu~y was to prepare shorthand slides for
indivicua1izec stUGy for stuQcnts l skill improvement in writing brief
loyu K 3ishop Individualizing Educational Programs1IBusiness EGuca~ion Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
2
fori1s theory phras0s S-clt-~2 abbreviations and the middot500 most-used words
Tmn r-C -0 ~ --gt S-i-I~_1110 lC u -ULy
One of ~~e major unsolve~ proJle~s in teaching shorthand is helping
each Stu~2~t ~~~i2ve his best pctential Brenholt and Houghton stated
3~sic to ~~y shorthand c~iiculum are the philosophical and 2d~ca~~onal beliefs supported by those who design an~ implement it The folloJing beliefs are valued and accepted by business education faculties An individualized video shorthand program should be predicated upon the following philosophical bases
Each ~2rson is a unique individual as a result of his exper ences This statement implies that the learning process ane t at VJilich is leiirned will vary with each individual
2 Learning develops through involvement--which is the ~nt2raction of self with all the facets of the environment The student involved is continuously making choices the consequences of which shape his being
3 All the critical factors of any learning experience include con~ent the process of learning and interaction of learner and the teacher (or medium) All are equally important and all must be co~tinually evaluated in terms of stated behavioral objectives
Th~s philosophy of education is being reflected in a shortshyhan program which emphasizes the business education department1s responsibili-cy to the learner These responsibilities are
1 To provide a stimulating environment in which the learner ~i11 accept tne responsibility for his own intellectual emotional and behavioral development in order to achieve his own personal and professional objectives
2 To provide numerous opportunities for the learner to beco~e actively involved with content and processes through intershyaction with various classroom learning activities
3 To provide the profession with competent creative teachers capable of synthesizing knowledge informational resources and ecucational1technology so that the business education student may adequately fulfill his personal and societal needs
4 To provide continuously cooperative evaluation of each learner by the shorthand teacher and by the learner himself to assess his personal growth attainment
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
cgte C ~-i shyV) D- --c gt 2irIUI u ) bullbull -)
Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
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S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
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I
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II
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1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
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CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
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47
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48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
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49
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SWJOJ 3 HIS
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52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
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1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
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( ~
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t1 I C i I ----shy
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Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
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54
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was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
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-- 0shy
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I
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order
)
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55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
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one than
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what i about
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gentlemen morningLshy I I
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Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
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et 0
after
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i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
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57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
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how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
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58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
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satisfy y-shy
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next
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under I
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particular c ---------1
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probable
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59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
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regard opinion L~
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circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
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60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
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experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
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------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
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19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
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63
Per- Purshy
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G-o
_
purchase
J-j
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C-_P embarrass
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--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
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Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
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Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
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Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
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d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
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Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
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Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
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if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
SB3HS K31SVW
69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
S133HS C131SuW
__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
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CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
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Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
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CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
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---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
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OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
[~~
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
~
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143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Accessories
Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
r~-~
Price bull _~-~J i -_ Projects
---~
7JIL~- Capacity Operation
ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
1- I - ~ij~~- ~~-) I
middotr f
AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
~~ ~-_ ~~- ~~I~~( ~ I -1 lt~~j111 ~I~~~ ~Zl
~
--~~ ~~ ~
j(~ J (I~J~ IImiddot ~~ J_~ 1= ~
~ zI-- - 1lt
Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
I
z z~-I u
1 I 4 j
_rtmiddotd101 ~-t
~Oj L
-Jt~~ 1
~~
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middot1 i KIIFCl _ ---it
148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
~ltF ~
r~
(
~ I U
- ~ FU ~ r rv
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
ill bullbull L ~ i Notes Adapts to any appropriate light source JJ_
~ llt--j
QmiddotII S11
l~~
b I I~l~
l111111111U11II111D 1 t I ----
AlIIlIlllltllmllU
lo -~l
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bull
r7 1- J bullr
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
Chap~er 1
ITROJUCTION
-~ concept of indivh1izction of instruction is one of the most
p2vaS-V2 ~i~C~~2S dominatin r~2middotC2n elcat~on during the last decade It
bcr oJIUC01 r I Oi-hoY UJIl_J gt---S Il~_r ~gtr-~--r nfluence or greater N1o la1 -rO--~ 01 r~II QLshy
~~~JC~ u~on the development of ~G~ern eG~cational programs and the impleshy
~2~~a~~on of instructional changes II
i The teacher has and will continue
to ~lay a ~~jor role in classroom changes
In this era of th2 computer and the knowledge explosion what
b2-~er method could be eiiJloyed in individualizing instruction than the
mc-ine l1achines are capable of aiding the teacher in individualizing
~ns~ruction with proper programs to meet the needs of education today
A programmed machine can offer the student a controlled stimulus evoke a
response and provi~e reinforcement
Sj~ues and the slide projector can become economical tools for
incivi~ualize~ instruction in shorthand These tools can be used effecshy
tiv2ly in beginning shorthand or advanced shorthand and can be used on
b)~h t~2 secon~ary level and the post-secondary level of instruction
The Probleiil
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this stu~y was to prepare shorthand slides for
indivicua1izec stUGy for stuQcnts l skill improvement in writing brief
loyu K 3ishop Individualizing Educational Programs1IBusiness EGuca~ion Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
2
fori1s theory phras0s S-clt-~2 abbreviations and the middot500 most-used words
Tmn r-C -0 ~ --gt S-i-I~_1110 lC u -ULy
One of ~~e major unsolve~ proJle~s in teaching shorthand is helping
each Stu~2~t ~~~i2ve his best pctential Brenholt and Houghton stated
3~sic to ~~y shorthand c~iiculum are the philosophical and 2d~ca~~onal beliefs supported by those who design an~ implement it The folloJing beliefs are valued and accepted by business education faculties An individualized video shorthand program should be predicated upon the following philosophical bases
Each ~2rson is a unique individual as a result of his exper ences This statement implies that the learning process ane t at VJilich is leiirned will vary with each individual
2 Learning develops through involvement--which is the ~nt2raction of self with all the facets of the environment The student involved is continuously making choices the consequences of which shape his being
3 All the critical factors of any learning experience include con~ent the process of learning and interaction of learner and the teacher (or medium) All are equally important and all must be co~tinually evaluated in terms of stated behavioral objectives
Th~s philosophy of education is being reflected in a shortshyhan program which emphasizes the business education department1s responsibili-cy to the learner These responsibilities are
1 To provide a stimulating environment in which the learner ~i11 accept tne responsibility for his own intellectual emotional and behavioral development in order to achieve his own personal and professional objectives
2 To provide numerous opportunities for the learner to beco~e actively involved with content and processes through intershyaction with various classroom learning activities
3 To provide the profession with competent creative teachers capable of synthesizing knowledge informational resources and ecucational1technology so that the business education student may adequately fulfill his personal and societal needs
4 To provide continuously cooperative evaluation of each learner by the shorthand teacher and by the learner himself to assess his personal growth attainment
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
cgte C ~-i shyV) D- --c gt 2irIUI u ) bullbull -)
Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
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1
i
S~31S~W 3Hl 8Nrln~ ~Oj 133HS 30rn8 6pound
S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
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CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
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r pJ ----shy
J
)
I d
L----------Ll ------t-------~ I
II )j5u 5u i
I ~ i 1
I III I
I ipu u
I I -J ~---__---shy -----shy
r I i I
unw pw jW uow U~W
waw uaw (
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S+U1UOSU0l
j
iI
zx
4----+--+ --
(7 4+
S17
ST3MOA
JoJ
S133HS M31SfW
47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
~---l-
I
I
I
_ __J
say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
-p
I1
I
I I
I
her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
-=====e=shyi
II
I
I~ I
I I I
iJ i I
II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
I
W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
i
I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
I I ~
I I----i
r j
ye yellow yielded =7C=-- u
l -- _-~----shy
I----i----t- L-_
i i
I
Ii
______~ ~ _ p bullbull _
----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
~
work --
I yesterday
I
J
i i I
I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
SB3HS K31SVW
69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
S133HS C131SuW
__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
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- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
le 1
MAN
UFAC
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AND
DIST
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OF
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and
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55
415
Roc
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NY
1445
0 Lo
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CA 9
0025
New
Yor
k
NY
1003
6 C
olor
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Spr
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CO
809
07
Wic
hita
KS
67
201
Wic
hita
KS
67
209
New
Yor
k
NY
1000
1 H
olly
woo
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CA
9004
6
End
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NY 1
3760
S
cott
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357
Gar
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CA
902
47
W
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Tab
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2
MAN
UFAC
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OF S
LIDE
PRO
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ILLU
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ON T
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Dec
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0762
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801
20
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22
151
Hud
son
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10
553
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981
21
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0764
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115
E 5
5 S
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630
Nin
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-shy
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
laquo bull
139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
~-_~ ~~~~~_-~ bull gt ~ ~ tmiddot _~
r~j --~ij~~
l i (
- L-shy
- bullbullA
DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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146
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
2
fori1s theory phras0s S-clt-~2 abbreviations and the middot500 most-used words
Tmn r-C -0 ~ --gt S-i-I~_1110 lC u -ULy
One of ~~e major unsolve~ proJle~s in teaching shorthand is helping
each Stu~2~t ~~~i2ve his best pctential Brenholt and Houghton stated
3~sic to ~~y shorthand c~iiculum are the philosophical and 2d~ca~~onal beliefs supported by those who design an~ implement it The folloJing beliefs are valued and accepted by business education faculties An individualized video shorthand program should be predicated upon the following philosophical bases
Each ~2rson is a unique individual as a result of his exper ences This statement implies that the learning process ane t at VJilich is leiirned will vary with each individual
2 Learning develops through involvement--which is the ~nt2raction of self with all the facets of the environment The student involved is continuously making choices the consequences of which shape his being
3 All the critical factors of any learning experience include con~ent the process of learning and interaction of learner and the teacher (or medium) All are equally important and all must be co~tinually evaluated in terms of stated behavioral objectives
Th~s philosophy of education is being reflected in a shortshyhan program which emphasizes the business education department1s responsibili-cy to the learner These responsibilities are
1 To provide a stimulating environment in which the learner ~i11 accept tne responsibility for his own intellectual emotional and behavioral development in order to achieve his own personal and professional objectives
2 To provide numerous opportunities for the learner to beco~e actively involved with content and processes through intershyaction with various classroom learning activities
3 To provide the profession with competent creative teachers capable of synthesizing knowledge informational resources and ecucational1technology so that the business education student may adequately fulfill his personal and societal needs
4 To provide continuously cooperative evaluation of each learner by the shorthand teacher and by the learner himself to assess his personal growth attainment
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
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Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
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Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
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II
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DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
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line -~
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48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
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I I
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---~_-~ i 1
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00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
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SWJOJ 3 HIS
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52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
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I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
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put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
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54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
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-- 0shy
g1ad I
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I
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thank i I
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order
)
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55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
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one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
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i I I I thing
I
great I
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think i ~
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why business JI (i CJ
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i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
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lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
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------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
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63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
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___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
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r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
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__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
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80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
le 1
MAN
UFAC
TURE
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AND
DIST
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OF
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BIND
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AND
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and
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Bus
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s Pr
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In
c M
onta
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Inc
Pla
stic
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S middotS
even
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01
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WSe
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W K
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N
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19 N
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Ave
PO
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33
96
407
E R
edon
do B
each
Min
neap
olis
MN
55
415
Roc
hest
er
NY
1445
0 Lo
s A
ngel
es
CA 9
0025
New
Yor
k
NY
1003
6 C
olor
ado
Spr
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CO
809
07
Wic
hita
KS
67
201
Wic
hita
KS
67
209
New
Yor
k
NY
1000
1 H
olly
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CA
9004
6
End
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NY 1
3760
S
cott
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
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63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
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HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
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t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
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I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
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3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
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Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
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second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
3
~~~~~~ic~al ~2chnology W 2n properly utilized may provide r~o~middot2 middotdeg0 inliviGua] pusu ts in intellectual inquiry creative enu22VG and provocative reflection The focus must be on the lear~ a~d th~ processes of learning l
With the exc2~tion of dictation tapes little has been done in the
ar2J of shortha~ri s~ill i~provement on an individualized basis using
~ bull V ~ -- - - ~ -~ - 2h~11Ipgt ~ C jn~ l
3ipound22 quomiddotc2d Sidnner on the error of not employing materials and
tecJnio~2s that are ~vailable to education I
In education we design and re-G2sign our curricula in a ~esperate attempt to provide a liberal education while steadshyfastly refusing to employ available engineering techniques which would efficiently build the interests and instill the ~nowledge which are the goals of education 3
RJsson said Every available aid should be used in building shortshy
(ian and transcription skill4 In the aids listed (notebook pen pencil
Chalkboard tapes and records) there was no mention of the use of slides
Delimitations of the Study
The shorthand slides that were prepared were designed for the
equipment available at Chanute Senior High School Chanute Kansas
The study was correlated with the Diamond Jubilee Series of Gregg
Shorthand
lJoAnne fmiddoti Brenholt anli Edard L Houghton Individualized Video ShorthanG Instruction The Balance Sh2et LUI (May 1972) 342
2F A Foss and G L Pearce Liven Up Laboratory Learning with Syrchronized 2 X 2 Souna Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 228
3~orris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Har~er a~d Row 1964) p 134
4Allien R Russon Methods of Teachin 119 (Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
cgte C ~-i shyV) D- --c gt 2irIUI u ) bullbull -)
Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
+-----+-----+----------1
1
i
S~31S~W 3Hl 8Nrln~ ~Oj 133HS 30rn8 6pound
S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
bullbull ~c - shy _j I
SlNVNOSNOJ
to)
S133HS H31SVW
7 L
Cgt
i I
I
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I
Pl -r-----shy ill
bull r =r I t
I
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I I
c I i ( 5
I i i I
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2 I
l
7 ill~P P
1 I
I
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i
Z D HP HP ~ap
J~P pap
) ljgt q
--------~----------___shys~u-eUOSUOJ
---------- __--__----_--_--shymiddot--rmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot
sas 4S
I
I (
s -eWWOl)
S +Jal
I I
II
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r pJ ----shy
J
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II )j5u 5u i
I ~ i 1
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r I i I
unw pw jW uow U~W
waw uaw (
__--~__~--------__-
S+U1UOSU0l
j
iI
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4----+--+ --
(7 4+
S17
ST3MOA
JoJ
S133HS M31SfW
47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
~---l-
I
I
I
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say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
-p
I1
I
I I
I
her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
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II
I
I~ I
I I I
iJ i I
II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
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~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
I
W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
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I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
I I ~
I I----i
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ye yellow yielded =7C=-- u
l -- _-~----shy
I----i----t- L-_
i i
I
Ii
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----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
~
work --
I yesterday
I
J
i i I
I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
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il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
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regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
SB3HS K31SVW
69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
S133HS C131SuW
__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
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CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
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Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
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Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
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When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
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---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
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Tab
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
[~~
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
~
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iiii
143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Accessories
Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
r~-~
Price bull _~-~J i -_ Projects
---~
7JIL~- Capacity Operation
ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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k
146
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
1- I - ~ij~~- ~~-) I
middotr f
AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
~~ ~-_ ~~- ~~I~~( ~ I -1 lt~~j111 ~I~~~ ~Zl
~
--~~ ~~ ~
j(~ J (I~J~ IImiddot ~~ J_~ 1= ~
~ zI-- - 1lt
Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
I
z z~-I u
1 I 4 j
_rtmiddotd101 ~-t
~Oj L
-Jt~~ 1
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middot1 i KIIFCl _ ---it
148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
~ltF ~
r~
(
~ I U
- ~ FU ~ r rv
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
ill bullbull L ~ i Notes Adapts to any appropriate light source JJ_
~ llt--j
QmiddotII S11
l~~
b I I~l~
l111111111U11II111D 1 t I ----
AlIIlIlllltllmllU
lo -~l
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bull
r7 1- J bullr
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
4
The theory slides consisted only of the trleory listed in the index
of Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic charshy
acters amounts days figures ~onth~ punctuation quantities weights
anG measures word beginnings a~J word endinssl A maximum of two words
IJer2 given as examples for anyone theory
Tne phrase slides consiS~2~ on~y of phrases listed in ~
D ~ ~--a--~ n ( -~ - -- ~I J i I
1-~
cgte C ~-i shyV) D- --c gt 2irIUI u ) bullbull -)
Ine 5eO ~ost-used words slides consisted only of the 500 most-used
words listeu in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond
Jubilee ~cition3
Li~itations of the Study
Information used in the development of the study was obtained pri shy
marny from the vJilliam Allen Jhite Library and the Instructional Media
Cei~ter at Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Kansas
Definitions of Terms
AUOffi ti za ti on
Automatization is the process by which an act becomes so habitual
ard routine that it is performed without any conscious thought or mental
e -c~r+ 4 lUI
lUG~n R Gregg Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamp~onu Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1969) pp 381-383
2Louis A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and Madeline S Strony Gregg Dictation Diamo~d Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963) P 511-512
3HamdenL Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Dia~ond Jub~lee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co bull 1966 ~p 1-34
4Carter V Good Dictionary of Education 2d ed (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc bull 1963) p 50
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
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1
i
S~31S~W 3Hl 8Nrln~ ~Oj 133HS 30rn8 6pound
S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
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1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
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CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
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48
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ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
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49
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52 Brief Forms
MrI
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_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
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- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
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53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
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54
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soon enclose ~2shy
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Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
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where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
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57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
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how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
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58 Brief Forms
question
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59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
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newspaper purpose
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60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
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experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
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Per- Purshy
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Beginnin~ls
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II
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enterprise entrance -~ -(
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110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
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-ment treatment alignment
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-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
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-i ngs readings blessings
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P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
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400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
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$4000 $400000 yViI
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_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
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Tuesday
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I
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76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
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Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
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til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
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IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
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I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
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80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
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had been has been able ableA
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have not I have not been able been ablei l
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----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
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able to see glad to see
~ ~0
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82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
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in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
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Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
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for a few ina days
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for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
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Chamber of Commerce I
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178
S31V1S
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1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
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( i
imiddotl _______- _
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Georgia I I
J
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f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
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Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
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0
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Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
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r
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88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
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I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
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j I
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t _1 ____ ~~
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91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
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asked 9-v I
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be (
before lt f
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believe
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care i company ~ I I
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92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
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I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
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I have I her
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in home
c not
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500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
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1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
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office ( I on I
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l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
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94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
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very ) we ~
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weeks well
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1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
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95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
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am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
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~(
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96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
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me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
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l- _
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pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
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present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
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---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
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o
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L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
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came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
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find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
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102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
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year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
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Friday good ~w
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how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
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I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
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106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
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rather
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winter all~
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almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
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fr- - 010shy
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busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
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show
used
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_ _-_-_ __
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L
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whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
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r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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-shy
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
laquo bull
139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
~-_~ ~~~~~_-~ bull gt ~ ~ tmiddot _~
r~j --~ij~~
l i (
- L-shy
- bullbullA
DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
--1 11 F-7- __ bullgt - -pound-
( ~~~) middot~A tptmiddot
rmiddot lI
Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
~
r
lio~
r _ ~~
----11deg1_
shy
0lt
t ~
GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
~ 1 ~
~-~~~~f
--~
r~W 0 -
c I
~ ~
j
Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
[~~
-
-0
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
~
~
iiii
143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
- ~1Yil L 4f117 ~ J sect ~-l~middot
~ Pl ~
I bull
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
bull
MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
~l )~U11~ ~W ~ltiraquo
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Accessories
Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
r~-~
Price bull _~-~J i -_ Projects
---~
7JIL~- Capacity Operation
ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
-
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Lamp Lens Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
1Aipound
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
~f=middotmiddotmiddotmiddot ( f -- --
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146
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
1- I - ~ij~~- ~~-) I
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
~~ ~-_ ~~- ~~I~~( ~ I -1 lt~~j111 ~I~~~ ~Zl
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
I
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
ill bullbull L ~ i Notes Adapts to any appropriate light source JJ_
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
5
I i~d-i vi c~( 1i ZeG Studl
I~dividualized s~udy is study activities that are differentiated to
~eet the needs of the student instead of being the same for all those in a
S Ady group I
r~ost-Used lords
Frequency of use was the criterion for the selection which includes
2basic vocabulary and frequently used geographical and proper names
Methods of Procedure
The slides to be prepared were divided into five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words These areas were selected on the basis of individualized study
that would be most useful in a Shorthand I class
The methods of procedure used in this study of the preparation of
slides were as follows
1 Available literat~re was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Advise was solicited from Mr L R Marks at the Instructional
Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College at Enlporia Kansas and
film materials were tested
3 Price quotati6ns were secured on film mounts and carousels
1Ibid p 53l
2~ I degt degjOrKner op Cl p lX
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
l V rCcen~r t 1J 11 r~ i
Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
+-----+-----+----------1
1
i
S~31S~W 3Hl 8Nrln~ ~Oj 133HS 30rn8 6pound
S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
bullbull ~c - shy _j I
SlNVNOSNOJ
to)
S133HS H31SVW
7 L
Cgt
i I
I
~----_----___
I
Pl -r-----shy ill
bull r =r I t
I
L- bull
I I
c I i ( 5
I i i I
I
-------j- I
2 I
l
7 ill~P P
1 I
I
Ii I
~
iI j
i
Z D HP HP ~ap
J~P pap
) ljgt q
--------~----------___shys~u-eUOSUOJ
---------- __--__----_--_--shymiddot--rmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot
sas 4S
I
I (
s -eWWOl)
S +Jal
I I
II
_ -~ ---shy
r pJ ----shy
J
)
I d
L----------Ll ------t-------~ I
II )j5u 5u i
I ~ i 1
I III I
I ipu u
I I -J ~---__---shy -----shy
r I i I
unw pw jW uow U~W
waw uaw (
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S+U1UOSU0l
j
iI
zx
4----+--+ --
(7 4+
S17
ST3MOA
JoJ
S133HS M31SfW
47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
~---l-
I
I
I
_ __J
say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
-p
I1
I
I I
I
her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
-=====e=shyi
II
I
I~ I
I I I
iJ i I
II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
I
W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
i
I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
I I ~
I I----i
r j
ye yellow yielded =7C=-- u
l -- _-~----shy
I----i----t- L-_
i i
I
Ii
______~ ~ _ p bullbull _
----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
~
work --
I yesterday
I
J
i i I
I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
SB3HS K31SVW
69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
S133HS C131SuW
__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
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- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
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7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
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answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
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L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
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came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
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find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
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o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
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havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
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r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
le 1
MAN
UFAC
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AND
DIST
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and
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55
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Roc
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NY
1445
0 Lo
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CA 9
0025
New
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NY
1003
6 C
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CO
809
07
Wic
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KS
67
201
Wic
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KS
67
209
New
Yor
k
NY
1000
1 H
olly
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CA
9004
6
End
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NY 1
3760
S
cott
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357
Gar
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CA
902
47
W
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Tab
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2
MAN
UFAC
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PRO
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ILLU
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ON T
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801
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22
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553
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981
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
laquo bull
139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
~-_~ ~~~~~_-~ bull gt ~ ~ tmiddot _~
r~j --~ij~~
l i (
- L-shy
- bullbullA
DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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146
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
ill bullbull L ~ i Notes Adapts to any appropriate light source JJ_
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
6
I
4 tgtihite 8 12 by 11 inch shees were ruled for 28 squares size
~ -~ by 516 inches e2ch to ~Q~ch t~e slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets to be used in the preparation of the
film
5 ~ounts and carousels were purchased for the slides
S The transparencies were prepared with Xerographic Film on a
Xerox ~odel 914 ~achine at the Irstructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
7 The transparencies were cut into sections and each section
was mounted in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
8 MteY the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
9 A sum~ary was made of the study conclusions were stated and
recommendations were made
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
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Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
+-----+-----+----------1
1
i
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S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
bullbull ~c - shy _j I
SlNVNOSNOJ
to)
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7 L
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I
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I
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bull r =r I t
I
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l
7 ill~P P
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i
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J~P pap
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--------~----------___shys~u-eUOSUOJ
---------- __--__----_--_--shymiddot--rmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot
sas 4S
I
I (
s -eWWOl)
S +Jal
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II
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r pJ ----shy
J
)
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L----------Ll ------t-------~ I
II )j5u 5u i
I ~ i 1
I III I
I ipu u
I I -J ~---__---shy -----shy
r I i I
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waw uaw (
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47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
~---l-
I
I
I
_ __J
say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
-p
I1
I
I I
I
her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
-=====e=shyi
II
I
I~ I
I I I
iJ i I
II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
I
W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
i
I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
I I ~
I I----i
r j
ye yellow yielded =7C=-- u
l -- _-~----shy
I----i----t- L-_
i i
I
Ii
______~ ~ _ p bullbull _
----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
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-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
~
work --
I yesterday
I
J
i i I
I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
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63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
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__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
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I have I her
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500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
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office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
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I orders position I
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l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
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9
~
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r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
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SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
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MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
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CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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1445
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0025
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1003
6 C
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CO
809
07
Wic
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KS
67
201
Wic
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KS
67
209
New
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NY
1000
1 H
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CA
9004
6
End
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3760
S
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357
Gar
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902
47
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MAN
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
laquo bull
139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
Clapter 2
~J -~ =ltELA--ED LITERATURE
The use o~ S~~2S ana sc~~J sl~ces in shorthand is so new and funds
have been so 1~l- middot~2C lu~ progr(ss h~s ~-ot been made beyond the experimental
stage 1 As a result little has beer written regarding actual studies
The literature r~viewed dealt primarily with learning theories and
t2cnniq~es ~aterial selection for slides and preparation of slides and
equipr12r1t
Remedial Study
Students do not progress at the same rate and some students have
difficu1ty in adapting to shorthand asa nevI medium of cOITUTIunication Once
they fall behind it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to catch
up Condon suggested a technique that has improved the situation with conshy
siderable success
SO~2 teachers do not use the regular textbooks for a week or 1JO Instead they use specially prepared materials designed to introshyduce tne SUbj2C~ of shorthand in a simple and brief preview Most of the alphabet and a few brief forms are included in this presentation ~riting is included from the beginning but only a few simple sentences are used This plan introduces the student to this new type of learnshying activity At the completion of this brief unit the class beginsusing the regular textbook by which time much faster p~ogress and more complete mastery may be expected as a result of thispreview 2
1f A Foss and G L pearce IlLi ven Up Laboratory Learni ng Wi th Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (tiJarch 196~L 288
2lnold Condon IIS ecre tarial Education with a Future The American Busi ness Ecuca ti on Yearbook XIX (Somervi 11 e New Jersey Somerset Press 1So2) ppbull jj ~- lJ b
7
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
l~~i 0 I ~V-=
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Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
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1
i
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S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
bullbull ~c - shy _j I
SlNVNOSNOJ
to)
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I
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i
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J~P pap
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--------~----------___shys~u-eUOSUOJ
---------- __--__----_--_--shymiddot--rmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot
sas 4S
I
I (
s -eWWOl)
S +Jal
I I
II
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r pJ ----shy
J
)
I d
L----------Ll ------t-------~ I
II )j5u 5u i
I ~ i 1
I III I
I ipu u
I I -J ~---__---shy -----shy
r I i I
unw pw jW uow U~W
waw uaw (
__--~__~--------__-
S+U1UOSU0l
j
iI
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4----+--+ --
(7 4+
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47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
~---l-
I
I
I
_ __J
say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
-p
I1
I
I I
I
her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
-=====e=shyi
II
I
I~ I
I I I
iJ i I
II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
I
W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
i
I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
I I ~
I I----i
r j
ye yellow yielded =7C=-- u
l -- _-~----shy
I----i----t- L-_
i i
I
Ii
______~ ~ _ p bullbull _
----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
~
work --
I yesterday
I
J
i i I
I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
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63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
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__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
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--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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AND
DIST
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19 N
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96
407
E R
edon
do B
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Min
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MN
55
415
Roc
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NY
1445
0 Lo
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es
CA 9
0025
New
Yor
k
NY
1003
6 C
olor
ado
Spr
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CO
809
07
Wic
hita
KS
67
201
Wic
hita
KS
67
209
New
Yor
k
NY
1000
1 H
olly
woo
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CA
9004
6
End
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NY 1
3760
S
cott
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357
Gar
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CA
902
47
W
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Tab
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2
MAN
UFAC
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OF S
LIDE
PRO
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ILLU
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Com
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07
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Mis
siss
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PA 1
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Sa
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Dec
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6 M
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
8
Time Factor in the Classroom
In a conventional classroo~ of group instruction a teacher has only
-- -~ ~so ~juch l 1- and it is usually necessary for him to reinforce the desired
b2~avicr ony in blocks of responses
According to Ski~~ei the ~ost serious criticism of current class-
roc] Pioc(cures is the relative infrequency of reinforcement of the desired
ac~s of s~udents The slower student particularly suffers because of the
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Psychological I~~lications
There seems to be two psychological principles that operate in learnshy
ing (1) nothing succeeds like success and (2) nothing fails like failure
The stigma of failure definitely slows learning Seagoe stated
I Failure slows learning
2 Failure causes a moving away from reality
3 Failure causes persistent non-adjustive behavior
4 Failure increases the variability of behavior
5 The effect of failure is cumulative~2
Individualized Study
The fo 11 mi ng premi ses evoke dynami c educa ti ona1 procedures and
contain powerful implications for any school program desiring to provide
1ltorris L Biggee Learni ng Theori es for Teachers (New York Harper ana RmJ 1964) 136
2~ay v Seagoe A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process (Dubuque Wm C BrOltiti Co 1961) pp 86-87
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
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S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
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waw uaw (
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47
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v bull a a
ah aw
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shyi
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say
man
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see
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9
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her i o d
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fine I ~--
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II I
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mark ~
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await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
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I CA -shyof a word - I i
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l -- _-~----shy
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Ii
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----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
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work --
I yesterday
I
J
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I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
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__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
le 1
MAN
UFAC
TURE
RS
AND
DIST
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TORS
OF
SL
IDES
FI
LM
BIND
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SO
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AND
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SUPP
LIES
Com
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S
tree
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Art
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In
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Kod
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Inc
Gem
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and
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Prod
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La
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Phot
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In
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3M
Bus
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s Pr
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In
c M
onta
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Pla
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Cor
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Sear
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In
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Prod
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529
S middotS
even
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St
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Box
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Tim
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SqBo
x 31
01
802
WSe
cond
4800
W K
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W 27
St
1507
N
Gar
dner
St
19 N
ebra
ska
Ave
PO
Box
33
96
407
E R
edon
do B
each
Min
neap
olis
MN
55
415
Roc
hest
er
NY
1445
0 Lo
s A
ngel
es
CA 9
0025
New
Yor
k
NY
1003
6 C
olor
ado
Spr
ings
CO
809
07
Wic
hita
KS
67
201
Wic
hita
KS
67
209
New
Yor
k
NY
1000
1 H
olly
woo
d
CA
9004
6
End
icot
t
NY 1
3760
S
cott
sdal
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Z 85
357
Gar
dena
CA
902
47
W
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Tab
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2
MAN
UFAC
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ND D
ISTR
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ORS
OF S
LIDE
PRO
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ILLU
STRA
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ON T
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
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~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
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Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
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focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
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t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
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I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
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Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
9
the best possible education for its children
1 That learning takes place individually therefore curshyriculum and methodology should be organized around the individual student The quest for ways to individualize learning is the most important innovating force influencing the development of presentshyday educational systems
2 That students must come in contact with different levels of 1ecrling and have t12 oJJortunity to wOlk together to discover t~2 r21ationships of various disciplines as aspects of one world Fragmentation and cwpartr12ntalization of subject matter must be replaced with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with concomitant interaction of the instructional staff
3 That there are no time limits or space limits when or where a student can learn--with or ~Jithout the teacher and the formal classroom In fact there are no age limits for educashytion to be internalized students must learn that true education is a continuous process This is the ubiquitous nature of true education and learning
4 That the educational program must be dynamic and in a constant state of evaluation and change in order to survive It must be adaptable flexible and capable of meet~ng the demands of a complex technological and changing culture
In an individualized study program each student progresses at his
oltm rate--a rate which is governed by his background interest and abilitymiddot
He competes primarily with himself and only generally with the group
An individualized study program in shorthand should provide the
student with
1 Stimulating environment a Greater student responsi bi li ty for program developshy
ment and progress b Wider variability in threshold levels of entering
competence and insi~ht
c Differential speed of progress throughout the shorthand program
2 Active involvement a Earlier and more frequent contact with shorthand
students in learning situations
lLloyd K Bishop Individualizing Educational Programs Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
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S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
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waw uaw (
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47
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v bull a a
ah aw
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shyi
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say
man
ahead
see
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9
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her i o d
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fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
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II
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II I
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mark ~
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await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
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I CA -shyof a word - I i
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I I
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I I ~
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l -- _-~----shy
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I
Ii
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----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
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work --
I yesterday
I
J
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I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
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69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
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__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
le 1
MAN
UFAC
TURE
RS
AND
DIST
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TORS
OF
SL
IDES
FI
LM
BIND
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SO
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AND
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SUPP
LIES
Com
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S
tree
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Art
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In
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Kod
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Inc
Gem
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and
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Prod
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La
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Phot
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In
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3M
Bus
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s Pr
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In
c M
onta
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Pla
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Cor
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Sear
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In
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Prod
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529
S middotS
even
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St
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Box
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Tim
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SqBo
x 31
01
802
WSe
cond
4800
W K
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W 27
St
1507
N
Gar
dner
St
19 N
ebra
ska
Ave
PO
Box
33
96
407
E R
edon
do B
each
Min
neap
olis
MN
55
415
Roc
hest
er
NY
1445
0 Lo
s A
ngel
es
CA 9
0025
New
Yor
k
NY
1003
6 C
olor
ado
Spr
ings
CO
809
07
Wic
hita
KS
67
201
Wic
hita
KS
67
209
New
Yor
k
NY
1000
1 H
olly
woo
d
CA
9004
6
End
icot
t
NY 1
3760
S
cott
sdal
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Z 85
357
Gar
dena
CA
902
47
W
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Tab
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2
MAN
UFAC
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ND D
ISTR
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ORS
OF S
LIDE
PRO
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ILLU
STRA
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ON T
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
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~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
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Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
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63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
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focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
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t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
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I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
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Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
10
o A wider variety of reality experiences c A better mix of theoretical and practical emphasis
3 Conti~uous cooperative evaluation a Con~inuous knowledge of levels of effort and proshy
gress by student and program management b Continuous evaluation of program effectiveness
4 Atta ~~ent of objectives a ndividualized progress throughout the shorthand
Jrogramb Differential levels of performance above floor
criterion
5 Continuous evaluation a Rapid program modification based upon feedback
mechanisms b Continuous program revision--few permanently
static components I
The class is led and encouraged by the video presentation The
teacher is free to work with individuals or smaller groups
Skinners Theory of Learning
Skinner found operant conditioning highly effective in working with
animals and was confident that si~ilar conditioning could be successfully
used with students in the learning process
Operant conditioning is the learning process whereby a response
is made more probable or more frequent Operants--sets of acts--are
reinforced--strengthened--so as to increase the probability of their reshy2 currence in the future
lJoAnneM Brenholt and Edward L Houghton IIIndividualized Video Shorthand InstructionlI The Balance Sheet LIlI (May 1972) 343
2Biggee Ope cit pp 113-114
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
S~31S~W 3Hl 9NIln~ ~Oj 133HS 30In9 6pound
Ibulli
I
i
+-----+-----+----------1
1
i
S~31S~W 3Hl 8Nrln~ ~Oj 133HS 30rn8 6pound
S30I1S NOIIJnOO~lNI
JOJ
133HS ~31SuW
41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
bullI
I I I I
I
I I
II
I I
1 I I )
DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
bullbull ~c - shy _j I
SlNVNOSNOJ
to)
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7 L
Cgt
i I
I
~----_----___
I
Pl -r-----shy ill
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I I
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I i i I
I
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2 I
l
7 ill~P P
1 I
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i
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J~P pap
) ljgt q
--------~----------___shys~u-eUOSUOJ
---------- __--__----_--_--shymiddot--rmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot
sas 4S
I
I (
s -eWWOl)
S +Jal
I I
II
_ -~ ---shy
r pJ ----shy
J
)
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L----------Ll ------t-------~ I
II )j5u 5u i
I ~ i 1
I III I
I ipu u
I I -J ~---__---shy -----shy
r I i I
unw pw jW uow U~W
waw uaw (
__--~__~--------__-
S+U1UOSU0l
j
iI
zx
4----+--+ --
(7 4+
S17
ST3MOA
JoJ
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47
a
v bull a a
ah aw
e f
----- shy
shyi
~---l-
I
I
I
_ __J
say
man
ahead
see
d ace
9
I I
1I let
-p
I1
I
I I
I
her i o d
- ~-- -- I
fine I ~--
I _______________1___ __ I
-=====e=shyi
II
I
I~ I
I I I
iJ i I
II I
i i
mark ~
--1
await ~
---~__----- _--_shy
fees ~
-- _
him ---0 shy
_-__ ~ - -
hurt Qr
_---_-_~ -_~ - ~ ~
line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
Iow now f proudI (gI -=ampshy
~-- I
joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
I _
I
W in the quick alwaysbody ~
I CA -shyof a word - I i
i
I I
------ I --__0 --_ ___1shyI I I
IY yawn e- I youth II
I I ~
I I----i
r j
ye yellow yielded =7C=-- u
l -- _-~----shy
I----i----t- L-_
i i
I
Ii
______~ ~ _ p bullbull _
----------------r-- I i I 1 UJ~A
os
SWJOJ 3 HIS
l0J
S133HS M31SIW
-------
--
52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
-) hour
_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
l I
I I~---~-----
I I
with but I
t1 I C i I ----shy
for )
shall
which I I
I i I be II
I I byI
I I _-+-_--tshy(
put ( I would
---------
their this
there J J
i igood and I J~
I
----- --__--~---___ ----- -_-shy-- ~-~-_ shy
I
them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
ro
54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
I
i
sendcou1d
-- 0shy
g1ad I
~
work --
I yesterday
I
J
i i I
I
I
thank i I
1_______
y
r
1
j
I
I
very
order
)
~~--_
55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
I ----_bull --- shy---~-
I I
were I I I value
year
Q- II ~
~-- ---shy
one than
I I 1-shy( won
what i about
I
I
r e
i bull
i I I I thing
I
great I
1
think i ~
I ~
I
I
i -shyI t
i
why business JI (i CJ
I
i ~-------- -- -_ __-lshy
gentlemen morningLshy I I
I 1____ ~~_---~--- - ----
Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
~
I
et 0
after
company
immediate
opportunity
i I I ~ - _--__----_-__-__-------_____-_~
I
shy
(
1
I
Jz
must
wish
middot--middot--1-----middot j
advantage
advertise
IL-___ _
I
_ __ ~_
~
il
57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
shy
---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
C
next
-e
under I
~--------__--------~--
particular c ---------1
I
Iregular I
-----) 1i
IL-
L---~--~ __-- _--
yet
progress ~
--_---__---shy
success gt---
state v
---___ ~-- -
request
~
probable
f speak
1- _ _ _L
I
59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
upon street ~-shy
-------_-----_--__--_--__--- ---------------__-_-------_____-----------shy
newspaper purpose
-F
y
regard opinion L~
---------~---------_--------__---------------
circular responsible 6-) (
-----~---~__--_
organize public c-middot--middot~l
( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
I) I iI I I I
____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
-t -P
recognize never v--L-1d
) - --- ----_~--~---
experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
-------~_ _-- __-_- middot------------------------t------middot--middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middotmiddotmiddotmiddot --- ----
si tuati on railroady -A--
lOr1d throughout----) ~
------ -------- ----- ----- ---~-_----_---------- __~------------ --- --
I
character iI
~ I --------1J
i I
-L---------------_-- J_
middot------1-----__-------------------shyI I I
------------------- -----middot-------------middot--middotmiddotmiddot------middottmiddot--middotmiddot--middot--------------shy
___----_--__-------------------shy
19
S8NINNI838 aHOM
ADdshy
S133HS C131SfW
63
Per- Purshy
-----___shy
permit
_ -_-__ ___-shy ------ -- shy
G-o
_
purchase
J-j
Em- employ
C-_P embarrass
6-e
j ----------~--------~~--- - middot--------1 -~- _ _shy ~ __~~ _-~ ~
y impressionImshy impossible
7 In- increase
~ intend
--f-I
En- encourage
_---_----_-__-----_---_ -shy
-o~encounter
------------------------1-------shyI
~-1I
-
Unshy unwritten --shy
--6
undue J _ ------ ---__--shy-- ____-_bullbull_- __ -__~- - - shy -shy~
Re- refer reorder ~
~
bullbull _ bull bullbull_1bull __ j H
64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
Dis- Des- dismiss despi te I
~ (G
Mis- mistake misstate -vO) -V
Ex- explain expressamp amp _ ---- ~- ~_~- -_ ___-~_~--__-___-_- -~_ bull --_-- --_~_-- ---~
Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
Con- conditi on convey--~
~ i
c
bullbullbull
65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
~_ ~_~_ __A_ _ _ __ ~_~ __ gt_ ---__ _k___ y bull __~__ ~ -_
Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
f _ bull - --___ _ -- _--~-~__-___-_~ ~~_- ----__ ____---~-__--~
forgive forceful
J--y j
Fur- furnace further JLe --------bull--------bull --j - _-- ----- --- _ ----bull-------
Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
d --_ _---------
Ul ultimately adult6
Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
__ - - - 1_~- ~
66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
- 1lt ----------~----i ~--------~-_ -----~------~- ----- -_- ltbullbull------~- - -------- bull - __~-
Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
~ --- ---~-----_---~--- -_----- --- _--~ middot------1--shy _---____---__------_---_ --shy
Trans- translate transportation ~
i _____ __ __ __ __ bull __ - __ _ _ 1
----middotmiddot--middot-middot--------r-middot--middot-----_----------------------shy r-shy I
if I
-~~ - ~~--gt-bullbull _-~~~-- ~-_---~ _ _---_-shy------- --~__----------------__---------1
bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
_-_-bull_---_--__----~-
aaSJi3IO
___------------__-__-__--------shy
p~ed-Ji3pun pUe+SJapun ~JapUn
L9
S8NION3 O~OM
I oJ
SB3HS K31SVW
69
-ment treatment alignment
~ ~
--~----~_-- --~----~-_- ------------
-tion nation operation
-P o
-tial confidential station
r y1
~ _~ ~ __2 ~_~___ ~__~ __ ~_ _ -_ _--_bullbullbullbull lt -
-ly namely tightly ~
o--0
-------__----------__-------_ --__- _bull_-__-~--__-------
-i ly family readi ly J)J ~
r ----_-_--~---_--_------- ---------- ------------~-------------~--- ----------~-~lt- ~
-ful careful thoughtful ~
~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
-ble
gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
-z9
-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
SNOIluIA3C199u SS3NISng C1Nu cSHINOW cSAuO
cS3IIIINunb cSINnOWu cN011unlJNnd
J0J
S133HS C131SuW
__
74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
~_L ~ J
__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
)-)
- ---- ~ I
South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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96
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E R
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55
415
Roc
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NY
1445
0 Lo
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es
CA 9
0025
New
Yor
k
NY
1003
6 C
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Spr
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CO
809
07
Wic
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KS
67
201
Wic
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KS
67
209
New
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NY
1000
1 H
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CA
9004
6
End
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NY 1
3760
S
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357
Gar
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CA
902
47
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Tab
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MAN
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~~
shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
~
t1~ Other Models 820-20 separate cooling pack $75000 Notes 3000 lumen output various lenses available
BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
1
~ Operation Automatic remote or on-machine control built-in slide changer
~
Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
~
63
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
_
focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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GAF CORPORAnON Model 970 AN Price $15950
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
66
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
~
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143
HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
bull
MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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---~
7JIL~- Capacity Operation
ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
CQ Power
j Accessories
t o~ (Wi ~ err Other Models
145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
69
I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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146
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
70
147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
71
I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
lei
149
Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Gl Model SA-65
Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73
11
--~-cnlee ~ I ~middot~lmiddot1 lg IDocessi li~-Lic1 I I
In this learning process) teachers are considered architects and
builders of studentsmiddot behavior Learning objectives are divided into a
large number of very small tasks and reinforced one by one
The key to successful teaching or training is to analyze the effect
of re~nforcer121lmiddott and design techniques which manipulate the process with
considerable precision--to set up specific reinforcing contingencies
Through operant reinforcement an existing unit of behavior may be
refined by the process of differentiation of response In this process)
reinforcement which develops skill must be im~ediate
Skinner believed that the most efficient control of human learning
requires instrumental aid
Programmed instruction is a system of teaching and learning within which ore-established subject matter is broken down into small) discrete steps and carefully organized into a logical seshyquence in VJhich it can be learned readily by the students Each step builds deliberately upon the preceding one The learner can progress through the sequence of steps at his own rate and he is reinforced immediately after each step either he is given the correct response or he is permitted to proceed to the next step after he registers the correct response Programmed inshystruction maylbe accomplished with or without the use of teachshying machines
Inculcating Behavior
In order to plan a procedure for inculcating certain desired behavior
in a student) certain specific questions need to be answered (1) What
behavior is to be established (2) What reinforcers are available (3)
What responses are available (4) How can reinforcements be most effishy
ciently scheauled2
lIbid ppbull 133- 134
2Ibid 136
12
The teacher mus~ have specific objectives that are defined in terms
of desired behaviors He is the architect and builder of behaviors
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to
be practical in a particular school settirg If machines are available~ they
car be used if not~ another s~bstitute must be found
T~2 responses the student is expected to make have to be within his
scope of abili~ies~ tir12 and materials
Reinforce~ent is most effective if accomplished immediately after
the response Scheduling of the rein~orcement should be arranged to meet
thi s criteri a
In building a case fo~ properly programed teaching machines Skinner
stated the effect upon each student is surprisingly like that of a
pri va te tutor III
Shorthand Theory
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill
Two antithetical schools of thought regarding intermediate shorthand
learning symptoms are (1) those associated with theoretical accuracy of
the shorthand outlines and the perfection and refinement of the shorthand
penmanship (2) those associated with fluency and utility2 Gregg stated
The shorthand learner has succeeded in learning shorthand when he can write rapidly and accurately from dictation and read
iT 01bulla p 1LO
2John R Gregg Lbuis A Leslie and Charles E Zoubek~ Instructor1s Handbook for GrCC1 Sorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co 1963) p 66
I
13
rapidly and accur~tely from his shorthand notes taken from rapid dictation The exact outline used is far less important than the fact that the learner wroteia reasonable readable transcribable outline without hesitation
A thorough comprehension of the principles of the system is
necessary Condon stated
Altnougn memorization of rules is not suggested there is evidence to suggest that the study of the principles of shorthand tneory should receive greater emphasis However minor theory deviations such as whether to write or omit the vowel sound need not be emphasized It has been found that students will do a better job of taking dictation improvising shorthand outlines for unfamiliar words and turning out acceptable transcripts when they have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the system 2
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Therefore sufficient drill must be
given on the brief form lists to insure instant recognition and automatic
3response
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increas~ the memory load and inhibit the writer With
the exception of a few memory phrases such as been able had hope etc
it is doubtful if the time spent in studying such phrases can be justified 4
Post Office Department State Abbreviations
The Post Office Department ~as suggested the adoption of a two-letter
state abbreviation to facilitate the use of the Optical Character Reader (OCR)
which provides electronic mail sorting for a sizable portion of business mail
1Ibi d
2Condon op cit p 134
3Ibid p 134
4Ibid p 135
14
in several major cities l Neuerburg stated
Wi~h th2 adoption of the two~letter state abbreviations a new ci2me~sion has been added to the confusion students must face as they attem~t to recognize the old abbreviations develop spontaneous recall of the new two-letter abbreviations and write the shorthand symbol that has variations of both--the old and the new
Teachers should teach students the new two-letter abbrevishyati ons a t the same time as they are introduced to conci se shortshyhand symbols that are as close t~ the abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
500 Most-Used Words
-This study dealt with 500 of the 3000 most-used words because of
necessary delimitations Reliable estimates indicate that 97 percent of
the ordinary dictation material is made up of approximately 3000 high
frequency words 3
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers
of shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing
skill in the use of high frequency words Forkner stated
The words 1 the and to and ~ probably appear in every business letter and are used so often that they require little or no special drill however this does not hold true for the basic writing vocabulary of 3000 words Experience has shown that if a student masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend his vocabulary using the hioh frequency words as a foundation for writing other words~
lAddressinq for the Optical Character Reader POD Publication 65 (~Jashington D C Post Office Department 1968) p i
2Lawrence P Neuerburg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols1I The Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969) 242
3Hamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 p ix
4Ibid
15
Slides
There are a variety of materia~s that can be used in the preparashy
tion cf transparency film and in the mounting of the slides The film can
be Jlack and white or in color The film can be prepared with a camera or
a transparency maker The mounts are available in different sizes and
materials See Table 1 for several sources of supply
Transparency Film
Transparencies are permanent and non-fading The Nashua Corporation
said II Any thing you can copy on paper you can copy on colorful Xerographic
Film and the transparency is ready to use the mi nute it I S made l Masters
for the transparency can be
Typewritten Copy Blueprints
Hand Lettering Li ne Drawi ngs
11agazi nes Charcoal Sketches
Newspapers Graphs
Boo~s Maps2
Nashua Xerographic Film is prepared for use in Xerox Machine Models 3914 720 420 2400 36001 813 660 and 330
Nashua Xerographic Film is unaffected by light heat humidity and
age 4
lNashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition (Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972) ppXT~23 and 24
2rb J10
3Ibid
4Ibid
16
Nashua Xerographic Film is available in four sparkling colors and
clear
l) 950 Clear 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 960 Blue 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
lJ 970 Yell ow 100 8 1211 X 11 11 sheets to a box
10 980 qed 100 8 12 X 11 sheets to a box
No 990 Green 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box
No 940 Assortment 100 8 12 11 X 11 11 sheets to a box 25 Blue 25 Yell ow 25 Red 25 Green1
The cost of Nashua Xerographic Film was $2895 for 100 sheets of
8 12 X 11 inches in 1972 2
Multiple transparencies can be made automatically on the Xerox
Machine Nashua Corporation stated the fol1owing instructions
1 Fan the transparency sheets so that they handle and feed easily
2 Place 10 or 15 sheets into the loading tray and feed accordi ng to the simple i nstructi ons on each transparency sheet
3 Make the prints as you norma11y would if the film were ordinary paper If the print is light pump the toner up to the darkness level you want just as you would with paper
4 If the image on the film dosectsn1t fuse properly simply go to the next highest heatsetting
1I bi d
2Ibid
3Ibid
17
Slides an~ Slide-Making Materials
Table 1 lists several sources of supply for slide mounts and
materials The Eastman Kodak Company provided information on the various
types of materials that are available from their company
The 1lt0021lt LctagraphicvJrite-On Slide is Estar Film Base with a matte surface on one side which is mounted in a 2 X 2-inch mOJnt The writi~g area is 1 12 X 1 12 inches You can draw print Itrite on these slides with almost any pencil or fiber-tip pen Bold images can be obtained with the use of special drawing inks made for transparencies Use of these slides means a quick simple and inexpensive way to display information on a screen with an slide projector (except those with automatic focusing systems) Box of 100 slidesS495
The Kodak Ready-Mounts are for mounting 28 X 28mm (126) 24 X 36mm (135) and 1 58 X 1 58 inch (super-slide) transshyparencies Solid grayboard with printing on face IIS ea l edge vith waril iron do not touch film ll and on the reverse side 1I11ade in USA II To types are available Folded--Convenient for mounting a few transparencies at one time Supplied with 3 edges sealed open edge can be sealed with a household iron Flat--Canbe sealed on 4 edges with a household iron or mounting press Folded--Pkg of 50$335 Flat--Pkg of 100$235
The Kodak Slide Cover Glass (Thin Precleaned) Thickness 030 inch 2 X 2 inch For mounting slides in glass for use in Carousel and other slide trays Pkg of 50$210
The Kodak Metal Binder (for 2 X 2 inch Slide Cover Glass thin)--Provides a quick and inexpensive method of glass-mounting slides A transparency mask and two pieces of thin cover glass are inserted into the open end of the binder The binder frames three sides and holds the slide securely without the need of tape or fasteners Glass slides bound in this manner are ideal for use in the KodaklCarousel Slide Trays and other slide trays Pkg of 50$275
Care of Slides
The Eastman Kodak Company stressed the importance of proper care
lEastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalo (Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970 p 23
18
an~ storag2 of completed slides
uirty slides oetract from the presentation Therefore clean them before use Dust or lint can be remov~d with a clean dry camelis-hair brush Use it gently on both sides of the transparency Fingerprints or qil smudges can be removed by app 1yi n9 Kodak Film Cl eaner spari ngly to the slide with a plush pad or a wad of cotton
After cleaning the slides should be loaded into trays Be sure to load these trays correctly~ To properly orient a slide for projection hold it so the picture looks correct rotate it bottom to top and put it into the tray from behind the proj ector
Slide trays are ideal for storage purposes keeping the slides clean orderly and always ready for projection
There are also rna ny types of compartment fi 1es in which to store 2 X 2-inch slides Most important dont keep slides on table tops in drawers or cupboards with chalk and ink or where they may become damaged dirty disorganized or lost Store the box of slides in a dry dark cool place
To facilitate fetrieval of any slide make a list of all slides in each box
Eguipment Sources
The best equipment to use will depend upon individual objectives
needs cost limitations and preference 2
lEastman Kodak Comp~ny Slides With a Pur ose for Business Education (Rochester New York Eastman KOdak Company 1971 pp 24-25
2 F0 ss 0 p cit p 289
19
~22r ~o Appendix D for prices and descriptions of equipment and
company addresses l
A carousel has been produced that will accommodate 140 slides
The Easwlan Kocak Company described the carousel
Kodak Carousel Slide Trays--Accept up to 140 2 X 2 inch slides Clearly numbered for easy slide location Removable retaining rings prevent slides from spilling yet permit quick editing loading or unloading Supplied in attractive storage boxes including identification card and tray s2icker Fit all Carousel Projectors Cost per Carousel$380
lNational Audio-Visual Association The 1972-1973 Audio-Visual Equi~ment Directory (Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972) pp 63-70
2Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Ope cit p 22
Chapter 3
THE PREPARATION OF SHORTHAND SLIDES
Throughout the preparation of the slides advise was solicited
from tk L R Marks at the Instructional Media Center at Kansas State
Teachers College at Emporia Kansas
Transparency Film
-- It was necessary to test the types of transparency film that was
available to find a film that would project a clear image when magnified
by the slide projector and that would be durable to withstand continued use
The three types of film available at the Instructional Media Center
were
8 12 X 11 inch Clear mylar film
8 12 X 11 inch 3M Transparency film
8 12 X 11 inch Nashua Xerographic film
Nashua Xerographic Film produced the clearest and most durable copy The
Xerox Model 914 Machine was used to make the prints
The Nashua Xerographic Film was available in an assortment of four
colors and clear The black image was reproduced on clear blue red
green and yellow See Appendix C
The film should be used in the following order to produce the
least eye strain when projected (1) blue (2) red (3) green (4) yellow
and (5) clear
Another factor in testing the film was the materials and typewriter
used in preparing the master copies for the film prints Carbon was a
20
21
necessary ingredient in every outline to be reproduced
The IBM Selectric Typewriter was the most satisfactory of the five
tested because of tne carbon ribbon and the factor that the ribbon was new
each time a key was struck The Letter Gothic Ball produced the clearest
type for reproducing on film
Ballpoints pens and a variety of pencils were tested to find the
best carbon contentOf all the pencils tested the Wallace Machine
Scoring Number 400 Pencil was the most satisfactory and was used for writshy
ing the shorthand outlines The Fighier Number 77 Pencil with a Number 2
lead was satisfactory and was used to draw the mount outline and the ruled
line for the alphabetic characters
Ma teri a1 Cos ts
The Instructional Media Center at Kansas State Teachers College
at Emporia Kansas had the current price lists available and Nashua
Xerographic Film in stock Mounts were ordered from Lawrence Photo Supply
Incorporated 802 West Second Wichita Kansas The total cost per slide
was approximately as follows considering there averaged 28 frames on an
8 12 by 11 inch film
Nashua Xerographic Film $2895100 sheets $0103 Per Slide
Metered Xerox Machine Charge 10centper sheet 0036 Per Slide
Mounts $10951000 mounts 0110 Per Slide
Material Cost $0249 Per Slide
The cost per slide could be reduced by putting the maximum number
of frames on the film If margins are not a concern 35 frames could be
22
pu~ on O~2 film sheet The film and metered Xerox Machine charge would
total $0114 instead of $0139
fIaster Sheets
The master sheets that were used to make the film are shown in
Appendix A The master sheets were divided into the following areas for
ease in mounting coding and filing
Number Of Area Slides
Introduction Slides 27
VOle 1s 110
Consonants 72
Brief Forms 258
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations 110
t~ord Beg i nni ngs 150
viord Endi ngs 135
Phrases 156
Sta tes 102
500 Most-Used Words 964
The master sheets were preruled with a Number 2 pencil for a frame
size guide A guide sheet was made for ruling the master sheets to expedite
the process The line guides for writing sh0rthand outlines with good
proportion were also on the guide sheet See Appendix A
After the master sheets were ruled the words were typewritten on
the master sheets Tabulation stops were set for the center of each frame
in which a word was to be typewritten Each word was individually centered
by backspacing from the tabulation point The width of the visual area on
23
the film was one-eighth inch less than the frame size Long words had to
be checked to be sure they did not extend beyond this visual area
After the words were typewritten t the words were written in shortshy
hand A Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil was used in writing the
shorthand outline The master was laid over the guide-sheet lines as a
guide for good proportion
The introduction slides were typewritten in all capital letters and
used to notify the student of a change in areas The terms on the introducshy
tion slides were those used in the various sources for writing the slides
The theory slides consisted of the theory listed in the index of
Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series as follows alphabetic characters
amounts t dayst figures months t punctuation t quantities weights and
measures word beginnings and word endings l Amaximum of t~IO words ~ere
given as examples for anyone theory
The joined and disjoined word beginnings and endings were prepared
by typewriting the beginning or ending and following with two words using
the shorthand theory There were 35 frames on each sheet i n these areas
See Appendix A
The phrase slides consisted of phrases listed in Gregg Dictation
Diamond Jubilee Series 2 The phrases were divided into sections vith
introduction slides and several examples of each type of phrase given
lJohn R Gregg t Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969) pp 381shy383
2Lou is A Leslie Charles E Zoubek and t~adeline S StronYt Gregg Dictations Diamond Jubilee Series (New York McGraw-Hill Book CO t Inc 1963)t pp 511-512
24
The 500 most-used words slides consisted of the 500 most-used words
listed in Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee
Edition 1
See Appendix A
The source for the new state abbreviations was The Journal of
Business Education 2 The new two-letter abbreviations are concise shortshy
hand symbos that are as close to the Post Office Department1s Optical
Character Reader abbreviations as clarity and ease of writing will permit
See Appendix A
The brief forms were listed in the index of Gregg Shorthand
Diamond Jubilee Series 3 If a brief form shorthand outline had more than
one meaning they were all presented at one time See Appendix A
Mounting the Slides
After the film was made it was cut with scissors into sections
for mounting in slide mounts The film was thick and would not cut evenly
on a paper cutter
A 2 by 2 inch heat seal style mount was purchased that sealed on
four sides Because of the danger of ruining the film and the time factor
in sealing the mounts with a household iron a hand press was used
The top of the film was mounted on the folded edge of the mount
See Appendix B
lHamden L Forkner and others Correlated Dictations and Transcri tion Gre Diamond Jubilee Edition (New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966 bull pp 1-34
2Lawrence P Neuerberg IIClinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Symbols II The Journal of Bus i ness [duca ti on XLIV (~arch 1969) 242
3Gregg Ope ~it pp 383-384
25
Coding the Slides
The slides were color coded as follows considering the eye strain
factor (blue red green yellow and clear)
Area Color Code
Introduction Slides Clear
Vowels Red
Consonants Green
Brief Forms Red
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations Green
Word Beginnings Blue
Word Endings Red
Phrases Green
Sta tes Yellow
500 Most-Used Words Blue
Because of the limited five colors of film available and because
the sequence of certain slides was necessary a coding system had to be
devised to be sure the slides were filed in the proper order
In most cases it was a matter of the stimulus (typewritten word)
and the rei nforcernent (shorthand) s1ide bei ng together However in the
cases of a sequence of words for one principle a series had to be coded
together (Example word beginnings) Each area was separated by introshy
duction slides
The typewritten slide wasalways placed first See Table 3 for
the codes used onthe slide mounts for filing the mounts in carousels
The code was placed on the bottom of the slide mount so it could
be read on the top edge when the slide was in the carousel See Appendix B
Tab
le 3
CODE
SYS
TEM
US
ED T
O KE
EP S
HORT
HAND
SLI
DES
IN S
EQUE
NCE
WHEN
FIL
ING
IN
CAR
OUS E
LS
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Sli
des
Code
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s
Mon
ths
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Wor
d B
egin
ning
s
Wor
d En
ding
s
Vow
els
Con
sona
nts
Bri
ef F
orm
s
Punc
tua
ti on
Am
ount
s an
d Q
uant
itie
s
Day
s of
th
e W
eek
Mon
ths
of
the
year
Bus
ines
s A
bbre
viat
ions
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Beg
inni
ngsa
Jo
ined
Wor
d B
egin
ning
sa
Dis
join
ed W
ord
Endi
ngs a
Jo
ined
Wor
d En
ding
s a
V-1
A
V-1
BV
-1C
V
-10
V
-1E
V-2
A
V-2
B
V-2
1E
Cl
ampCl
C3
6 amp
C36
BFl
amp B
F1
middot BFl
29 amp
BFl
29
Pl
ampPl
P6
ampP6
AQl
ampAQ
1 AQ
18 amp
AQ18
01
amp01
07
amp
07
Ml
ampMl
M
12 amp
M12
BA1
amp B
A1
BA11
amp
BA1
1
WB-
1A
WB-
1B
WB-
1C
WB-
10
W
B-2A
W
B-2B
bull
W
B-29
E
WE-
1A
WE-
1B
WE-
1C
WE-
10
W
E-2A
W
E-2B
W
E-27
0
N
0
Tab
le 3
(C
ontin
ued)
CODE
SYS
THl
USED
TO
KEEP
SHO
RTHA
ND S
LIpE
SIN
SEQ
UENC
E WH
EN F
ILIN
G
IN
CARO
USEL
S
Are
as
Intr
oduc
tion
Slide~
Co
de
Phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
Phra
ses a
T f
or T
o in
phr
ases
Be
en R
epre
sent
ed
by ~
A
ble
Rep
rese
nted
by
A
Wan
t Pr
eced
ed
by p
rono
un
Ago
Rep
rese
nted
by
~
To
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
Th
e O
mitt
ed
in P
hras
es
Of
Om
itted
in
Phr
ases
~Omitted
in
Phr
ases
In
ters
ecte
d P
hras
es
Spec
ial
phra
ses
Sta
tes
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
b
PH-1
A
PH-1
H
PH-2
A ~
- PH
-2J
PH-3
A PH
-3H
PH
-4A
PH-4
H
_PH-
5A
PH-5
E PH
-6A
PH-6
F PH
-7A
PH-7
F PH
-8A
PH
-8G
PH-9
A PH
-9F
PH-1
0A
bull
PH-1
0E
PH-ll
A
PH-ll
G
51
ampSl
55
1 amp
S51
Wl
ampW
l W
482
ampW
482
aWhe
n th
ere
was
mor
e th
an o
ne
intr
oduc
tion
sli
de
in a
n ar
ea
the
intr
oduc
tion
sli
des
wer
e fi
led
at
the
poin
t of
cod
e ch
ange
s
bIn
the
500
Mos
t-Use
d W
ords
ar
ea
ther
e ar
e le
ss
than
10
00 s
lid
es b
ecau
se s
hort
hand
sy
mbo
ls w
ith
mor
e th
an o
ne m
eani
ng
Jer
e co
mbi
ned
on o
ne s
lid
e (E
xam
ple
in
and
no
t)
N
28
Storing the Slides
The slides were stored in carousels so students could easily place
the carousel on the projector with a minimum of time and effort Each
carousel was stored in a labeled box provided with the carousels at the
time of purchase
The carousels hold 140 slides so it was necessary to divide some of
the areas for maximum use of the carousels The order of filing in the
carousels was coordinated with the presentations in the textbooks
Chapter 4
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It was the purpose of this study to prepare shorthand slides for
individualized study for studentsmiddot skill improvement in shorthand at
Chanute Senior High School The preparation of the slides was done to
(1) provide students with an additional media for individualized study
of shorthand (2) provide the teacher with instructional material and
(3) prewide a new media in shorthand instruction at a minimum cost
The preparation of the slides was done in five general areas
brief forms theory phrases state abbreviations and the 500 most-used
words
Summary
One of the major unsolved problems in teaching shorthand is helping
each student achieve his best potential Both philosophical and educational
factors are involved in the learning process
The philosophical bases are each person is a unique individual
learning develops through involvement and all the critical factors of any
learning experience include content the process of learning and intershy
action of learner and the medium
The educators responsibilities to the learner are to provide a
stimulating environment to provide numerous opportunities for the learner
to become involved to provide capable teachers resources and technology
and to provide continuous cooperative evaluation of each learner
29
30
Skinner believed that learning is facilitated when the student
is given a stimulus makes a response and is given a reinforcement l
Reinforcers that are used after a student makes a response have to be
practical in a particular school setting Reinforcement is most effective
if accomplished immediately after the response Properly programmed
instructional media can produce an effect upon each student of that of
having a private tutor to provide reinforcement
Individualized instructional media can give teachers more time to
work with individuals or small groups while the majority of the class is
progressing at their own rate
Shorthand is a perceptual-motor skill This means that practice is
necessary if a student is to progress in building skill The degree and
method of the practice should be individualized to meet the students needs
Brief forms are great time savers in taking dictation The correct
outline response must be automatic Practice is required to write the
brief forms automatically during dictation
Shorthand shortcuts and advanced phrasing do not merit emphasis
They merely tend to increase the memory load and inhibit the writer A
few memory phrases that are helpful are been able had hope etc
There is a lack of clearness and lack of agreement among teachers of
shorthand as to the amount of time that should be spent in developing skill
in the use of high frequency lords Some teachers believe t~lat if a student
masters a basic vocabulary of high frequency words he is ready to extend
his vocabulary having a foundation for writing other words
lMorris L Biggee Learning Theories for Teachers (New York Harper and Row 1964) 136
31
Students who are taught the new two-letter abbrevi ations for states
in shorthand do not have the confusion of rememberi ng both the shorthand
abbreviations for the states and the two-letter abbreviations
The following procedure was used in the preparation of the shorthand
slides
1 Available literature was reviewed in determining the content
and preparation of the slides
2 Typewriter print and ribbons pens and pencils were tested
for reproduction on various types of film and machines The most satisshy
factory were the IBM Selectric Typewriter with the Letter Gothic Ball
the Wallace Machine Scoring Number 400 Pencil and the Fighier Number 77
Pencil with a Number 2 lead The film that produced the clearest copy and
was the most durable was the Nashua Xerographic Film made on the Xerox 914
Machine
3 Price quotatio~s were secured on film mounts and carousels
The Nashua Xerographic Film cost was $2895 per 100 sheets The cost of
the mounts was $1095 per 1000 mounts Th~ carousels cost $380 and
hold 140 slides The meter charge on the Xerox 914 Machine was $10 per
copy of the film
4 White 8 12 by 11 inc~ sheets were ruled for 28 squares size
1 12 by 1 516 inches each to match the slide mount openings Individual
words were typewritten in one square and rewritten in shorthand in another
square These were the master sheets used to prepare the film
5 The film was cut into sections and each section was mounted
in a slide mount and sealed with a mount press
6 After the slides were prepared they were classified into areas
32
and filed in carousels according to the five general areas for ease in
selection and use
Co nC 1us ions
Shorthand slides can be prepared for individualized instructional
media in shorthand using Skinner1s theory of learning (stimulus-responseshy
rei nforcement)
Slides prepared in five different colors (clear blue red green
and yellow) will add variety in the classroom and reduce eye strain
There are several types of projecting equipment available from
local and national sources of supply Prices vary according to the type of
equipment purchased
There are usually suppliers in every state who can supply the
teacher with film film making machines or service and mounts
The film and mounts for the preparation Of the slides in this study
cost approximately $0249 per slide A total of 140 slides were filed in
one carousel which cost $380 or approximately $0270 per slide The
approximate cost of each slide mounted and filed in a carousel was $0519
An assembly line process would be most feasible for preparing and
mounting large numbers of slides The best order for the assembly process
seemed to be cutting mounting coding and filing
Recommendations
Equipment and supplies should be tested thoroughly before slide
~aster sheets are prepared Project sample slides to check reproduction
under magnification Defore pr~paring the final slide master sheets
33
Additional slides could be developed in some of the following
cases
1 Entire sentences could be written on one frame to improve and
develop students retention level
2 Sentences could be written on one frame for punctuation drills
3 Terminology could be developed for areas of shorthand
specialization such as legal or medical shorthand
4 Spelling words could be written on slides to reinforce good
spelling habits
Dictation tapes should be prepared to correlate with the slides
that were prepared in this study The student could individually work
with the slides and then transfer his learning while taking dictation
from tapes
A follow-up study should be done using a control group to test
the effectiveness of using the slides prepared in this study
AHdu~90Il8 I8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A BOOKS
Biggee Morris L Learning Theories for Teachers New York Harper and Row 1964
Bishop Lloyd K Individualized Educational Systems New York Harperand Row 1969
Condon Arnold IISecretarial Education with a Future1I The American Education Yearbook Somerville New Jersey Somerset Press 1962
Forkner Hamden L and others Correlated Dictations and Transcription Gregg Diamond Jubilee Edition New York Forkner Publishing Co 1966
Good Carter V Dictionary of Education 2d ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1959
Gregg John R Louis A Leslie and Charles Zoubek Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1963
Hosler Russell J and others Programmed Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Series Experimental Edition New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1969
Leslie Louis A and Charles E Zoubek Key to Graded Transcribing Tests New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1964
National Audio-Visual ~ssociation 1972-1973 Audio-Visual EquipmentDirectory Evanston The National Audio-Visual Association 1972
Russon Allien R r~ethods of Teaching Shorthand Monograph 119 Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1968
Sands Lester B Audio-Visual procedures in Teaching New York Ronald Press Co 1956
Seagoe May V A Teacher1s Guide to the Learning Process Dubuque Wm C Brown Co 1961
Tonne Herbert Estelle L Popham and M Herbert Freeman Methods of Teaching Business Subjects New York McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc 1965
Wittich Walter and Charles F Schuller Audio-Visual Materials Their Nature and Use New York Harper and Row 1957
36
B PERIODICALS
Bishop Lloyd K IIIndividualizing Educational Programs1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13
BrenhoIt JoAnne M and Edward L Houghton II I ndivi dual i zed Vi deo Shorthand Instruction1I The Balance Sheet LIII (May 1972) 342
Crunk Dorothy E II Learni ng Psychology and Shorthand II Busi ness Educa ti on Forum XXIII (November 1969) 17-18
Foss H A and G L Pearce IlLiven Up Laboratory Learning With Synchronized 2 X 2 Sound Slides1I Audio-Visual Instruction XIII (March 1968) 288
Hollis__R IIYour Own Slides Catholic Schools LXX (March 1970) 30
Hosler Russel J IIFocuson Individualized Instruction1 Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971) 13-17
Motley D IIHow to Find your Slides Fast1I Educational Screen AVG XLIX (fvlay 1970)18-20
Neuerburg Lawrence P Clinch New State Abbreviations with Shortened Shorthand Journal of Business Education XLIV (March 1969)242
Omiddot Connell Mary tJlargaret liThe Effectiveness of Prograrruned Shorthand t1aterials1I National Business Education Quarterly XXXVI (r~arch1969L 28-33
West Leonard J IIIndividualized Instruction1I Business Education Forum XXV (May 1971)19-21
C PAMPHLETS
Eastman Kodak Company 1970-1971 Audiovisual Products Catalog Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1970
Eastman Kodak Company Slides With a Purpose for Business Education Rochester New York Eastman Kodak Company 1971
Nashua Corporation Nashua Xerographic Film 1972 Edition Nashua New Hampshire Nashua Corporation 1972
Post Office Department Addressing for the Optical Character Reader Publication 65 Washington D C Post Office Department 1968
37
D UNPUBL~SHED MATERIALS
ONeal Howard R Study of Methods and Devices Used in Teaching Gregg Shorthand II Unpublished Masters paper Kansas State Teachers College Emporia 1968
Prince Delma Jo An Experiment Comparing the Achievement in Transcription of Students When the 500Mos t-Used Words Were Emphasized with the Achievement of Students when These Words were not Emphasized in Beginshyning Shorthand Unpublished 1aster 1 s thesis University of Maryland College Park 1967~
Weintraub Boyd and James D Finn An Analysis of Audio-Visual Machines for Individual Program Presentation Unpublished Doctors dissertation Uniyersity of Southern California Berkeley 1967
v XION3ddV
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41 Introduction Slides r~-------- (--_- _- - _-
500 BRIEF 1middotOST- USED
WORDS FORMS
DISJOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
T FOR TO IN
PHRASES
AGO REPRESENTED
BY G
JOINED WORD
ENDINGS
BEEN REPRESENTED
BY B
~ TO OMITTED
IN PHRASES
STATES
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I
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II
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DISJOINED WORD
ENDINGS
_ _middot_middotmiddot--middotr--middotmiddotmiddot
ABLE REPRESENTED
middotBY A
THE OMITTED
IN PHRASES
JOINED WORD
BEGINNINGS
PHRASES
_-_ _ _
WANT PRECEDED BY
PRONOUN
OF OMITTED
IN PHRASES
A OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION
IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASES
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS OF THE OF THE BUSINESS amp
WEEK YEAR ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIES
I
-I
CONSONANTS VOWELS USE
GOOD PROPORTION
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47
a
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shyi
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man
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see
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9
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fine I ~--
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him ---0 shy
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line -~
__bullbull _ __
i J
48
Long IIi and lI a li tri al appliances
Fo11 owi ngVowel i
ltC2 e~ I I - - ---_ bull__ j- - -- middotmiddot----1----middot i 1
i a ea appropriate area QQ
_--_ --- _--_ --_-_-------~-_ -----shy
o no note ~
v I 0 aw hot i call
I c==2A L II 1 bullbull_--------_ __ _--- -_- -__ _--_---___
I I
I
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joyoi toy
---~_-~ i 1
it - bull_- - --middot----r ll
----- I -------
- r shoe too
00 to two L b
--+-1_ __ ----1 I _ __ 1
49
------------------------_-----___ ___-~---_-_
v V U 00 does footL1 1L
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52 Brief Forms
MrI
o ---~
are have our
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_--~_-__--~-- shy t ~-----
will a
bullwell --- an
-1 II it I am I I
at 1 o I 1
- __ _ -_ middotmiddotmiddot--~-middot----middot_--l-middot-_middotmiddot-middot --t--middot--------~j
in i is I
)not his1
1 I 1
the thatI pr i
you can
your 17--gt
L _ Ii I -L-----------JL --L_~-_-
53
Brief Forms _ ------------- r-------- -_middot-middot---1--------middot--- -----r
i 1
Mrs of i
( ~
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with but I
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them
Brief Forms ~-----_- -~------T--
r-they
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54
--__----------_---shy
was r when a-
from shou1d ~-
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55 Brief Forms
(
soon enclose ~2shy
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were I I I value
year
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gentlemen morningLshy I I
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Brief Forms ---__-- ----__ t -----
56
importance
important
r those
~
_ _ i ~ _ _
where ~
manufacture
7 ~ ~------middot-~--~middotmiddotmiddot--middotmiddot--T-~-
present part (c
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wish
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advantage
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57 Brief Forms
use big 1 h()
suggest such )~~
correspondence several correspond ~o
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---------~-------------------------------------
how ever )out u~ every
time acknowledge ()
-_ --_--------- _0 _---- -----c--------_ ----------------- -gt-~ _-bull
general gone ~J-
during over v
_________- L___ _ _ _ 1
58 Brief Forms
question
~
envelope
L satisfactory
satisfy y-shy
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next
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under I
~--------__--------~--
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1- _ _ _L
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59 3ri ef Forms
------------~--------- ~
idea V
cJ subject
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newspaper purpose
-F
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( -----_---_
publish I ordinary
publication f I
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____________ J__ ~ __ 1__ _ __ _ __ __ __ _
60
Bri ef F()rms __ ---shy
merchant merchandise
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recognize never v--L-1d
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experience between0 V ~------__-
short quanti ty v ~
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19
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63
Per- Purshy
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64
Beginnin~ls
Be- beyond besidef f -r-----------------
v De- Di- deliver debatej f
_--_---- ---~ ---_bull_--_~~-- - - _-_~--------__~ _ bull_~ ~~-lt-- -~~ _-- ~ - __ _ bull_-- -- bull _shy
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Com- compel commerce ~ ~ ~
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~ i
c
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65
II
Sub- submit sublease 1-6 ~
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Al- almos t alteration ~v ~
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Tern- Etc turn attorneyr 0-0
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Inter- Intr- interview introduce -Enter- Entr- J
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66
enterprise entrance -~ -(
Electr- e1ectri city Q- electrician lt2--- Electric yo
110 ---------- ----middotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot ---middotmiddotmiddot----middot- --middot------------cmiddot ------_--- --- - ------ ------ --- --_ I
Post- postman postage--o- (
) superimposeSuper- supervise )
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Circum- circumstance circumspectC ~
Self- selfish (j
self-confident (
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Trans- translate transportation ~
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if I
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bullbull____bullbullbull_~ ~_ __~ __N__~ --
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69
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~ ~ -__- - -_- --- - - _ shy
-sume r-sumpti on assume 2 presumption L
____ 1i
__ _ ~
70
-ther
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gather
dependable
~
0(
bother
profitable
~
C-shyt
-ua1 actua1 ~
equa 11y I-P
-ure
-sel f -selves
myself
failure
-----_------------_
themselves
miniature ~
---ilt(J r)
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-ort support quarter
-----~
-tain retain maintain _ -I~~
a
--___L____________ __ __ __J _
71
-cient -ciency efficient cJ proficiency
r C
_------~-------
-hood childhood ~ motherhood r ~ _-----~_-----_
-ward backward rewardcf --9 ---__-----------------_-------shy
-ship relationship membership
~ CI
-cle -cal political article~ ev-
__bull_ bull___ bull bull__ _ bull _ ___ -- - _bull __ 0_ bull_____~~ _~ ~- _~____
-ulate tabulate congratulations ~JY--ul ati ons j~
_--__-------------------------__---__-----____-~
-i ngly exceedingly surprisingly~ (00
_- -- - (
72
-i ngs readings blessings
~ Cec
I-- ---------- -------__--__------------__- ------------- --_bull ~__- _ _--- bull- shy
-gram program cablegrams ~
---3 --rmiddot-- I
------- -_--- ---_ ----____- _----- - shy
-ification notification specifi ca ti ons -v) )
----------------------~-- ---~--t--middot-----middot-----_--- ---middot--middot- _-__~_ ~-- - __ _- _
-1 i ty personality rel i abil i ty
Cz--- ~ -
~_- ~ ~_~__ __middot_middot bull ___4_middotmiddot _ _ __ ___ __ ------------
-Hy facul ty casua lty
ch--- --0 A ---
-rity author ty majority
c- -t
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74
P~nctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations
period question mark
x
----__------ ----------__-----------
paragraph dash shy-gt -------_--~ _----shy
parentheses hyphen If1 -shyI
i i
400 4000Lj -i
400000 )1 I $4
Y i y -- _ _ -----------1-I
$4000 $400000 yViI
i I _________ J
I olclock four
_ ___~v_~J $45~ J____ ~~ _
75 Punctuationgt Amounts Quantities Daysgt Monthsgt and Business Abbreviations
-- ~---~_~ ~----~_--------
4 per cent $500j ~ S
I
1
t _ --------------__----- 1shy
5gt000gt000 $5gt000gt0005_ 6
5
several jbillion 6( iI
hundred I ii ~ I
i ~ -____--
I
a dollar ii
a million I ~ I
II _-~- ------ shy
4 pounds 8 feet2-( Fj
Sunday Monday l- ----2shy
__J
Tuesday
i I
I I I
I
Wednesd~y
d-~
I
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__
--
76
Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations -------------------- 1------------~~----------- ----~--- ---
Thursday Friday ~ 2sectJ--shy
~_~~_ bull_bull~ __gt H~ __~__~_bull _ bullbullbull~ _~ _~_ ~~____~-~ j-~_ ---------~
Saturday January
d J
__~ ~ __ ___~ -__nOo_ __J ~ __~_ _ ~_ ~_ ~ J
I I pound
February March
4I --- _~-_--_-- --__~---
April May ~ -0
June JulyL I iYI~ I shy
I ----------- -~~ - -_ ------- -~---~-j ~-- - ~~_middot-middotmiddotmiddot_------middotI middot---------middot- --i
til iI
August
September
j
j (e----) II
1 Imiddot1 -- _ ___ 1_____ - --- shy middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot---middot---r----middotmiddot----
I I
1October I November 1c--
~
h I I bull
77 Punctuation Amounts Quantities Days Months and Business Abbreviations ------~- __- -_-- --~-~-___-----~_~------_- _~ -~--_ _ - -~ - ~-~_-- ----~~-lt _ -~ - shy
December Dear Mr
~ ~
Dear Mrs --4 Dear Miss (3
Yours Cordiallysincerely yours ---jshy
I__----shy --r-II
IVery h cordi ally Dear Sir yours
---------T------~ II
Sincerely Yours r-L~ yours respectfully i i
I----__--_--__-------- ---_+__----~-___-__~---__ _-__ --_ __-_-shyI I
Respectfully I Very truly I yours )
--
I 1
iii 1---------middotmiddotmiddot - --- Very truly I 1
_Yours J~r
S3SI~Hd
A oJ
S33HS ~31SlW
80 prYases
it has been you should have been1 1
you might I could have been have been~ middot01
-~- ___ bullbullbullbull ~bull_-- - bull ~--~ ---__-_ __bull~gt
Should wouldv~ ~be able be able
- - ------- ---~ bull----------- _- _~ - ---- _____ gt-__ bull po~-_ ~_~ ~_
had been has been able ableA
~_ _~ ~________ _~ ___0__ ___ _____ __ __- _
have not I have not been able been ablei l
---_bullbull bullbull_--_ lt - ~_--- lt laquo bull laquolt -laquolt
you Ioul d to be able be able ~b t
----------_-_- __---------- bull -----lt- ---~---__-__-~-__ __ - _~~---___- _~ - -- - -_ - bull
I want you wanta a
------------ --- ----------
81 Phrases ----
they want we want ~ gt-
she wants who wantsy
if you if youv vwant wanted
------------------____ _~----~
days ago weeks ago~ ~
---------- ----------- __ -- -_ -~ ~ bull -~-- _ _ -_
months ago years ago ~
~
___ _ bullbull _ bull bullbull~ ~ __~~_ _~_ L_~_ ~~A ~ __
few days Abl e to ago ~ say ~
------ ---- _-_ ----__- -- ---~- - --- ~ ------ - ----- ---- -- -- -- -~ ---- - - --
able to see glad to see
~ ~0
- ____ _ bull rmiddotbull J~bullbull __ - -_~___bull__~__~ ~ __
82 Phrases ------------------------~~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddot--middot~~middot---t--------middotmiddotmiddot--middot-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot
in order in order to be to have-C ~
in addition duri ng the to the past~ ~
in the past in the world -Y
~
on the many of the question -~6-
~ ---------lmiddot1 ------------- - -
J
one of the I one of them I ~ ~
-_ -- - _- 1-shyl I j
out of date out of thisa4 I rYJ I ~
------ ---------__---_-_ -- bull -_ - ------
jsome of our I some of
2 0I ~ I these
I II I------------_bullbull bullJ__ bull __ bull_ bullbull
Phrases -----------------_--____---------_
83
I
at a loss ~(
at a time ~
-__---_ --Y - -_bullbull__________ - _ -------1 -~
for a few ina days
~ positi on
~ _______~bullbullbullbull_ bull bullbull_ _~ _ __---_--_-shy ~------~-~bullbull------ V bullbull _
for a long for a moment 2 1time ~
am pmC)- (shy
COD ~
Chamber of Commerce I
I ~ I
I I
t i I I
I vice versa J of course I
I C---)
I I
1
middot1
as soon as ~ as soon as possible i SfL ___
_~ 1----- _0---__
-------------------r--------r------shy
-------------____-j--__------__------------_----------shy
adotj aM
op 0)
-_ _--___----_----------------shysastJlJd
178
S31V1S
J0dshy
S133HS ~31SVW
86 States
~ 1------- )
Alabama Q- Alaska Cfl
1----------------------------1--------------------~--- ---_shy
9 ~Arizona Arkansas
j -~- -----~ - _
~ 1
California -0 Colorado -u (
I i I I -__ ____ ~_ 4
Connecticut
I I
I (
i --
I
~ bull
Delaware t
( i
imiddotl _______- _
1
Florida ( U
I t
Georgia I I
J
~ ~ _l_____ ~ __~ __~_ _ __ middotmiddotr ~
Hawaii () )
f Idaho 1 6 _~ 4 __ -----___~---_ --~--- ___----- -_ _- shy
(
111 i noi s ltL- Indiana
-_-_-- ~
87 States
~ -__---~-__-----__~bullshy
I
Iowa I I Kansas I
0 Imiddot i ---r I I
-I
Kentucky 0
I
I Louisiana
~
J
I
Maine 0
Maryland i
I
-__-~
I
Massachusetts
0
I I I
Michigan i I
f i - I
Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri I
I Montana
v I
I
I Nebraska I Nevada
(
r
I I I
88 States
~~ bullbull~ ~ bullbullbullbull bull _ bullbull_ bull _ W_~lt~_~_ ~ - _~ __ - ~_bullbull_~ __ ~_---- ~ ~_ _
New Hampshire New Jersey
bull t_---------------__ ~
New Mexico New York ~
North North Carolinq --I Dakota J
Ohio
-____shy I i
I 1
Oregon
I-----------middot1 I
Rhode Island
i
----------- --__ shy
Oklahoma v
I
I
J I I Pennsylvania i
~ 1 I i
I r I
1 1 j
1 South
-sect) Carolina I
j I
-I
6
-----
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South i Dakota I TennesseeI I
I I ~ I I
I
I ________ 1II
I
Wash ng ton ru West ) Virginia
I ___-
Wyomi ng f) i Wisconsin 3
t _1 ____ ~~
District Of Columbia ~
-----_
--------------------i------------------ --
) _ shy--~-_--
SO~OM 03Sn-1SOW 005
JOj
S133HS ~31SfW
--
91 500 Mos t~Used Words---_---------------------shy
a an able Gbull
---__-shy
afternoon and~ J
I
~ i
asked 9-v I
I i
be (
before lt f
I f
II
I I
believe
I
~ I
n--t----middot-middotmiddot
___-shy
I I
I Ican ~ car--- I I ~ I
I r -__ _ltt
I I
care i company ~ I I
copy do ~
92
500 Most-Used Words ------ middot-middot--middot---- ~middotmiddotmiddot~-lmiddotmiddotmiddot---middot---- -middot--middot
each early
QJ)I i ~~----- -____1 ---- ---- --~- ---~_~- --- ~-~_-~~_~ _~--
few ftrst oLv _bullbull v~ ~
for get) ~
i I-------f---------~--- - -_ middot-middot1 --middot- bull__--_ middotmiddotmiddotw _- ___ I
I ~
great Ii
has
i~ I i
I __ 1L ----middotmiddot--middotT-middotmiddot-middot-I -middotmiddotmiddot----r---middot- _
9
I 1---
I I I I I I I
I have I her
I) Q
i I I
r---shy
in home
c not
I I I
it later
at ~
------ -- ---1 _ bull_ bull1
500 Most-Used Words 93
leave
-j letters ~
1ike mail ~ ~
may morning o
new ~ I of --
I I l
I t i _~V-
1 I
office ( I on I
I
I e-shyI I
-_-~-_ _ _-~----__--1
~ ~ I
II
I
_ _shy _ Cl
I orders position I
~I I i I
l---shy -_-_- -_-shy I --_- -shy _ i I
ready
1
I I
-- Saturday
I 0 Pshy
I I I -------
94
500 Most-Used Words
she six 6
take the~l (
them thisrcr- J
_-----___------ _yen -__-_ ~--~
to today~ ~
_~ middot_middotW_~middot_middotmiddot__ _~middot4~_
very ) we ~
___o-- _ _ ~ __ ---- ---------r-------- -----~---
weeks well
~ ~
1
work ii th I r-Y~0shy
_ J _ _ JI
_
95 500 Most-Used Words1------middot--middot----middot-middot-middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
I I
~ou_c
accept
~ --------~--__
always ~
balance 0-
book h
check h
come ~----
writi ng ~
accou nt c7)-J
-~--~_-k-__~
am
bank
card
close
credit
__ bullmiddotmiddot - ----- shy~_i-----middot-
0(
~
~(
~
96 500 Most-Used Words
date day~ ~
-
l i
1department V-- every )
-___-_ ---__----_ _----- -------------__-_
go goi ngr-u ---u
I o if J
is keep
his ) l
know letter-u ~
_ ___- bull_----____-_~~-~-_--- - -~~ ~_ -
me money-0 ~
500 Most-Used Words--~~--~--------~------~--____ ----------------------_-~- -1-_middotmiddotshy 97
must my- (J
I _-------- shy
I
I necessary need i -uo - ---_------------------------------- --~-~-_
ynext open Lshy--Q
l- _
~
pay ro records -~
summer L -- sure ~
__~-~~-_ - ----------__~__-- -----~ -- - _ ~_ __~--___- bull _ -shy
their three- ~ there
-----------_---_
up ( week )
Cl
__
98 500 Most-Used Words
__---__bull _- -----_- __ ~__ -- _ -_ -- _-- ---- ---------_bull--- -~-----~-_~-_ -~-__ ~
when
0shy
write ~
your
you
7
appreciate oCp
bi 11 buy fQL
charge does 1tLt if
due four LI
~-----------------__--------_-----_----
friend giveu
happy mightt -e)
I I ___ ~ l l ____--1
----------------
99 500 Most-Used Words
month more __~r
--0
most mother --y-eC - I
not one
in ~--
order people L
-------__ ~~----_ bull_~ --------_ - --_ _shy
present promptlyc u -
receive remittance U (
J (
---__----- ------------+ I i I
send I
set y~
__J J __ ~
----
100
o
time
these
~-~-------
9
~
_~ __
r
Q-
shy~ -_- -__ - __ -----~------------
were
year
they
I
about f after
- --shy
7
ago uru amount c-(-middotJu
i
middot-middot-Tmiddot-------middot-------r ~
-------shy
another ~
answer 0-0
any I big h~
1 - -----~-~-~----------[
i I bring c I
Ii
L~I called
L ~__ -J ~_l_ --
---------__----_ i
came
500 Most-Used Words
r-----shy0
city
101
complete --- 0 ~
contract ~---
could country I r)---L _r--
-------------------------------------------shy
find foundJ J
from furnish 1 L
got hard -- l r~ o
-------------
I I
he
___ __ I
o
I I
__l him
o
i -l
102 500 Most-Used Words ~----------
make man ~---
0 --0shy
our material hour
are --~
paper request6 ---cG
sent supplyy u _---____---shy
than that- fJ
------------------middot--middotmiddot-----middot--middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot-middotcmiddot----middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot
use was ) rtJ
-_ -- ----------_--_---__--- ___--_- -- ___-_- ~_-~gt-__---_~_-~_--_~_~
Jere which
year Q
_ -- ---- - ---_- - --- _---___ - ~-- ---_ --_ _- __--_~- ---- --------- shy
104 500 ~ost-Jsed Words
- _--(----------- ---- -- - ------ --_middot------_middot------1- _--------1 II
I I-- I ir2turn cannot
~v
J
~~class desire~
1-------------middot--middotmiddot I
eveni ng forward1bull v
Friday good ~w
~
havi ng ) looking ~
how pretty (p0()out
--__---__ _--~-_ ___-__--~~-_-__--------~~_- ~-_ _ _ - - -
question some ~
t
105 500 Most-Used Words
stay unti 1 yO J-
---------_bull-- -- ----_-- -- _~
by ( down Lshy~
i - bull-_ __0 bull _ bull bull __ ~~ -- bull _ ___ bull __ bull~_~ ___ bullbullbull_ bull _~ _bull bull__bull __ bull _~ _u_ __ _ _
had its shy
_ ___ _ bullbull bullbullbullbull __~_~_C__bullbull bull bullbull__bullbull __~bullbullbull _~ ___ bull _bullbull_~____~ ~_ bull__bull ~_ __v _ bullbullbull__ ~_bullbull 1-----II
I making Mr -~- ~--0 I
Ir--- ------------------------------------_------
Mrs much -( 7
near number --SL -=c
----- I
paid paymenty cf-shyI
_J_ ~ --
106 500 Most-Used Words
place
probably
small
c( please
10
--
r
rather
---- --------shy
~ town
winter all~
-------------------------------------shy
almost away C----(-C
C-z
uV
----------------
fr- - 010shy
---------~-
~
--- ------- _-_
middot8 --------------------------------~--------- - --
busy enclosed ~ 10
--~ -- --~--- _ - _~ ~ - -----~-- -~-- -----l--middotmiddot------------------j--- -------middot-- ~~
end J fine )Ushy
_____________J ---------L---_----- _
107 500 Most-Used Words
bull __ 0 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull _ bullbull - __ _ __ bull __bull__~_~ ~_M _---------~ ~
information --) -1
I
J job II
C ------~----_----_ ---_____
received -4 j
sale ~
statement y
invoice
4
Monday
___-_ __- _--_-- ___ shy
report
_ -------------__-_ _-~~ ~_
show
used
2shy
_ _-_-_ __
-~ V
L
r
whil e
ca 11 --lA--~
can l t feel- ~
--------middotr-_middot middot_middot__middot -------_ - - _- - ---
108
500 Most-Used Words _---
hear heard bull Q-
meeting once ----dshy
_--- _______- _----_ __-----_ ____
part special~
subject talkJ i
~ ~_ ~ ~ ~__~ ___bull____bullbull _ __ __ __ W_ bullbull ___ middot t _-_
tomorrow unable~
---- ---_------ _--~
us business J
------------- -----_--___ --
QJ
r-J-r
_--__----shy
f
~
__~ bullbull-lt____~
r---O -
----------- shy
( ---- _--_
course doneI -----tt-e i I
___J __ J __laquo _ bull _laquo
109 500 Most-Used Words
doubt express~ amp
~-----------_ __ __ __- _-_ -_ bull_-_--~ --_ - bullbull_----_ __--shy
here little Q ~
---__-_ __bull-__---_ _bull_--_ - -- -~
mind off J-~
or reference ~
~ -------- -__--_
remain returned ~ -9 I
satisfy school
satisfactory ~ )-----L--
second short ~ v
110
500 Most-Used Words -- _-_ _ --- -_-_ --__- -__~---_ --~--_--_- ~---------------~-gt-~--_- -~ _-___~_ ____---- -~-~__-_~
taki ng then ~) ~
------------------__----__-- _------ _-_ __-_ -_-__------__--_ _----- --shy
two understand ~
whether writtenbull()shy -~
----I ~ -~__ -_-_ ~-______ __ - - --- ---- __O
yesterday already ~ ~
attention been7o c
better change
~ ~ _---_-__--__-
fact favor)-- 2 -
I
111 500 Most-Used Words
further January
v ck ------__-__--_ __- --bull-------------- -- - __-_bull-----_ - __--_-_--------shy
look men ~-~J
--------------------------------~__-__~~_----------------~~----
months only __Ir( c-o
---------- --- ----------middot----1------ ----------____ bull- shy
over ~ perhaps co ~
price since d-(~
took within --------~ r
again back r o~ c~
I I
II
I
___ __ J_________ 1 _ ____ __--1
112 500 Most-Used Words
between certainly u~Ovshy---------------_shy
dear half 9
high nighto -d
offer oldz- v-J
------ -------------------------- --shy
past pleased
~ 0 _____ bull rbull ~_~_
said sir Q
soon ten k- 0
I
I - ----------------__ 1__
__
113 500 Most-Used Words I~--- 1----middot-middot------------------------- ---------
L-C)truly wanted ~ - -- bull__- - bull bull bullbull __bull__lt0
young yours~ 1
r--------r--~-------------- - ---_--- _
did enough cry i _ _ _~ i__ __~ __~ ~ __ ~- -_-- ~ _ _N - ___bullbull~_~_~_ bullbull __ ~~lt bullbull~ bullbull _~ -_
given last ~ ~ ~
1ess 1is t ~~
r----- _--------------_- _---------__- _-_--bull-
own pricese- Cq _---_-------------__--_------- -- ---_bull_bull_ _-
receipt regardi ng -o-~
--_ _-shy
_--_-___
adoq
6u ~na5
_ __-----__---------shy
Allap 6 Sl
_ -----~--M---middot------middotmiddot-------l-middot---shy
ssaJppl
-_--~---____-------shy
jUlM al qnoAj
asoddns
juawd pJs 2W1S
SPJOM pasr-+soW OOS 17ll
----------
115
500 Most-Used Words ------- -- _---__-----~---__- _---_--------__------shy
interest no ) --e
---- -~-- _ --------- ~- middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-~~--middot --middotmiddotmiddotmiddot----middoti ---middot------middot ------_-
note prompt cJ-c
regard reply-O~ u
replying seems d-c
~
sending severa1
~
becausesurely
I-J ~ _---~---------__---
both box I -~ (__L_
116 500 Most-Used Words r------------~---------~-------------
I boy case
i W ~9
helpfollowing l-u ~
left possible ---~j
j f
taken --c)L
thought i I i ~ I
I--r _--~
together
I ~r--r I I
went I i I I I I I
Y
- I I I
_L
117 500 Most-Used Words
future goods )~ --J
hand indeedJ ___________ _middot__ M_middotmiddot__ ~_ __ bull bull _~_middot~___ ~~__k~_-_middot ~--
nothing now--r --DJ
_---- ___ ~ __M ~_ ~ bull middot~ bullbull bullbull _)~ ___ - bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull -bullM _middot_ bullbullbull _ _ _~bullbull _bullbull ~ bullbull _ bullbull bull_~ ~ ~~ ~
other pleasure rrshy ~
----------------------_bull_--___-__-__- __-__
quite really ~if ---9--9
returni ng service ~ 6-
c _-_----~---__--__ _- __bull _-------_ _ - _ -----~---i- __-shy
shipped sincerelyt i
- -- -- t _- _~ ~~~
d--v
118 500 Most-Used Words
size thank r--
~
too bei ng (
but ( connection ~~i
I
cost dont ~
------------__-- -_ --__ p-__-_ yen~- bullbullbullbullbull_- - - -~-----
I
II
either enclosinga ~
~~ _----- _--~ -- -- -- ----_ _- -- - - _ _
girl how ~ ()
----------- ---------- --------~ ---- -_ -------middot-i---middotmiddot-middot-- ~---~--------- -------- --_- --- -- __
large 1i ne ~-r---j
_-1__
119 500 Most-Used Words
---~----- _---- _- -- ~ -_ ----__---~- _----____ _~ - _bull__ -~ _---____~ - _ ___ bull~
lot meet ~ ---gtlt-6
~ _~_ ~ ~~ ~_bull __ __bull _ __bull bullbullbullbull __C_ _ bullbull _ bullbull 4middot bullbullbullbull bull bullbull bullbull bull__ bullbull_~bullbull _ bull bull
see tell d Jl---
----------__--_-----___---- -_ bull -___ _~-
those toldl ~
try way g~
why without () riamp
--------- _----__bull_
wrote anythi ng ~ cr-o
expect number-- ~ i
120 500 Most-Used Words
sha 11 state v
along bed y~
t~----_~ __gt_ ~ _~ __~ ~-Jo_ _
cover cut
2 ~
__------gt------ - ----- ~- _--- ~_~ ~-~ -
different -w ever ) i
L _~gt ___ _ _ _ _
I
kind knew ~ --gt
--~~
name never a 7
-~------ jbull ---
remember say Jc i __ bullL __ __L_ ___ _ __~
121 500 Most-Used Wqrds
-yen------__--__--~-_ ____-~ ~ ___~ _ ---~ -__-----___--_--~---
thingsuch
j ~think
value wasteL ~
what wherec cv
------------ ~-----t~middotmiddotmiddot-----middotmiddot-middot--~middotmiddot-middotmiddot ~ bull -shy --~ -----~ ---~- ----
bad coveringf ~2 ~
- ---------------~--------__~ _____--___----_
didnt everythi ng i----middot-------------r--middot----middot------ j --__ --------shy
except gaver ~
gone ---- however (J)
JI
__ - ___ bullbullbull __ __bull __~ __ ~_- 0shy____ ------ ----- Ii
-_--+
r---- I ------r------------shy
-I I
tf I i I7I )snr
i I
5u~op punoH
AJJOS
) SaJ paJapJO
)s-eal
O)u~
______c ------___ _ bull-- bullbull--_-bullbullbull_ ---t
SPJOM pasn-)sow 009 22l
123 500 Most-Used Words
-------- __ _-___--------__-- -__ _~ __ - - --shy_-------~
life love
--jyen
~gt
)
real regret Q 1--0--
so something ) ~
sti 11 trust ~v-r
war ~
who 7
~
world rY)
1
above 5 I
1
against begr-L
U t-
I --~--_~_~__ -L __ )
124 500 Most-Used Words
----~-----------------------
guess matter
~ -6
nice seem d-R
thanking ~
I though i I
I Ii -__-----_--_--tmiddot I j
C i Iupon whole
CA--
- _~ ----~--
enclose made -r) -6
_____l _
myself therefore GJ -1
under yes1 CJ
I
_ JII
__ __ _
-middot ----------------c-------------------shy
____-~----__------ --shy
i -~ ~--~~~---_~~---_ T----~ -~-----~-~~-------+-- -~--bull---bullbull
tpuns
I ~ ___--~ _---_~ bull____~ bull__--__-- _bull _ ---~~ _-~----____-----___--_--shy
UOSti3A
~_---------------------------------___
6u puogt PLdeggt
SPAOM paSn-lSoW OOS
8 XION3ddu
MOUNT amp fl LMt Sea 1ed
MOUNTS AND FI LM
MOUNT ~ The black area is the seal r-t---shy
Before Sealing
CODES FOR THE VOWEL SLIDES
v-Ie
Vowel -shy No 1
VOWL
Introduction Slide -shyVowels C Third in a series of 5
V-A V-IO
Vowel -shy No 1 AU First in series of5
Vowel -shy Nomiddot 1 0 Fourth in a series of 5
V-18 V-IE
Vowel -shy No 1 liB Second in Series of 5
Vowel -shy No E Fifth in
1 a series of 5
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so they would be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
CODES FOR THE CONSONANTSLIDES
C()N8tJAIfNT5
r
SJWNOSNro
~
Introduction Slide -shyConsonants
~~~
bull bull I
~~ eI~
Consonant -- No 1
1
Consonant -- No 1
When pairs of slides are filed the typewritten word is always first
Slides shown as they were coded Codes were written so theywould be visible when the slides were filed in the carousels
J XIaN3ddif
---
--
-Introduction Slides
500 BRIEF JOINED MOST-USED STATES WORD
WORDS FORMS BEGINNINGS
DISJOINED JOINED DISJOINED WORD WORD WORD PHRASES
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS ENDINGS
T FOR TO BEEN ABLE WANT PRECEDED- IN shy -BYREP~NTED REP~NTED PHRASES BY A PRONOUNBY ~ -
~ I
AGO I
TO THE OF REPRffiNTED OHITiED OMmED OfItmED
BY G IN PHRASES IN PHRASES IN PHMSES
-I I IA
OMITTED INTERSECTED SPECIAL PUNCTUATION IN PHRASES PHRASES PHRASESI I
DAYS MONTHS AMOUNTS
IOF THE BUSINESSOF THE middot amp WEEK ABBREVIATIONS QUANTITIESYEAR
bull middotmiddot bull bull bull I
USE CONSONANTS I VOWELS I GOOD
PROPORTION
bull
bull
uuosuo~
States
AlabaM Q-~ - ~Alu dlshy
- shy
-
Ar1 ZOM - 9 --- - ArkanllS ~ -
- shy -shy - -
California 0 Colorado U-shy
Connecticut --Y Delaware
Florida U Georgia d
bull dHawaii () bull Idaho bull bullbull I I
- bull bull
111 1no15 CL- Indiana -
bull
a XON3dd
Tab
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MAN
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DIST
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55
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1445
0 Lo
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CA 9
0025
New
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NY
1003
6 C
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CO
809
07
Wic
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KS
67
201
Wic
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KS
67
209
New
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NY
1000
1 H
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CA
9004
6
End
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3760
S
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357
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902
47
W
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Tab
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MAN
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Spr
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Hud
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10
553
Sea
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981
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to JUx4
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139 BERGEN EXPO SYSTEMS INC Model O-R-lOOO Price $199500 ii Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 140
IOperation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals srmishy ~ automatic push button on projector remote control I forward and reverse focus I
Lamp Custom Xenon 1000 watt equivalent blower cooled ILens 4 or 5 f28 Weight 49 Ibs including built-in power supply l Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Lamphouse contains built-in power supply various focal
length lenses availa ble IiI I
o BRAUN ELECTRIC CANADA LTD- Model Braun D7 o Price $4995 Projects 2x2 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 50 watt quartz and 25 watt viewer lamp convection cooled Lens 85 mm f45 Screen 2~x2A~I Weight 5~ Ibs Dimensions 6-58xI0-18x3-58 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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shy- BUHL OPTICAL CO Model Hi Lite 820-800 Price $75000 Projects 2x2 slides
~ Capacity 80 Operation Built-in slide changer remote control forward and reverse
focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt blower cooled Lens I to 155 Weight 281bs Dimensions 14x IS x 14 Power 120 V 60 Hz
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BUSCH FILM t EQUIPMENT COMP ANY Model Cine-Slide 325 Price $32500 Projects 2x2 slides
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Capacity 80 slides ~t Lamp 500 watt blower cooled
Lens f14 Screen 14x 14 built-in
Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 201bs
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SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
140 BUSCH FILM amp EQUIPMENT COMPANY Model 6-240SS Big Screen Cine-Slide Price $109500 Uses Kodak Carousel Model 85 II
L Operation Automatic or manual Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Lens 3 Screen 28x28 Weight 125 Ibs Dimensions 40x25x65 Power 120 V 60 Hz Notes Equipped with cartridge tape recorder mike for inaudible
projector control push button start cycling stop
-M- w CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFB900-3624E Projector with Xenolite Price $339000 -~ f~ r -~fj Projects 2x2 slides 2Yx2Y slides 3Yx4 slides
1 Operation Manual (hand operated) lt ( bull ~ Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled~ ~l~-~
Lens 12Vz - 26 fl4 -li Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFB900-3624EG customer furnished projector $277500 Notes Brightness about 7 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolite Division Model BFL450-46 Xenolite with Kodak Ektographic Price $222000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 80 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals 58 15
seconds semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus
Lamp 450 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 4-6 f35 zoom Power 120 V 60 Hz Weight 1351bs Dimensions 18x20-18x30y Accessories Remote douser on-off etc $24000 lap dissolve for two
projectors $69000 Other Models BFL45O-0G with customer furnished projector $201000 Notes Brightness about 4 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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DECISION SYSTEMS INC Model Carobeam B2 Price $79500 case $6500 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity amp0 slides Operation Semimiddotautomatic push button on projector remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp BRN 1200 watt fan and blower cooled Lens Weight
I through I 512 and zoom 201bs Dimensions I I l2X II x I I
Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random access selection $149500 Other Models Carobeam-2 with dissolver $179000 Carobeam-2 random
access with dissolver $349500 Notes Special application projectors may be developed from basic
models
64
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 141 Model Kodak Ektagraphic Arc
bull Price Projects Capacity Operation
$120000 2x2 slides 80 140 with Carousel Slide Tray Manual (hand operated) builtmiddotin slide changer automatic
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focus maintenance at machine and remote automatic (timed) 5 10 15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp GE Marc 300 fan and blower cooled Weight Power supply 26Ylbs projector module 27~ Ibs Dimensions Power
9-38xl B4x20-18 120 V 60 Hz UL listed
Notes Power supply interchangeable with Pageant Arc 16 mm Sound Projector
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model AF-2 Price $21450 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray
Operation Manual built-in slide changer automatic (timed) intervals ~ 58 15 seconds semi-automatic pushbutton on projector
remote control forwardreverse focus ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 IOYlbs Dimensions 4x 1034x I 1-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Lenses $2250-$4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 521500 Filmstnp adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889
Notes Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Accessories
Notes
Kodak Ektagraphic Model 8-2 $15950 case $1295 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer semi-autoshymatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus ELH 300 watt Lens 5 f35 lOY Ibs Dimensions 4x 1034x 11-38 120 V 60 Hz UL listed 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35 $3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 625889 Accepts al1 other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
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Cia ---( EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Model Kodak Ektagraphic Model E-2 Price $10950 case $1295 Projects 2x2 slides filmstrips with adapter Capacity 80 140 with Carousel 140 slide tray Operation Manual (hand operated) semi-automatic push button on
projector Lamp ELH 300 watt fan cooled Lens 5 f35 Weight 10Yz Ibs Dimensions 4x I 034x 11-38 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 2W f35 lens $2250 3 f35 $1250 7 f35
$3650 zoom 4-6 $4250 Carousel sound synchronizer Model 2 $3950 Carousel dissolve control Model 2 $21500 Ektagraphic filmstrip adapter $3995 if used substitute Ektagraphic arc slide projector front condenser lens 1625889
Notes Accepts all other Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
65
SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 3~x4
142
Dimensions 12x 12x 12
Notes
Lamp Lens Weight Power Other Models
FORTUNE AUDIO-VISUAL Model Mor-Lite Price $79500 case $5000 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 81 or 140 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 58 or 15 second
intervals forward and reverse focus 1000-2000 watt blower cooled As required 201bs 120 V 60 Hz With random access capability $159500 Mor-Lite II 2 projectors with fade dissolve $199500 Accepts all Carousel accessories
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Projects 2x2 slides accepts cardboard mounted slides onlyCapacity I 00 slides Operation Built-in slide changer circular gravity feed automatic
(timed) I second intervals remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp 500 watt fan cooled Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 100 slide tray $295 80 glass mounted slide tray $295
Auto-sync tape synchronizer $2950 slide-seeker for random access $3995
THE HARWALD COMPANY Model Admatic Price $99500 including case Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 30 Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) semi-automatic
push button on projector remote control forward and reverse
Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens 3 f30Screen 16x23 built-in Weight 1501bs Dimensions 66~x28xI8 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Other Models Sonomatic with 2 track tape cartridge playback $149500
Sonomatic RP with both record and plaYback capability $189500
HONEYWELL INC Photollraphic Products Division Model Preview AV-II 6694 Price $19950 Projects 2x2 slides Capacity 120maximum with round tray less with various straight trays Operation Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5 to 30 second
intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus
Lamp EGH 150 watt blower cooled Lens 4 f28Screen 2Y2X2W built-in Dimensions 7x12x12 Power 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Accessories 34 or 5 f35 lens $1250 4-6 and 3-5 f35
zoom lens $4250 accessory slide carrying case $1195 tape synchronizer $3450 tape sync cord $395
Other Models AV-1 6684 with 4 f35 lens 500 watt lamp no autoshymatic timer $16950
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SLIDE PROJECTORS Up to 34x4
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HOPPMANN CORPORATION Model P-2 Portable Rear Projection System Price $57700 Projects 2x2 slides II Capacity 80 slides Operation Automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals remote control
forward and reverse focus Lamp 300 watt blower cooled Screen 25 x I 6 built-in Weight 301bs Dimensions 28x28x7W folded Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Screen carrying case with folded optical system for use with
customers own projector $29500
HUDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRIES INC
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Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Power Notes
E LEITZ INC Model Price Projects
Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Other Models
Prima HPI 345 $3450 2x 2 slides 6 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier uses slideshystick for programmed material CBX 75 watt convection cooled 2 f23 212Ibs Dimensions I 0)(6x8 120 V 60 Hz UL listed Slidesticks $200 dozen master slide file with 60 Slide-sticks included $1750 t355 with CAR 150 watt blower cooled lamp $4450
Caralite Mark 3 $180000 2x2 slides 80 slides Manual (hand operated) built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 5-8-15 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus 300 watt Xenon fan cooled 5 f35 601bs Dimensions 19x1l2xI2112120V60Hz Complete with Kodak Ektagraphic Projector AV-315 Accepts all Ektagraphic and Carousel accessories
Prado-Universal 35 $24900 case $4350 2x2 slides cardboard plastic metal and glass mounted slides I Manual two-way slide carrier 24 V 250 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 169 Ibs Dimensions 78x 56x 146 ACIDC Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400 extra Micro projection attachments $41000 to $45000 Prado Universal 2vx2v with 150 mm f28Iens $29700
INTERNATIONAL AUDIO VISUAL INC
67
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 3~x4
-- E LEITZ INC
Model Price Projects
I Capacity Operation
Lamp Lens Weight Accessories
Other Models
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MOTIVA LTD Model Price Projects Operation Capacity Lamp Lens Screen Weight Dimensions Power Other Models
la4 Pradovit-Color 150 $24600 case $3750 2x2 slides accepts cardboard plasticl ~Pland glass mounted slides ii
36 and 50 gtlgt ji Automatic (timed) adjustable 3 to 30 intervals semi-automatic push button on projector ~ce control forwardreverse focus 24 V 150 watt fan cooled 90 mm f25 Power ACDC 16 Ibs Dimensions 6x8~xlZ Lenses from 35 mm to 250 mm up to $5400_tntlight pointer $1350 50 remote control cord U2pqsync accessories $1350 Pradovit 250 with 90 mIll f35 lens $27900JJJdovit ISO auto-focus with 90 mm f25 lens $30300pqdovit 250 auto-focus with 90 mm f2S lens $34500
RPT-300 Rear Projection Theateramaone System $42400 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV343 automatic focus 81 slides 500 watt blower cooled 3 f3S 18x IS built-in 301bs 24x 19Vzx24 120 V 60 Hz RPT-SOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxiliary speaker $57700
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Other Models
Notes
Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lamp Weight Power Notes
RPT-Q0300 Rear Projection Theateramatwo System $54100 2x2 slides Automatic with slide changer AV340 self-focus SI slides 500 watt blower cooled 2 Buhl superwide ISx 27 built-in 331bs 24x28Vzx24 Power 120 V 60 Hz Dust cover $1200 mushroom pedestal base $9900 deluxe caster base $9900 base adapter plate $950 RPT-OOSOO includes sound recorder slide changer auxilshyiary speaker $69500 Capable of housing two projectors for split-screen or lap dissolve presentations
PRESENTATION TECHNICAL AIDS INC 71 Highlight $59500 2x2 slides SO slides Push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus PTA HL 1200 watt equivalent 2Slbs Dimensions Illhx 12x 12 120 V 60 Hz Includes Kodak 800 or Ikta B slide projector slide tray and remote cord color temperature adjustable to 34000 K
68
SLIDE PROJECTORS I Up to 34x4
REALIST INC Model
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ModelNt- Price Projects Capacity Operation
~ Lamp Lens Weight - c7
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145 Super Light 3402 $72500 plus lens 2x2 slides glass or cardboard mounted 80 and 140 Carousels Automatic remote control forward and reverse built-In II slide changer unit uses Eastman Kodak Automatic Focus Ektagraphic projector 1200 watt tungsten halogen cooled by 3 fans 5 f35 341bs 12-58xllxI8 120 V 60 Hz Super Light 3401 500 watt Xenon lamp 20-58xllxI8 weight 99 Ibs self-contained DC power pack solenoid activated douser built-in $195000 Power cord remote control Carousel universal slide tray and transportation case included 14middot11 lenses available
Selectroslide SLR-1200A $78600 case $3200 2x2 slides 48 slides Built-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward and reverse focus BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 5 f28 22 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 737 remote control for forward-reverse-focus $3600 725 forward-reverse remote control $1365 JI2 to 11 lenses available SLR-1200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide with auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $105000
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Notes
SPINDLER cl SAUPPE INC
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SPINDLER amp SAUPPE INC Model Price Projects Capacity Operation
Lens Lamp Weight Power
Accessories
Other Models
Dual Selectroslide SLD-1200A $108200 case $4200 2x2 slides 96 slides Build-in slide changer automatic (timed) 4 8 12 24 second intervals semi-automatic push button on projector remote control forward only focus 5 f28 BRN 1200 watt tungsten halogen fan cooled 41 lbs 120 V 60 Hz 715 remote focus lens mount $9600 721 remote control $1365 737 remote control forward-reverse-focus $3600 I h to II lenses available S L 0-1 200A (766) Ultrabright Selectroslide auxiliary cooling and modified optics for 3000-Lumen light output $134600
THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal Mighty Mite Xenon Price $350000 Projects 2x2 slides 3vx4 slides 2vx2Wmiddot slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp 1600 watt Lens 412 to 12 Weight Power
SOO Ibs 120 V 60 Hz AC
Dimensions 54hx67x26Yz
Other Models Model with 14 to 20 lens $360000
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I SLIDE PROJECTORS 13~x4
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THE STRONG ELECTRIC CORP Model 44060 Universal X-16 Xenon Arc Price $397500 Projects 2x2 slirles 3vx4 slides Capacity One Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only lamp 1600 watt (9000 lumens) Lens 4V2 to 12 Weight 3001bs Dimensions 63x27x79 Power 120 V 60 Hz AC Other Models Model with 2500 watt lamp 12000 lumens 14 to 20
lens $442000
TM VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC Model TMC Showmatic 2007 S Price $3995 case $795 Projects 2x 2 slides Capacity 40 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) stackloading lamp CDS 100 watt convection cooled Lens 75mmf25 Weight I V2lbs Dimensions 334x234x6 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Tripod $795 table top screen $395 automatic kit operashy
tion $500 Other Models 2007P same except with Airequipt changer Model P
$4294 Notes All die cast aluminum - 3 element condenser lens - Heat
absorption lens
TEL-A-STORY Model Price Projects Capacity Operation Lamp Lens Screen Weight Power Other Models
INC 12 $21500 case included 2x2 slides I 2 slides Automatic (timed) 58 second intervals DDY or DGH 750 watt fan cooled 36 mm f35 12x 12 built-in 26 Ibs Dimensions 14x14x22 120 Y 60 Hz UL listed Model 18 18 square screen $27000 model 24 24 square screen $33500
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AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP Model Standard Model GK 3690 SK Price $31300 including case Projects 34x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Lens Weight
6Vz f56 251bs
UL listePower
d 120 Y 60 Hz
Accessories 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 Other Models 28 models available from $31300 to $47500 Notes Projection objectives available ranging from 6Vz to 24
focal length
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147
SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3~x4
I - AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP
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Model Price Projects Operation Lamp Lens Weight Accessories Other Models Notes
3690 HU High Speed GK $39300 including case 3Y4x4 slides Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier DDB 750 watt blower cooled -15 f45 UL listed 25 lbs Power 120 V 60 Hz 2x2 slide carrier $1600 2x2 condenser chest $6000 3690 HW as above for projection 2x2 slides $39300 Other models with 20 focal length objectives available at same price
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King 3610 Price $29900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp DDB 750 watt blower cooled Weight 241bs Dimensions IOx7 34x27 34 Power 120 V 60 Hz 115 or 220 volt UL listed Accessories 23Ax2W (reflex 2Y4 square size) carrier 3631 $1650
314x31A English carrier 375 I $2250 Polaroid 2Y4x2W carrier 3752 $2250
Other Models With lens from 612 to 26 $299 00 to $53600 Notes Built-in mechanical pointer metal carrying case front and
rear elevating legs lens caps bellows support interchangeable components
CHARLES BESELER CO Model Slide King II 34612 Price $39900 including case Projects 3Y4x4 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz halogen blower cooled
Weight 301bs Dimensions 13x8hx 18 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Other models available accommodating from 2x2 to
3Y4x4 slides lenses from 6W to 26 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevashy
ting legs
CHRISTIE ELECTRIC CORP Xenolltl Division Model BFT900-6300E Xenolite with Telepro 6000 and Model 300
changer Price $545000 Projects 3Y4x4 slides Capacity 65 slides Operation Built-in slide changer semi-automatic remote control forshy
ward only Lamp 900 watt Xenon blower cooled Lens 5f19 Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models BFT900-6300EG with customer furnished projector
$277500 Notes Brightness about 2 times that of standard lamp dichroic
cold mirror approx 54000 K (daylight) color temperature 2000 hour lamplife
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I SLIDE PROJECTORS I 3Jx4
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148 HOPPMANN CORPORAnON Model HC34-FR I000 Reversible Slide Changer Price $521600 Projects 3x4 Capacity 60middot slides Operation Built-in slide changer push button on projector Lamp 1000 watt tungsten-halogen blower cooled Lens 65 85 10 Weight 1601bs Dimensions 17Jhx30x36 Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Random slide selection $54300 digital readout $30900
remote focus adjustment $24 700 Other Models 1000 watt Xenon light source $256800 Notes Other light sources and lenses available
KUEGL BROS Model 1674A Price $142800 case $42500 Projects 3x4 slides Capacity 2 or 7 slides Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 21 00T248 (60V) blower cooled Lens 45 f19 Weight 1401bs Dimensions 61 to 81 highx22x23 Power 2100 watt 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $32100 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $400 each slide painting colors $4200
Other Models 1674 Standard Objective Lens Model $99200 60 f30 85 f30 125 f33 lenses available
Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
KLlEGL BROS Model 1676A Price $175500 case $42500 Projects 5x5 4x5 and 31x4 slides (adapters included) Operation Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier semishy
automatic remote control forward only Lamp 5MT321 blower cooled Lens 45f19 88 31120 Ibs Dimensions 66 to x24x Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Semi-automatic slide changer $39500 long film drive
$100000 short film drive $70000 slide glass $500 each slide painting colors $4200 60 f30 85 f30 and 125 f33 lenses available
Other Models 1676 Standard Objective Lens Model $130700 Notes Slide carrier rotates 360 degrees
Weight
KLlEGL BROS Model Price Projects
Operation Lamp Lens Weight Power Accessories
Notes
1679A $366600 case $42500 7x7 5x7 5x5 4x5 and 314x4 slides (adapters included) Manual (hand operated) two-way slide carrier 5MT321 blower cooled 60 f30 1201bs Dimensions 36x40x30 ) 20 V 60 Hz Slide glass $900 each slide painting colors $4200 85 f30 and 125133 lenses available Slide holder adjustable through 30 degrees
72
SLIDE PROJECTORS 3~x4
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Lamp Lens Power Other Models
Capacity Operation
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 36 Price $217375 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid (2x2 slides with
adapters) 6 slide disc (12 or 18 slide discs available) Au tomatic (timed) intervals 5 7 10 20 seconds remote control 3MT 322 3000 watt blower cooled 4middot26 120 V 60 Hz SA 312 12 slide disc $226750 SA 318 18 slide disc $229250 SA 26 12-18 2000 watt quartz iodine lamp 5200 lumens $217375
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Price $81250 Projects 34x4 slides Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals remote control
forwardreverse Power 120 V 60 Hz t- t
4jjyeni pound0 l~ Accessories Adapter kits available for Beseler AO TelePro Boddie - I ( ---1 Translux
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GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model SA 6000 Price $314000 Projects 314x4 slides Polaroid slides 2x2 slides with adapters Operation Remote control pushbutton 300 electric slide changer 14
second slide change withou t black-screen interval Z patshytern removable slide tray feed 65 slide capacity remote variable lamp intensity SO control cables
Lamp 3MT322 3000 watt blower cooled Lens 5 fl9 Weight 521bs Power 120 V 60 Hz Accessories Su pply kit $13600 random access slide changer
$320000 TeleFader single douser $66600 Notes Wide angle lens provides short throw distance for front or
rear projection slides reprojected without sorting Xenon light-source optional
GEORGE R SNELL ASSOCIATES INC Model Satellite I Price $91000 Projects 34x4 slides glass mounted or Polaroid Capacity 70 Operation Automatic (timed) Yz second intervals Lamp BTA 1000 watt quartz blower cooled Lens 6Yz Weight 83 Ibs Power 120 V 60 Hz Other Models Satellite II forward and reverse sequence remote control
5129750 Notes Lamp ejector double blower cooling system front elevatshy
ing legs
73