IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller1 Westernization and Empire – A Window on the West Peter I & Westernization Military Reform Bureaucratic Reform Social Reform

IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 1

• Westernization and Empire– A Window on the West

• Peter I & Westernization• Military Reform• Bureaucratic Reform• Social Reform• St. Petersburg

The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia


Peter I & Westernization


St. Petersburg in 1710


Peter I & Westernization



• The Limits of Westernization: Catherine II

“You write on paper, but I have to write on human skin, which is far more

ticklish.” Catherine the Great



• Westernization and Empire– The Limits of Westernization

• Catherine II• Pugachev’s Rebellion• The End of Reform


Russian soldier, 1650



Imperial Russia in the Eighteenth Century


• The European States System– The Peace of Westphalia

• Sovereign state era• Century of Imperial Wars

– The Balance of Power– Military Development

• Military academies• Technological innovation

The Transformation of Europe

The Consolidation of Sovereign States

Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648


• Early Capitalist Society

How does the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith portray the capitalist market?


Capitalist Society


• Early Capitalist Society – Population Growth & Urbanization

• American Food Crops– potato– maize– tomato– peppers

• Population Growth– 1500 = 81 m.– 1700 = 120 m.

• Urbanization


Capitalist Society

American Food Crops


• Early Capitalism & Protoindustrialization– Capitalism – Supply & Demand

• market conditions• banks

– Joint-Stock Companies– Politics & Empire

• Private property / contracts• Trading-posts

– Putting-Out System


Capitalist Society

17th Century Dutch shipyard


• Sources From The Past:Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market


Capitalist Society

“Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is in his own advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he has in

view…”

- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations


• Early Capitalist Society – Social Change in Early Modern Europe

• Serfdom in Russia– Romanov policy– Serfs become private property

• Profit & Ethics– laissez-faire– “invisible hand”– universal laws

• The Nuclear Family– social unit– companionate marriage


Capitalist Society

Adam Smith, 1723-1790


• Reconceiving the Universe– The Ptolemaic Universe - 2nd c.e.– Planetary Movement– The Copernican Universe


Science and Enlightenment

A sun-centered universe ~ Nicolaus Copernicus


• The Scientific Revolution– A scientific world-view

• Galileo Galilei– mathematics– Physics– Astronomy– trial for heresy



Galileo Galilei, 1564 - 1642


• The Scientific Revolution– A scientific world-view

• Isaac Newton– Mathematics– Laws of motion– Gravitation

• Principia Mathematica (1687)



Issac Newton, 1642 - 1727


• The Enlightenment – the Power of Reason• Science and Society• Enlightenment thinkers

– Voltaire– Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Deism• The Theory of Progress



Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778


Western Christendom ~ The Transformation of Europe

Key Words and Terms

Martin Luther Ninety-five Theses

John Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion

Council of TrentIgnatius LoyolaThe Thirty Years WarCharles VThe New MonarchsThe Spanish InquisitionLouis XIV - le roi soliel

Nicolaus Copernicus On the Revolution of Heavenly

Spheres

Johannes KeplerGalileo GalileiIsaac Newton Mathematical Principles of Natural

Philosophy

VoltaireDeismCarolus LinnaeusAdam Smith – Wealth of Nations


Europe experienced profound change in the early modern era:

• The Protestant Reformation shattered religious unity• Subsequently, a century of religious conflict • Sovereign & competitive states• Capitalist entrepreneurship challenges traditional values• Modern sciences emerges• Science & reason transform traditional belief systems• European capitalism expands into larger world as European society

becomes increasingly competitive


Summary


• Understand the profound change Europe experienced in the early modern era.

• Be knowledgeable concerning the way in which the Protestant Reformation shattered religious unity and led to a century of conflict.

• Have the ability to understand how sovereign & competitive states combined with capitalist entrepreneurship to challenge traditional values

• Have the ability to understand how modern science & reason transform traditional belief systems

• Comprehend the significance of the expansion of European capitalism into the larger world.


Learning Outcomes

Documents

IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller1 Westernization and Empire – A Window on the West Peter I & Westernization Military Reform Bureaucratic Reform Social Reform