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Physics
Flux Angular flux density Flux density Flux density
Physics
Flux Angular flux density Flux density Flux density
Radiometry
Radiant energy Radiant power Radiance Irradiance Radiosity Radiant intensity
Photometry
Luminous energy Luminous power Luminance Illuminance Luminosity Luminous intensity
Radiometric Units
joules [J = kg m2 /s2] watts [W = joules/s] [W/m2 sr] [W/m21 [W/m 2] [W/sr]
Photometric Units
talbot lumens [talbots/second] Nit [umens/m2 sr] Lux [lumens/m2sri Lux [lumens/m2 sr Candela [lumens/sr]
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I · I te eoxt L to , AET Unnv C> fwZ, L,
,A Z (SeL -" I ~ nU,
q'LJ (f)
L*h;T - LrCe4, c,4~r ztln4i~L (7 w -Ps
E~~~ sa o-~A--, ~~Lyn
-It'ird.; dg~~eI, 41. eOL/sforgcrelA kXc 41,
fo 4 E g, dre mn E,aE-vr C
" 4rn Lfarjcus Or p 5.
108(10,000) 7- 7- r-
.99=== :2!!!W-
96.8(9000) H 86.0(8000) E,
f
7 - : _J Ve-- ig 75.3(7000) OIC --- W 64.5(6000) -ir rv
Z, f53.8(5000) -rq
r I . 43.0(4000) Lai 32.3(3000)
A h"
21.5(2000) --- Wv O-- --- l ; V75--I ~smsm~imn._
10.8(1000) K' ,-11 _ __e --
Y := = := = _ Nn
u 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Solar Altitude, Degrees
Figure 9.4 Solar illuminance. (Source: IES Daylighting Committee, Recommended
Practice of Daylighting, IES, New York, 1979, fig. 37-A, with permission.)
EVo' W'44(, IvICLnce FPWK tIAeII 1-r a
& \)a al Sorc (, lt ! or cr Orrl is s cL tP.ij-SIUJ' oJrn
.0C)
-19
S abO~ll t\&sky - ovrcoJ or JeL ?
Almospherl scic4isL kVs nkcZsorezci sIy Ivunrcnancek
rca 4 d .̂ j{L.cwctdj )a uhIvalce rl wlV jIAa- ai v
(ae cise,alzz -ei nltR).
L - 2S- 3. 0 L Morl 4e
LurcAnce, (A reclveleJ Ca "n+e en.Vt&.±aelI lumlhamc~e. LLa r(A -S. ' U,,Se d- Si le-\jcJL.4-e, c(
I-f cvS<t Ikle U S. uw srz JL {IPf cAfcO2
I s ,cG|d l(\~ictce1VAAty Fur o, Ven4Ur-/ cale. aJ 4 ) nt equLvaleA sky lurAIAtACZ
rzaA 15I CS piy kor-6 lialmtceA aE Lte_ It QC4ImI3IsprD
,,,,,~dIry me /ecI~k~ 5b-Lg h a ~L
tker L (S Qa I-/ - 51 klne VCAIe4qulJa l
FIjyalI aIlxLtct(cQ C Lc t cy
F-jloa1 s Ah0ft C r a a Funjo-4- 6 S610r 44wetcl~, k
I-'
h
gh&T ab a ear sh/ ?
iw, Jt, as Lvio Icss ll O clk e.
(WLIct 3018 ?1% d IMtA4 1,f- Sy VlUnlAnAe N)QI'lS 11J4told ftar A
nJ Ike Lvoril-?¢S .e jvMYnanCe Aear Ike iorna a
A-8le l2 ,er +641< e xIet I IAaCt c ar_
,"" IX A4nNCr anll j; Ikec A 14 isIv hLo be dc l 6>&lce
Ceu ~,CC-p6ss J'ez,6,A d]O, M k^ . [.luall
4Y lnilfahl cea LM i laCj 424 gncL 'CK P sblr 6jae
# IV c44cltg. -- he curvc-- 'CiC M e-&1ll JaM Scar.
IIi
d
IE 10 0 4;
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Solar Altitude, Degrees
Figure 9.6 Equivalent sky luminance-clear sky (no direct sun).
PAl*. 1 efkcr-..
Tke, horwzmALl 1JtIAct fu.r 1A iSn a dax k a 4 16Lr SOW Co*L padlJ a4C L 6 L
j4ii ,.
... ... Iw r -Ii I 5t I,UIUJ
le Iu sunaJ U I Ut I UUUU) 0 x
=96.8(9000) ------- Z;/ C ear Sky Dlus I, _110--_
. ..86.0(8000) C r _irect Su 7; irect Sun
I 75.3(7000)*C IJ.:a 64.5(6000) 7Z
53.8(5000) /La 43.0(4000)
0 32.3(3000) l I x0 21.5(2000) -Clear Sky_ ;0
N
10.8(1000) 5 = :m l
.... f
P - l. ,.n _
_ ._ _U.
-0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 I80 Solar Altitude, Degrees
Figure 9.7 Horizontal luminance-clear sky plus direct sun.
- 1'9F-
C. LumQn meTJOA or slkyllKDs , NJ oors)
( o p~n 1AJ
ihk ckpprLs fs I I -; I
Cnr er y) iec ,t1l l 1t{
E Wobr~oi z A on sareAATWpe
x Kk lVm
KLA, Jilizalimv coe-Fic;en\
1I f- lss FcLCLr
IS" 4 l<y E Esp) SlkyIII4%C
An CLS tL : CO L\n IkQ adboe ido) eqc rgCl
E worLplne
Esun t E sl
A skyIlm-t A vorkpla/Je
x IACL Km
- 20
Sa e ace \s6 1OU 4AJ cot \ow aLt IUx
A hSbOI "Y ,tJkLJe
oaL cvr sk\~ ,' k/
E ELAL SLIOD :- 0. 01 S-o"6
Eso Eshly
Sb1,3 s nZ4~ nor needl0~' I~m al-l oo
Db ebit Ka* J<lVL,
or os9Iln 4a am eeuV,
K Lt CA,x I e
I< >I RsC-U X( I
lbo%.Rl -luzv remhy coeWcicl of U 1 4
rne+ sleKav Taks9 &fr-Ft 1
[-Icto* ~too"Ao-c .
fKv1L x o, ~)4
odc5A- Va e 60
10o7
Xprincs iy ia -21-4 i ( /0, -- I,
d. Lon-thq- YrcJIcJ 4'ewa31IZacJs (cS k IoFiA1 ) j
- ELmpirloc scuIWkxI| -IM ancAL IYAirce, pcirW
IY\ Ckt rZmvm
- Aoor\E gzj a J Ltuhse l&
- Keuiret S p4rede e4J'calua" I+ t c_
&)JalM The -5u aaJ sy, a1J PIm tG
C~M~l
L FMYK At S)~y cankA zun 6o c,'vc, se J .1
bi rLC ( Frt s~n~ zL q rcin r g reS
u 5 Flsurezs
m-& insLnkfS X4
E_ :fr1 E�Sq
I I E, 4 M;'st6%
/ I
lf
E 2; A V
E sp: % C-3 , K l< r^
EY - -!t3C I<kK<
SQe Morcdo
JT-CAREUL ! s- K awJ C>- c,-z KT-
irAdls 16 1t . tvi os ~- c~ R1t runi
C uJillZ6110, Qj" 6~el d rmZ0, 6dk ovh 4-JjR
I ,LVI P 1a4 e'I &*- mzyx- ke l~u 4rij/-jiI< ac,
At SrCALIS a LA cdZurS
Cs' 1K¥ cAA j cc . K, CIX- SMALL
A TS c
_ _ v
Eve, ac (,)Im xi-)LLlCL
0.(01 - 0,02Cs
am I 0. - I
' K , pcl4, Jl F IcLYv(Af or3 c)
102,AL)cIo.CD4A t)IMkX
Oeb102, 8 saw
I W%61s, t)~, co~~
L max (-Pt A\ ' 120 -F Esp 4- -6ZI -PC El''z lq
3 0
E[r.'%A (PtC> H 3 Z
Em.2 Cal zA& ee rm L0 , 12 /
14 .
AIf &),cAmt r1mv / A. T ars,C -oc-e
elua( fke,&e E-,U t ""'A- IkIrwfbLAf:e-7
Ja,-Co-7e fI ' q, i: pOb , tI
96o,aCD :' "'- -- 0. 77, Jr c
I aikV .r, XI, LE9,L 4 0,77
( 3rlt 1
En ; En I Cy
( CS CK'S - EJ ce K>-AI Km
5IeA.s C3 R
IK w 2
c b i1-OLeggyV~f4i
- anAJ yl/c, nol enmpi ric4 I Lo Cpl ClL
Du 6kYNL\/ fof LbdlLs5k (53mpea4tS yA -
E poJn obkc hemsspkczrr
E em..^ smm v u ao 52t heintsp en
ppC4, IIA-CNthls cJlo s JL-Jtvo- cmJ
rhzre cpn&xAMe bF ha,
rl -J-- -,e
SC - ERC IR¢CT3F
Sc epi s £4) al
t-
- I
I ReL4 ) im aJf 7 rc4
1" ,2-
L ---- --- -. 19 Is t Lt Src ptcrohuoL
to e lawer IcZ,cr'r
Z)fl f,L Wird&B
rv,, 0, 1 fD 1S %
Asb 5T~Sc dc C Ls5sh6Ml.
baA XtclnFpc tssel c lt)ht4lC( 6 AC 45A
lb - 2z 1jf heSFkI
~zC ,, A,,Zgdc &Llf Is , JIRCLA 1L ha IF o sc
cf> ,f ty FtCafLcj I
K Icre
le csts are CCWAs a"iOtatce, Jl/f
pVlerm4,,tczatij /r cdecr s I,L VIS ,I, 0hiJ VIl -Mur
ssu. s
F /ra C, . /),, prec- VISOVl pofs~S
b IsCert
,. tOAntcolotr alo
a* dlraclt fOF ti ½ rJlalJers
t prlj ent 0ens4
"onk occurs &hen pupi) diceler > 3nhtr
a
r nrnLQ0. 14.- %
Iris
r V\.tmm 2 - 8 Fu,,i amq4(zr
F2A.
C] I M I taketwat8
4'1eU l0*IAtcvCZ-a 'ar"a 4 ]ADOt IU aC
j 1l M t-If '-C '[ -
a. JIM In 11-4 1nle ri 6f Io CM z I
2. C Ilihr coron
1 t& In 4 b lensISca)efk fCr of. i
a 1, I 4 anroarLnce isbI 11 Ajij sQky~m /J IOm)anVcc IQ./&Z
- ore prorouJczj fr small sorces
2a
3. Sj6Ort.
Scakerm, df 1)SP (iforrz, IQAS, and Accn.
- also kInown di4lls1i/dce xj ve-l lA IV1n IAd~te
* Scarecd t aJJs IvMInCce OPLsz aSl
bacgmvvd., decrcaslg ckdmst
-~ lbg S ,TI 1II a J ax, pvtJ
re ClK lt r cCLLse ofteTcLLcJ csz
2. rzc Iclare nl4eJ aLbvOe
Trats I \ 4 CLJet Lkeys
D Ls com rcrr
1. -ecc L - ce Will n cO7-slar
z. bl'rect
\V/ L&u Co or arj b Ire IJ / r.lI C;
Set m4rJ-ocJ ckcpker 8·
Fel Iur inan cjed
ch hgre zercCszIurli ar\ cc aCgas c.AI 3cstrGave vieteL-\ileed
I- L.~WH i L j-- c : 1Z LscosLck1
5
cjal
- A c~
t - celling
, - s oufrCes
-5 r6alc aA/ - ok FellI dorvl 1o, o-6e o -f 78
Pt I I I I , I/ rtUOr a sA 77ve iU^8Ce at Ilre ppOs I
-I
--V Sua I
lze 4It ac garc sourceIThe
ApsI] '?
I2 t /2 8
A o-&6 A l )<2tX,2\/
t /
c -vJEmp-r IiaI 1 , tkt glara, rr, -L· Q s re
1Ih solLcJd &ale Cc ao-ykpllcdJpei cJaxC
7 50I zoAq cJ 1 1.2 61) 0. 2 - 0.
Q
o (steradians)
-3
S ov-rcz lu ' rIAtOncC w
/Averccz lumrinaAc of tke Ilare soupc CA 4e,
ke d rert.alrctda. fse
e(ASR [/L beIf I is i-e ImrIeAirz L czrJela i-a
AAlraclm 6v dbtcrveron&J Ap +C }DroJ
4 Aee 10miaf-C IA- t j I re J, Mt
L- Arp
source lore .~r IO f;T a, ¢CQqI~f ~_ q _F c,.& l ieTE
VA o.s LQ pFo-44
ca rc 5 CASLLII #')4('Aqic 1',4
'JIM2LaJ t CarQ 1A
-4
4anli ALj clcrz preeasure : val oF1ourcf 1ilvWha^GMC
jJA pr es - SoSJt s1 , badAc 2 I---
4Or 6J aura,6e obScrv/rcnrat aL diSJcct
13rJle" co4Amf - c:zat Luiv nc C
( VCC)
I 1
a A
0I
w (steradians) gure 8.22 BCD luminance versus source solid angle.
Solid angle (steradians) Cone angle (degrees)
5.0 78.2 3.0 58.5 2.0 47.0 1.0 32.7 0.5 23.0 0.2 14.5 0.1 10.2 0.05 7.2 0.02 4.6 0.01 3.2 0.005 2.3 0.002 1.4 0.001 1.0 0.0001 0.3
Mluliple soarces
Experleet ncec de IVn -l,/,4ar re/lwt,?54jp ,een glare sansoacra SOVUrC Se aJ.
CdJ 48 1 l4A cCIofrl 1 s0-Stdy wig 2 10 observere an
M 6 M M .. t M,
Bi~,4C 3)Ctr r9au lb( R Z,(t\-,l 4 ) 0v
- .0914 n
aIlJ-1Jrt/, tI s lJ,e r( ra\e nto J 15cO/Vfo4 glare eva
op tbFobserrs
Fr+ r~cb6 1I 1 (\I p )rvA Lb1A-ik ClCe)3s44 1Pr0
107 obseva In 3S iyAfg11 conJiit
K e. k/100 JlkVCP: t,,
K : 6. 374 1.32.27 .D6 ¢
21ES Fg IL r cr,I rm : mce Thke 74 IIC'j Al
'Hi'm, coriJ JCl0jA
1. VCP > 70
o of al/vrtu { -A, uolote IuIA i^a/ r c2 . RkCLA
lrmalamnce < S c als o& 4J-r6
c/ S ' fimie lv/rA,5, ° 6,° 75°d
For bo lcnykwl5e ond crossats5e. va ir
. IM ax/ rylory IL)M I a I M I unI laf CQ'S leCAe sCIc-6n ihAR-tzlsszI
cdAJ crosscs Jo no xce Ae 11a')Iy
\J&1s
lcrkcl I lctsmuvnt L CCJ/Y zA nle Fo b
-4\ 771 C0
3840 73g 2570 8 S- 16 9
lIES 0 Ala or Jal!1 JI fl( .rQ
(; u lk (A rmciUJ)
o, LQ 6g cLre SSCLjozt 7 . 4 4 P F o
IES
IK PL c1 0-o
#6r csnr+
aFstV F
q-l,F,~P (lCA I . 0Iol,o 310-ra lajay
Vk l/Mvrcocl Is &h tLAO4C;I leclsLC
\VCP uueftc I
Iracor rproa, n ITariainc.
anC Luvns. m IcrO
14 S. IES form I 'CA- Iead's a 3 ICL re
Iyj ajqX .for 1, CT ,
Jue 6Ike sky sean7h_ dc'I rea ,OF JLs C.6m t lar d
JqXt,,,rvlh az te proJitzcL Frm. agl/re
Ka GJ,or, ke- (or n l I ]ars 5ourc z Ia re MIn&
K< oFt -0073os L
L, Rak slJ aryle J- +k sgFvrc-z, ptJilFeJ£ Cc,c r forJposOA &r ke heldd4 vlew
K 1 10- lol,o 6;
Ittj exyllak~41,Lre (b4)ba
2 (CzL 14) 47or 2 0)T- I 3
( )bserveA: reJer inlerance of 3g r Fr lv*sy,as
tJloz, a fhqj Fx. a- cohtpacarbleSaa 1Am)v3 sVkahm , prLmdeJd ke 1am ndexrCL C;oi ljkI Sl~ t
-5,s n-btg 0o
a1is rsult arecs ith anoir, Wke-r a tie ccls/rr
fLc JwA 9he7v Cua , CA,,le TLaA dlata;
CacPC small a) s pacl 1 ,Mpaleem (F
1ixse, arJ S6Lcq f_ Ae. obeWr b ISclkccll,r c~p,,d; mt +e sly llr6,wLc-q.
TABLE VI - Comparison of Glare Indices for artificial light (IES GI) and daylight (DGI)
Glare Citerion IES GI DGI
Just imperceptible 10 1613 18
Just acceptable 16 2019 22
Just uncomfortable 22 2425 26
Just intolerable . 28 28
Consider a rw.
12 12 6 t
ra4 Cicac . or O. 4
. 6Ol4NO IS L Tu#X perpeAJ lx Lr
daStsce O• W1
Figure17- The relationshipbetween daylight-glareindex andwindow sizeforsky luminancesbetween 1600 and8900 cd/m2. The window is viewedfrom a
perpendiculardistanceof 6m in a room of dimensions 12m x 12m x 6m. Resultsforaverage
reflectance of 0.4 (17).
r)/II-"]: =2 fa L, 8.90 cj/ 2
I crScZ S F If lLuMac rs
31TsIO cdorier Sorro,4uAJg1 SgarnA
- OTaslaAMry-e cnLrLer Str4;bcS 101
I20SLS sf rcas anr SurronuAijs
Ms '~InrAUr (excqpt 1F1 ecoraike) 46:
A+iz,~lQ,toobec Fr MPssIs o
-13
0
re. I F lo:1, ker s.1 S XLpro le
-- Vm JM/2}NL
- h
-
-ct Seo 1wc: ,Pz o.7 MJ1 $S I/ Z~ L -- Ion ej/mz
RatoO
t fee4 I\le IS aL pMUl- tta 5S 2.
V 3 6,1 M l,,-/a-,EC 06, CM ILw, P Fc1m- 6 - S NJ
L - 1I, OT J/K 2
SraIOa
b SerVA S :
as< _ tzL L4s / t zI ut czeA~ ale
9L4k\1"
k - %.Ae
hrR a Ilraxq, wb Ad At \iA
TplellyS eectd Jc Ii# iJ a ekcA1
44)I11 vK, r, spaeeZt RnpF 7Lwa~L Is I1a
IFLLLe rtnC a Ljfl 5ue 4efs ; aretkrm VJ
Lb 7
S[",JD s eear 1 pltrN I*" XK
P? VI4e 3 OwMJ
cavdV-5ta': IAl 15,46x-rveles I 6L" aC ILMA&WM
3~U~gI maize SC4ALN.