6
LEAKY RAYLEIGH WAVE CLAMP-ON FLOWMETER L.C. LYNNWORTH and T.H. NGUYEN Waltham, MA 02254 Paname t r i c s, Inc. ABSTRACT Rayleigh waves can be readily launched and detected on the outer surface of pipes in which liquids are flowing. Apparently overlooked, however, is the observation that if the Rayleigh wavelength LR is not too short with respect to pipe wall thickness w, then the waves leak diagonally across the liquid. It is often convenient to operate in the range 0.5 < LR/W < 2. From contra- propagation mea s ur eme n t s of transit t ime s between two external clamped-on transducers, the flow velocity can be calculated. Desirable characteristics obtained with Rayleigh-like waves include: 111 extended source, so transducer spacing S is not critical; [21 propagation in pipe wall is not dispersive; 131 one pair of flat-faced transducers can measure flow in metal pipes from 1 to 186 inch diameter, and in some nonmetal and lined pipes too. The case of Rayleigh wave transducers housed inside a vessel immersed in water is also considered. Initial results are presented for open channel transmission at 200 kHz over paths up t o 65 m. I. Irtrodnction The present work arose out of the need for certain improvements in the field of ultra- sonic cl amp-on contrapro pa ga tion flowmeter s. In this field, it is desirable that the axial spacing S between upstream and down- stream transducers be tolerant of uncertain- ties or changes in the speed of sound, c, in the liquid within the pipe. It is also desirable that one given pair of transducers be usable on pipes of many different sizes and materials. Such variety is encountered, for example, when conducting flow surveys. In the past, the first of these objectives apparently has been satisfied by using Lamb waves, ,:ccording to a description in [11 in which a r8trr8: ,rode of sonic propagation in the pipe wall is utilized. Lamb waves, however, have several limitations with re spe ct to cl amp- on f 1 owme t er a p p l ica t i ons : (1) Lamb wave propagation is generally dispersive, preventing use of broadband pulse techniques. 0090-5607185/0000-0519 $1.00 0 1985 IEEE Frequency f must be selected as a function of pipe wall thickness w, rather than either be optimized with respect to propagation in the liquid, or for convenience, be allowed to remain constant, independent of w. The transducer must be large enough, and the transmitted acoustic tone burst must be long enough, to create the obliquely ov e r 1 appi ng pa t t e r n c h a r act er i s t i c of Lamb waves within the pipe wall. Not all Lamb modes are equally subject to the above limitations. In [21 the a. mode is recommended, for example, t o minimize dispersion, and this may be a practical solution for some large fw products. It occurred to one of the authors, however, that the use of Payleigh-like snxf8ce W8'10S might provide a simpler and more general method of avoiding dispersion and its attendant limitations, so long as the pipe was neither too thin nor too thick compared to the Rayleigh wavelength LR. [3] 11. Theory As is well known, Bayleigh's classic paper C41 begins with a proposs;? to investigate the behavior of waves confined to a superficial region, sf, thickness comparable w i th the wave- 1 e n g t h. Rayleigh determined the principal character- istics of the waves which now bear his name. That is, he calculated the wave motion, the phase velocity, elliptical orbit shapes, and noted that these waves diverge in two dimensions only, in his paper read almost exactly a century ago, on November 12. 1885. Rayleigh wave intensity tends to decay exponentially with depth [4,51. A number of authors imply that at depths below about one wavelength the intensity is too weak to be of much use or interest. At this depth, in fact, for Poisson's ratio ts = 0.25 to 0.34 the displacement normal to the surface falls to about 0.2 of its value at the surface. [51 This fraction, while small, is evidently not zero. 1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM - 519

[IEEE IEEE 1985 Ultrasonics Symposium - San Francisco, CA, USA (1985.10.16-1985.10.18)] IEEE 1985 Ultrasonics Symposium - Leaky Rayleigh Wave Clamp-On Flowmeter

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Page 1: [IEEE IEEE 1985 Ultrasonics Symposium - San Francisco, CA, USA (1985.10.16-1985.10.18)] IEEE 1985 Ultrasonics Symposium - Leaky Rayleigh Wave Clamp-On Flowmeter

LEAKY RAYLEIGH WAVE CLAMP-ON FLOWMETER

L.C. LYNNWORTH a n d T.H. NGUYEN

W a l t h a m , MA 0 2 2 5 4 Paname t r i c s , I n c .

ABSTRACT

R a y l e i g h w a v e s c a n b e r e a d i l y l a u n c h e d a n d d e t e c t e d o n t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e o f p i p e s i n w h i c h l i q u i d s a r e f l o w i n g . A p p a r e n t l y o v e r l o o k e d , h o w e v e r , i s t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t i f t h e R a y l e i g h w a v e l e n g t h L R i s n o t t o o s h o r t w i t h r e s p e c t t o p i p e w a l l t h i c k n e s s w , t h e n t h e w a v e s l e a k d i a g o n a l l y a c r o s s t h e l i q u i d . I t i s o f t e n c o n v e n i e n t t o o p e r a t e i n t h e r a n g e 0 . 5 < L R / W < 2 . From c o n t r a - p r o p a g a t i o n mea s u r eme n t s o f t r a n s i t t i m e s b e t w e e n t w o e x t e r n a l c l a m p e d - o n t r a n s d u c e r s , t h e f l o w v e l o c i t y c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d . D e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o b t a i n e d w i t h R a y l e i g h - l i k e w a v e s i n c l u d e : 111 e x t e n d e d s o u r c e , s o t r a n s d u c e r s p a c i n g S i s n o t c r i t i c a l ; [ 2 1 p r o p a g a t i o n i n p i p e w a l l i s n o t d i s p e r s i v e ; 1 3 1 o n e p a i r o f f l a t - f a c e d t r a n s d u c e r s c a n m e a s u r e f l o w i n m e t a l p i p e s f r o m 1 t o 186 i n c h d i a m e t e r , a n d i n some n o n m e t a l a n d l i n e d p i p e s t o o . The c a s e o f R a y l e i g h w a v e t r a n s d u c e r s h o u s e d i n s i d e a v e s s e l i m m e r s e d i n w a t e r i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d . I n i t i a l r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r o p e n c h a n n e l t r a n s m i s s i o n a t 2 0 0 kHz o v e r p a t h s up t o 6 5 m .

I. Irtrodnction

The p r e s e n t w o r k a r o s e o u t o f t h e n e e d f o r c e r t a i n i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e f i e l d o f u l t r a - s o n i c c l amp-on c o n t r a p r o pa ga t i o n f l o w m e t e r s. I n t h i s f i e l d , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h e a x i a l s p a c i n g S b e t w e e n u p s t r e a m a n d down- s t r e a m t r a n s d u c e r s b e t o l e r a n t o f u n c e r t a i n - t i e s or c h a n g e s i n t h e s p e e d o f s o u n d , c , i n t h e l i q u i d w i t h i n t h e p i p e . I t i s a l s o d e s i r a b l e t h a t o n e g i v e n p a i r o f t r a n s d u c e r s b e u s a b l e on p i p e s o f many d i f f e r e n t s i z e s a n d m a t e r i a l s . S u c h v a r i e t y i s e n c o u n t e r e d , f o r e x a m p l e , when c o n d u c t i n g f l o w s u r v e y s .

I n t h e p a s t , t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s a p p a r e n t l y h a s b e e n s a t i s f i e d by u s i n g Lamb w a v e s , , : c c o r d i n g t o a d e s c r i p t i o n i n [11 i n w h i c h a r8trr8: ,rode o f s o n i c p r o p a g a t i o n i n t h e p i p e w a l l i s u t i l i z e d . Lamb w a v e s , h o w e v e r , h a v e s e v e r a l l i m i t a t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o c l amp- on f 1 owme t e r a p p l i c a t i o n s :

(1) Lamb w a v e p r o p a g a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y d i s p e r s i v e , p r e v e n t i n g u s e o f b r o a d b a n d p u l s e t e c h n i q u e s .

0090-5607185/0000-0519 $1.00 0 1985 IEEE

F r e q u e n c y f m u s t be s e l e c t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of p i p e w a l l t h i c k n e s s w, r a t h e r t h a n e i t h e r be o p t i m i z e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o p r o p a g a t i o n i n t h e l i q u i d , o r f o r c o n v e n i e n c e , b e a l l o w e d t o r e m a i n c o n s t a n t , i n d e p e n d e n t o f w.

T h e t r a n s d u c e r m u s t b e l a r g e e n o u g h , a n d t h e t r a n s m i t t e d a c o u s t i c t o n e b u r s t m u s t b e l o n g e n o u g h , t o c r e a t e t h e o b l i q u e l y ov e r 1 a p p i n g p a t t e r n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f Lamb w a v e s w i t h i n t h e p i p e w a l l .

N o t a l l Lamb m o d e s a r e e q u a l l y s u b j e c t t o t h e a b o v e l i m i t a t i o n s . In [ 2 1 t h e a. mode i s r e c o m m e n d e d , f o r e x a m p l e , t o m i n i m i z e d i s p e r s i o n , a n d t h i s may b e a p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n f o r s o m e l a r g e fw p r o d u c t s . I t o c c u r r e d t o o n e o f t h e a u t h o r s , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e u s e of Payleigh-like snxf8ce W8'10S m i g h t p r o v i d e a s i m p l e r a n d m o r e g e n e r a l m e t h o d o f a v o i d i n g d i s p e r s i o n a n d i t s a t t e n d a n t l i m i t a t i o n s , so l o n g a s t h e p i p e w a s n e i t h e r t o o t h i n nor t o o t h i c k c o m p a r e d t o t h e R a y l e i g h w a v e l e n g t h LR. [3]

11. Theory

A s i s w e l l known , B a y l e i g h ' s c l a s s i c p a p e r C41 b e g i n s w i t h a p r o p o s s ; ? t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e b e h a v i o r o f w a v e s c o n f i n e d t o a s u p e r f i c i a l r e g i o n , sf, t h i c k n e s s c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h e wave- 1 e n g t h .

R a y l e i g h d e t e r m i n e d t h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r - i s t i c s o f t h e w a v e s w h i c h now b e a r h i s n a m e . T h a t i s , h e c a l c u l a t e d t h e w a v e m o t i o n , t h e p h a s e v e l o c i t y , e l l i p t i c a l o r b i t s h a p e s , a n d n o t e d t h a t t h e s e w a v e s d i v e r g e i n t w o d i m e n s i o n s o n l y , i n h i s p a p e r r e a d a l m o s t e x a c t l y a c e n t u r y a g o , o n N o v e m b e r 12. 1 8 8 5 .

R a y l e i g h w a v e i n t e n s i t y t e n d s t o d e c a y e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h d e p t h [ 4 , 5 1 . A n u m b e r o f a u t h o r s i m p l y t h a t a t d e p t h s b e l o w a b o u t o n e w a v e l e n g t h t h e i n t e n s i t y i s t o o w e a k t o b e o f much u s e or i n t e r e s t . A t t h i s d e p t h , i n f a c t , f o r P o i s s o n ' s r a t i o ts = 0.25 t o 0.34 t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t n o r m a l t o t h e s u r f a c e f a l l s t o a b o u t 0 . 2 of i t s v a l u e a t t h e s u r f a c e . [51 T h i s f r a c t i o n , w h i l e s m a l l , i s e v i d e n t l y not z e r o .

1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM - 519

Page 2: [IEEE IEEE 1985 Ultrasonics Symposium - San Francisco, CA, USA (1985.10.16-1985.10.18)] IEEE 1985 Ultrasonics Symposium - Leaky Rayleigh Wave Clamp-On Flowmeter

L e t u s now c o n s i d e r a f l a t e l a s t i c p l a t e t h a t i s t h i c k c o m p a r e d t o A R a n d t o t a l l y i m m e r s e d i n a l i q u i d . I t i s w e l l known t h a t a R a y l e i g h w a v e w i l l l e a k i n t o t h e l i q u i d a d j a c e n t t o t h e s u r f a c e near w h i c h t h e w a v e i s c o n c e n t r a t e d . E61

L e t u s i m a g i n e t h a t t h e t h i c k p l a t e i s s l i c e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y t h i n n e r a n d t h i n n e r b y r e m o v i n g m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e " r e m o t e " s u r - f a c e , i . e . , t h e s u r f a c e opposite t h e o n e n e a r w h i c h t h e R a y l e i g h w a v e i s c o n c e n t r a t e d . A t w h a t t h i c k n e s s w i l l l e a k a g e f r o m t h e s e c o n d ( r e m o t e ) s u r f a c e become s i g n i f i c a n t ?

F o r a p i p e , t h e a n s w e r d e p e n d s i n p a r t on t h e r a t i o o f p i p e t o l i q u i d i m p e d a n c e , p i p e d i a m e t e r , f r e q u e n c y a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s . A t l e a s t f o r s t e e l p i p e s c o n t a i n i n g w a t e r , a u s e f u l r u l e - o f - t h u m b a p p e a r s t o b e t h a t i f 1 / 2 ( w / ? . R ( 4 . l e a k a g e f r o m t h e r e m o t e s u r f a c e i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r c l a m p - o n f l o w m e t e r o p e r a t i o n . A l t h o u g h t h e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y t r a n s m i t t e d a t t h e r e m o t e s u r f a c e i s a d m i t - t e d l y v e r y w e a k , t h e p i p e s e c t i o n s i n q u e s t i o n a c t l i k e a r t i f i c i a l a r r a y s o r e x t e n d e d o r s y n t h e t i c a p e r t u r e s . A n u m b e r o f p a t h s p r o v i d e e q u a l t i m e d e l a y s , so t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f many r a y s , e a c h i n d i v i d u a l l y w e a k , a d d c o h e r e n t l y t o p r o d u c e a r e s u l t a n t s i g n a l s t r o n g e n o u g h t o b e d e t e c t e d by t h e s a m e e l e c t r o n i c t e c h n i q u e s p r e v i o u s l y d e v e l o p e d i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y f o r c l a m p - o n s h e a r w a v e t r a n s d u c e r s . 17.101 S e e F i g . 1.

A s t h e p l a t e i s s l i c e d t h i n n e r a n d t h i n n e r , t h e r e c e i v e d s i g n a l s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e s , b u t w h e n W / A R , b e c o m e s l e s s t h a n t h e " p e n e - t r a t i o n d e p t h t h e R a y l e i g h w a v e t e n d s t o d e g e n e r a t e i n t o two b r a n c h e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e Lamb w a v e s o a n d a. m o d e s [ a l . I f W / ~ R ((1, t h e e x t e n d e d s y n t h e t i c a p e r t u r e d i m e n s i o n s h r i n k s t o t h e o r d e r o f t h e i n c l i n e d beam d i a m e t e r . A c c o r d i n g l y , a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , a n d b a s e d o n o n l y a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f e x p e r i m e n t s a n d f i e l d t r i a l s , we p r e f e r t o o p e r a t e w i t h W / ~ R a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n t h e r a n g e 0.5 t o 2. S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , t h e w a v e i n t h e p i p e w a l l i s n o t a R a y l e i g h wave . I 8 1 U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s t h e t e r m s R a y l e i g h - l i k e wave or q u a s i - R a y l e i g h w a v e may b e p r e f e r r e d . I n p i p e s t e s t e d by t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d , t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h R a y l e i g h - l i k e p h a s e v e l o c i t y , n o n d i s p e r s i v e p r o p a g a t i o n a n d e n e r g y d i s t r i b u t i o n r e s e m b l e t h e i r R a y l e i g h c o u n t e r p a r t s a l o n g o r n e a r t h e p l a n e s u r f a c e o f a n e l a s t i c s o l i d w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e [ 9 1 . ( B e l o w , t h e t e r m s a r e u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y , f o r e a s e o f e x p r e s s i o n . )

111. Clamp-On Traasdroers, Corpl ing Tochniqne s

R e f e r r i n g a g a i n t o F i g . 1, i t i s s e e n t h a t t h e w e d g e t r a n s d u c e r f u n d a m e n t a l l y i s s i m i l a r t o c o n v e n t i o n a l a n g l e beam n o n d e - s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g t r a n s d u c e r s commonly u s e d t o l a u n c h a n d r e c e i v e R a y l e i g h w a v e s . To p r o v i d e w e a r r e s i s t a n c e t h e w e d g e may b e

p r o t e c t e d by a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l w e a r p l a t e o f 5 0 pm t h i c k n e s s . A d e q u a t e s i g n a l s a r e o b t a i n a b l e u s i n g f l a t - f a c e d w e d g e s . A s i l i c o n e r u b b e r f i l m i s a common c o u p l a n t f o r f i x e d i n s t a l l a t i o n s . C o n v e n t i o n a l g e l s , g r e a s e or g l y c o l c o u p l a n t s a r e u s e d f o r t e m p o r a r y i n s t a l l a t i o n s . I f t h e p i p e i s s t e e l , a d e q u a t e c o u p l i n g f o r c e c a n b e d e v e l o p e d u s i n g s m a l l m a g n e t s , h a v i n g b u t a f e w k g o f h o l d i n g f o r c e . S t r a p s , c l a m p s o r w e l d e d - o n y o k e s a r e p r e f e r r e d f o r p e r m a n e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

I f t h e c r y s t a l i s o n l y a f e w w a v e l e n g t h s i n d i a m e t e r , beam s p r e a d i n t h e w e d g e s u p p l i e s a n a s s o r t m e n t o f i n c i d e n t a n g l e s s u c h t h a t a g i v e n t r a n s d u c e r c a n l a u n c h R a y l e i g h - l i k e s u r f a c e w a v e s i n d i f f e r e n t m e t a l o r g l a s s p i p e s h a v i n g a m o d e r a t e r a n g e of s o u n d s p e e d s .

O n e m a y a s k , w h a t h a p p e n s i f c l a m p - o n t r a n s d u c e r s d e s i g n e d t o l a u n c h R a y l e i g h w a v e s i n s t e e l , o f R a y l e i g h v e l o c i t y C R , a r e i n s t e a d c o u p l e d t o a p l a s t i c p i p e ? B e c a u s e o f t h p , l o w s o u n d , p p e e d s c L, c i n p l a s t i c s . t h e 1 a u n c h , r e s p e c t i v e l y , l o n g i t u d i n a l a n d s h e a r w a v e s i n t h e p l a s t i c a t o r n e a r r e f r a c t e d a n g l e s e P L a n d G p ~ - t h a t s a t i s f y S n e l l ' s Law: e . g . , e P L = s i n 1 ( c / c R ) . T h e s e w a v e s s u b - s e q u e n t l y r e f r a c t P $ n t o t h e l i q u i d , o f s o u n d s p e e d c?, a t o r n e a r t h e r e f r a c t e d a n g l e 83 = s i n ( c ~ / c R ) . w h i c h i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same a n g l e a s w o u l d b e o b t a i n e d f o r t h a t l i q u i d i n s i d e t h e s t e e l p i p e o f R a y l e i g h v e l o c i t y C R . I n t h i s c a s e , h o w e v e r , t h e s o u r c e i s no l o n g e r e x t e n d e d , a n d s o S m u s t b e c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d on p i p e a n d l i q u i d p r o p e r t i e s i n s t e a d o f s i m p l y b e i n g e q u a t e d t o t h e p i p e OD, f o r e x a m p l e .

I f a m e t a l p i p e i s l i n e d w i t h a b o n d e d l i n e r o f l ow s o u n d s p e e d , a R a y l e i g h - l i k e w a v e i n t h e m e t a l w i l l l e a k t h r o u g h t h e l i n e r o v e r a n e x t e n d e d r e g i o n , a n d w i l l t h e n r e f r a c t a c r o s s t h e l i q u i d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e q u a t i o n s g i v e n a b o v e .

R a y 1 e i g h t r a n s $U c e r pTw i 1 1

IV. Clamp-On Applications on Pipes

One p a i r o f 5 0 0 kHz b r o a d b a n d t r a n s d u c e r s ( F i g . 1) h a v e b e e n u s e d o n a n u m b e r of p i p e s :

S t e e l : 2.4.8.16.24 a n d 186 i n c h n o m i n a l d i ame t e r S t a i n l e s s s t e e l : 1,2,4,10, a n d 16 i n c h n o m i n a l d i a m e t e r M o n e l : 2 i n c h n o m i n a l d i a m e t e r P y r e x : 3 i n c h i n s i d e d i a m e t e r (-75 m m I D ) A c r y l i c : 95 m m OD x 9.5 m m w a l l ( 3 " I D )

A s e r i e s o f o s c i l 1 o g r a m s , ~ i g s . 2-5, i l l u s t - r a t e s Some o f t h e w a v e f o r m s o b t a i n e d . N o t e t h e b r o a d b a n d l e a d i n g e d g e i n p r e f e r r e d C a s e s . F o r n a r r o w b a n d l e a d i n g e d g e s , a n i n t e g r a t e d t h r e s h o l d a r m i n g m e t h o d m a y b e r e q u i r e d . I f b i d i r e c t i o n a l p r o p a g a t i o n i s n o t r e c i p r o c a l , d u a l AGC may a d d i t i o n a l l y b e r e q u i r e d . [lo]

520 - 1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM

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T o i m p r o v e t h e r e s o l u t i o n o f l o w f l o w i n s m a l l d i a m e t e r p i p e , s a y 2 i n c h s c h e d u l e 4 0 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p i p e , a z i g z a g t e c h n i q u e may b e e m p l o y e d , F i g . 6 . The d i f f e r e n c e i n t r a n s i t t i m e u p s t r e a m v s d o w n s t r e a m i s i n c r e a s e d e s s e n t i a l l y i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e n u m b e r o f t r a v e r s e s , a s d e m o n s t r a t e d i n F i g . 7 .

I t i s p l a n n e d t o p u b l i s h f l o w c a l i b r a t i o n d a t a e l s e w h e r e . [ 9 1 A t t h i s t i m e i t a p p e a r s t h a t w h i l e t h e B a y l e i g h w a v e t e c h n i q u e may b e e a s i e r t o u s e t h a n s o m e p r e v i o u s l y a v a i l a b l e m e t h o d s , t h e a c c u r a c y o f c o n t r a - p r o p a g a t i o n t r a n s i t t i m e f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s may n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i m p r o v e s u b s t a n t i a l l y . A c c u r a c y i s l i m i t e d b y u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n p i p e d i m e n s i o n s , u n c e r t a i n t i e s in f l o w p r o f i l e , a n d e l e c t r o n i c l i m i t a t i o n s r e l a t e d t o t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t r a n s i t t i m e d i f f e r e n c e s . T h u s , t h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d a r e e a s e o f u s e ( S n o t c r i t i c a l ; s m a l l t r a n s d u c e r ) a n d v e r s a t i l i t y a n d e c o n o m y ( o n e p a i r o f t r a n s d u c e r s a p p l i c a b l e t o p i p e s o f many d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s , w a l l t h i c k n e s s e s a n d d i a m e t e r s ) .

V. Immersion Transducers

A l t h o u g h t h e i n i t i a l o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s w o r k w a s t o d e v e l o p a n i m p r o v e d c l a m p - o n t r a n s d u c e r f o r p i p e s , i t i s i n s t r u c t i v e t o c o n s i d e r t r a n s p o s i n g t h e s o l u t i o n s u c h t h a t t h e t r a n s d u c e r e l e m e n t a n d w e d g e a r e c o n t a i n e d or s e a l e d inside a n i m m e r s e d c h a m b e r , a s i n F i g . 8 . One p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n i s m e a s u r e - m e n t o f f l o w i n o p e n c h a n n e l s s u c h a s r i v e r s o r s t r e a m s . T h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f s u c h f r e s h - w a t e r a p p l i c a t i o n s w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d i n b r i e f t e s t s i n t h e C h a r l e s R i v e r i n W a l t h a m a n d W a t e r t o w n MA, w h e r e 2 0 0 kHz t r a n s m i s s i o n o v e r p a t h s o f 1 2 . 6 a n d 6 5 m, r e s p e c t i v e l y , w a s r e c o r d e d . In t h e s e t e s t s t h e t r a n s - d u c e r s w e r e s u s p e n d e d o f f t h e e d g e o f d o c k s . T h e s a m e t r a n s d u c e r s w e r e l a t e r s u s p e n d e d o f f a m a r i n a d o c k i n D a n v e r s , M A , w h e r e o v e r a -2 m p a t h s e a w a t e r t i d a l f l o w w a s m e a s u r e d . S e e F i g . 9 .

I n p r i n c i p l e , R a y l e i g h t r a n s d u c e r s o f t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n c o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n s i d e s o m e v e s s e l s i n o r d e r t o c o m m u n i c a t e o r i n t e r r o g a t e a l o n g p a t h s e x t e r n a l t o s a i d v e s s e l . A l t h o u g h n o t y e t d e m o n s t r a t e d , i t i s t h o u g h t t h a t a c o n s t r u c t i o n a s s u g g e s t e d s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n F i g . 1 0 m i g h t b e d e v e l o p e d t o t h e p o i n t o f a p r a c t i c a l d e v i c e . [ 3 1 I t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t s i n c e o p e n c h a n n e l a p p l i c a t i o n s d o n o t p r o v i d e a s h o m o g e n e o u s a l i q u i d a s d o m o s t p i p e - b o u n d f l o w a p p l i c a t i o n s , a n d f u r t h e r , i n o n - b o a r d v e s s e l a p p l i c a t i o n s , t r a n s d u c e r m o t i o n s o c c u r b e t w e e n t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d r e c e p t i o n , t h e h i g h l y - d i r e c t i o n a l beam a d v a n t a g e o u s l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n e x t e n d e d a p e r t u r e o n a p i p e c a n b e a d i s a d v a n t a g e w h e n c o n d i t i o n s r e q U i r e t o 1 e r a n c e f or m i s a 1 i g nme n t .

1.

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9.

1 0 .

T h e

VI. Ref etences

J . B a u m o e l , M e a s u r e m e n t s a n d C o n t r o l l 8 , 1 8 6 - 1 9 4 ( J u n e 1 9 8 4 ) .

M.O. D e i g h t o n , A b s t r . 7 . 4 , P r o c . U l t r a - son. I n t ' l . C o n f . L o n d o n ( J u l y 1 9 8 5 ) . i n s u p p l e m e n t t o ULTRA 23 ( 4 ) ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

L . C . L y n n w o r t h . U . S . p a t e n t p e n d i n g ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

J . W . S . R a y l e i g h , P r o c . L o n d o n M a t h . SOC. 1 7 , 4 - 1 1 ( 1 8 8 5 ) .

I . A . V i k t o r o v , R a y l e i g h a n d Lamb W a v e s , 4 - 5 , P l e n u m , NY ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; J . d e K l e r k , U l t r a s o n i c s 9 , 3 5 - 4 8 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; H.F. P o l l - a r d , S o u n d Waves i n S o l i d s , p . 7 2 , P i o n ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

H.L. B e r t o n i a n d T. T a m i r , A p p l . P h y s . 2 1 5 7 - 1 7 2 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

L . C . L y n n w o r t h , U.S. p a t e n t 3 , 5 7 5 , 0 5 0 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; M a t e r i a l s E v a l . 2 5 2 6 5 - 2 7 7 ( 1 9 6 7 ) .

J . a n d H . K r a u t k r a m e r , U l t r a s o n i c T e s t i n g o f M a t e r i a l s , 3 r d e d . , p p . 4 4 - 4 5 , S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

L.C. L y n n w o r t h , t o b e s u b m i t t e d t o IEEE T r a n s . UFFC.

L.C. L y n n w o r t h , J . M . K o r b a a n d D . R . Wal- l a c e , I E E E T r a n s . BME 32 ( 7 ) 5 3 0 - 5 3 5 ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

VII. Ackrorledgement s

a u t h o r s g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e t h e C O o p e r a t i o n i n d i v i d u a 1 s r e l a t i v e t o t h e o p e n c h a n n e l t e s t s : P e t e r B i s s e n o f G r o v e r C r o n i n , Wal tham; E . F . D e l - a n e y , C o m m i s s i o n e r o f P u b l i c W o r k s , W a l t - ham; M. S m i t h , HDC; W a t e r t o w n Y a c h t C l u b ; a n d L a n c t o t ' s M a r i n a , D a n v e r s . T h e f o l l o w i n g P a n a m e t r i c s p e r s o n n e l a s s i s t e d i n t r a n s d u c e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o r t e s t s : S . A . J a c o b s o n , W . C . M e l l i s h , R . F . M o r r i s , N . C . P e t r o n z i o a n d J . A . T r u e . G . C . P o u l i n , L.E. P e r k i n s a n d T . R a n k i n k i n d l y p e r m i t t e d u s t o m a k e m e a s u r e m e n t s o n a 1 8 6 i n c h p i p e a t t h e C e n t r a l M a i n e P o w e r C o m p a n y h y d r o e l e c t r i c f a c i l i t y i n H i r a m , M a i n e .

o f t h e f 01 1 ow i n g

1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM - 521

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Axially extended source: leaky Rayleigh -like (surface) wave , (0, = 900)

F i g . 1 R a y l e i g h - l i k e s u r f a c e w a v e l a u n c h e d o n o u t e r s u r f a c e of a s t e e l p i p e l e a k s a s a w i d e b e a m i n t o t h e c o n t a i n e d l i q u i d , a t r e f r a c t e d a n g l e 8 3 . A t o p p o s i t e w a l l ( n o t s h o w n ) a n o t h e r R a y l e i g h - l i k e s u r f a c e

Fiat faced transducer wedge w a v e i s l a u n c h e d o n t h e i n s i d e a n d i s makes llne contact with plpe r e c e i v e d by a s e c o n d e x t e r n a l t r a n s d u c e r .

5 0 ,s 50 , 5

d

2 1-b

10” ss PIPE

b

F i g . 2 W a v e f o r m s r e c e i v e d w i t h w a t e r i n e t a i n l e a s s t e e l s c h e d u l e 40 p i p e s of n o m i n a l d i a m e t e r = 1 , 2 . 4 a n d 1 0 i n c h e s , a t S = O D .

(See Tab le 1, a t end.)

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b-j - F i g . 6 Z i g z a g i n t e r r o g a t i o n i m p r o v e s r e s o l u t i o n o f f l o w i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e

a n u m b e r o f t r a v e r s e s . T r a n s d u c e r s p a c i n g S 2 3 OD.

50 v s

5 YS

3 E

0 50 u s 0

hl

5 YS Down- stream

E x p a n d e d ABC t r a c e s b e l o w show A t for 1 , 3 a n d 5 t r a v e r s e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

b

5 vs :!;ea"

3 E

A o F i g . 3 W a v e f o r m s r e c e i v e d w i t h w a t e r i n 0 ( a ) 1 2 i n c h steel p i p e , w = 0.5 i n c h e s , S = c4

. 5 u s

O D , a n d i n ( b ) 1 8 6 i n c h ( 4 . 7 2 m ) d i a m e t e r s t e e l p i p e , p a i n t e d , w = 0.375 i n c h e s , a t V = 2 m / s , a n d w i t h S = 2.9 m .

F i g . 4 W a t e r - f i l l e d 3 - i n c h Pyrex p i p e , o f C R = 2950 m l s . when t e s t e d w i t h t r a n s d u c e r o f F i g . 1 d e s i g n e d f o r s t e e l p i p e o f C R = 2980 m f s , y i e l d s a b o v e w a v e f o r m s , a t S = O D .

> E

B o . 5 ' - s I)

50 p s 5 Traverses

> E

L O . 5 LS 2 LS

0

F i g . 5 A c r y l i c t u b e i s " t o o s l o w " f o r t r a n s d u c e r s a s i n F i g . 1 t o l a u n c h R a y l e i g h w a v e s . But t h e w a l l c a n s u p p o r t l o n g i t u d i - F i g * s h o w how z i g z a g p a t h rial a n d s h e a r w a v e s , a n d when w a t e r - f i l l e d A t , t h e u p s t r e a m - d o w n s t r e a m t i m e t h e 3 i n c h ID t u b e y i e l d a t h e w a v e f o r m s d i f f e r e n c e , d e m o n s t r a t e d u s i n g w a t e r f l o w i n g s h o w n , w i t h s a i d t r a n s d u c e r s . i n 2 i n c h s c h e d u l e 40 SS p i p e , a t V = 3 . 7

m / s a n d S = 1 8 4 mm.

1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM - 523

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\ \ \ \ Wedge detail

Transducer locations

F i g . 8 S c h e m a t i c o f t r a n s d u c e r d e s i g n e d f o r i m m e r s e d a p p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s t h o s e i n w h i c h t h e o s c i l l o g r a m s of F i g . 9 w e r e o b t a i n e d .

F i g . 1 0 S c h e m a t i c o f w e d g e t r a n s d u c e r s i n s t a l l e d o n t h e d r y s i d e o f f l a t o r c u r v e d p l a t e s o n a v e s s e l .

7- - 3 n . - L V - 3

wiil F i g . 9 a Open c h a n n e l t r a n s m i s s i o n a c r o s s 6 5 m p a t h i n t h e C h a r l e s R i v e r , W a t e r t o w n M A , o b t a i n e d u s i n g i m m e r s i o n t r a n s d u c e r s o f F i g . 8 .

T a b l e 1. R e m a r k s on w a v e f o r m s .

F i a . E l e c t r o n i c s Comments

2 P u l s e r / B c v r N o f i l t e r u n l e s s n o t e d

3 P a l s e r I R c v r 0 . 3 M B z h i g h p a s s f i l t e r

4 P u l s e r / R c v r N o f i l t e r

5 P u l s e r I R c v r No f i l t e r

I Model 6 0 0 1 C o m m e r c i a l a1 t r asoni c f l o r m e t e r

9 a Model 7 1 0 0 Comme r c i a 1 u l t r a s o n i c f l o w m e t e r

9 b Model 7 1 0 0 C o m m e r c i a l u l t r a s o n i c f 1 owme t e r

F i g . 9 b C o n t r a p r o p a g a t i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n a c r o s s - 2 m p a t h i n A t l a n t i c s e a w a t e r t i d a l f l o w , r e c o r d e d a b o u t 1 h o u r a f t e r r e v e r s a l o f f l o w d i r e c t i o n , u s i n g t r a n s d u c e r s o f F i g . 8.

524 - 1985 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM