EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS

Intel 4004Intel 8008,8080, 8088

Intel 8086,8088, 80188

Intel 80186,80286, 80386,80486… Intel

Pentium Series

Intel Core Series

80186 MICROPROCESSORS

Features : The Intel 80186  was  introduced in 1982. It was based on the Intel 8086.

The total addressable memory size is 1MB KB.

Processor instructions use 16-bit pointers the processor can effectively address only 64 KB of memory.

16 bit external data bus multiplexed with 20 bit address bus.

Clock generator Two independent high-speed DMA channels Programmable interrupt controller Three programmable 16-bit timers Programmable wait state generator Local bus controller Programmable memory and peripheral chip-select logic

Electrical Parameter :Core Voltage 5 ± 5% V

Minimum/Maximum Temperature

0 – 70 °C

Maximum Power Dissipation

2.75 W

On-Chip-Peripherals :

80286 MICROPROCESSOR

Features : The Intel 80286, introduced on February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286, and also called iAPX 286 in the programmer's manual) was an x86 16-bit microprocessor with 134,000 transistors.

16 MB of memory to be addressed by the on-chip linear memory management unit (MMU) with 1 GB logical address space.

The 80286 provided the first glimpse into the world of the protection mechanisms, allowing Real program multitasking. It has three times the performance of any other 16-bit chip on the market.

Description : Frequency 4 MHz. Manufacturing Process - 1.5 micron. Data width 16 bits. Physical memory – 1 MB (real mode), 16 MB (protected mode). Virtual Memory 1GB.

Electrical Parameter :Core Voltage 5 ± 5% V

Minimum/Maximum Temperature

0 – 70 °C

Maximum Power Dissipation

3.3 W

80386 MICROPROCESSORFeatures :

The Intel 80386, also known as the i386, or just 386, was a 32-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1985.

 It had 275,000 transistors and were used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers.

The 80386 added a 32-bit architecture and a paging translation unit, which made it much easier to implement virtual memory. It also had support for hardware debugging.

Description : Manufacturing process - 1.5 micron High speed CHMOS, 275,000 transistors. Data width – 32 bits. Physical Memory – 4 GB. Virtual Memory – 64 TB.

Core Voltage 5 ± 5% V

Minimum/Maximum Temperature

0 – 85°C

Maximum Power Dissipation

1.85 / 2.3 W

Electrical Parameter :

80486 MICROPROCESSORFeatures :

The Intel i486 (or 80486) was announced at Spring Comdex in April 1989.

The 80486 was the first tightly pipelined x86 design.

It use more than a million transistors, it represents a fourth generation of binary compatible CPUs.

 It was 32-bit x86 design.

Description : Manufacturing process – 0.8 and 1 micron1,185,000 transistors (1 micron) and 900,000 transistors (0.8 micron). Data width – 32 bits. Level 1 cache size - 8 KB 4-way set associative unified code and data cache. Physical memory – 4 GB. Virtual Memory – 64 TB. On-chip peripherals - Memory management unit.

Electrical Parameter :Core Voltage 5 ± 5% V

Minimum/Maximum Temperature

0 – 85°C

Maximum Power Dissipation

1.7/ 2.36 W

PENTIUM IFeatures :

Intel's 5th generation of x86 line of processors. Binary compatible with older generations of x86 processors. Branch prediction. Dual processor support. Superscalar architecture (2 pipe-lined integer units + 1 pipe-lined FPU). FPU performance enhancements. Separate 16 KB code and 16 KB data cache. Power management features. 3.3V input/output level and 2.8V core.New 67 MMX instructions and 4 new 64 bit data types.

Description: Manufacturing Process - 0.35 micron CMOS process, 4.5 million transistors. Data Width – 32 (64 bit data bus) bit. Level 1 cache size - 16 KB 4-way set associative code cache, 16 KB 4-way set associative write-back data cache. Physical Memory – 4 GB. Multiprocessing - Up to 2 processors. Low power features - System Management Mode, Clock Control, SL power-management features. On-chip peripherals - Memory Management Unit, Local Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller. Minimum bus frequency is 33 MHz

Core Voltage 2.7 / 2.8 / 2.9 V

Min/Max V I/O or secondary Voltage

3.135 / 3.3 / 3.6 V

Minimum/Maximum operating temperature

0 – 70 °C

Minimum/Typical/Maximum power dissipation

2.05 (Stop Grant mode) / 6.1 / 15.72

Thermal Design Power 13.1

Electrical parameters :

PENTIUM IIFeatures :

The Pentium II brand refers to Intel's sixth-generation micro architecture and introduced on May 7, 1997. Pentium II featured an improved version of the first P6-generation core of the Pentium Pro, which contained 5.5 million transistors. the Pentium II CPU was packaged in a slot-based module rather than a CPU socket. The improved 16-bit performance and MMX support made it a better choice for consumer-level operating systems, such as Windows 9x. All versions of the Pentium II are packaged on a special daughterboard that plugs into a card-edge processor slot on the motherboard.

Description: Manufacturing process - 0.35 micron, 7.5 million transistors. Data Width – 32 bits. Data bus Width – 64 bits. Floating Point Unit – integrated. Level 1 cache size - 16 KB code, 16 KB data. Level 2 cache size - 512 KB unified cache running at 1/2 of processor frequency. Physical memory – 64 GB. Low power features – Auto HALT state, Stop Grant state, Sleep state, Deep sleep state.

Electrical parameters :Core Voltage 2.8 V

Maximum Temperature 75 °C

Maximum Power Dissipation

41.71 W

PENTIUM IIIFeatures : The Pentium III brand refers to Intel's 32-bit x86 desktop and mobile microprocessors based on the sixth-generation Intel P6 micro architecture introduced on February 26, 1999. 

These Pentium III CPUs were packaged in SECC 2 package, plugged into Slot 1 connector, used the same 0.25 micron manufacturing technology.

It had Processor Serial Number, or PSN. Due to privacy concerns this feature was by default disabled on many motherboards.

Description: Manufacturing process - 0.25 micron, 9.5 million transistors. Data Width – 32 (64 bit Data bus) bit. Floating Point Unit – Integrated. Level 1 cache size - 16 KB instruction cache, 16 KB data cache. Level 2 cache size - Half-speed in-package 512 KB. MMX technology. SSE instructions. Low power features – Auto HALT state , Stop Grant state , Sleep state , Deep Sleep state , System Management Mode. Multiprocessing – Up to 2 processors.

Electrical parameters :Core Voltage 1.93 / 2 / 2.07 V

Maximum Temperature 5 - 90 °C

Maximum Power Dissipation

2.83 / 33.76 W

PENTIUM 4Features :

Intel Pentium 4 microprocessors were based on completely new Net Burst micro-architecture.

One of key features of Pentium 4 processor was Hyper-Pipelined Technology - 20-stage pipeline, that was two times longer than in previous generation of Pentium processors. Trace Execution Cache, Advanced Transfer Cache, Enhanced Branch prediction, Quad Data Rate bus and Hyper-Threading technology. have only one CPU core. Dual-core microprocessors based on Net

Burst micro architecture were branded as Pentium D.

Description:Manufacturing process – 0.13 micron CMOS technology55 million transistors. Data width – 32 bits. Floating Point Unit – Integrated. Level 1 cache size - Execution trace cache for up to 12K decoded micro-operations, 8 KB data cache. Level 2 cache size - 512 KB 8-way associative full-speed on-die cache. MMX, SSE, SEE 2. Low power features - System Management Mode, Auto-HALT mode, Stop Grant mode, Sleep mode .

Electrical parameters :Core Voltage 1.475 – 1.525 V

Maximum Temperature 5 – 70(1.5 V core), 5 - 71 °C

Maximum Power Dissipation

69.97(1.5 V core ), 72.5 W