IEEE SESSION COMPUTER –AIDED SMART POWER · PDF filesmart power grid technology history 10/11/2009 ieee smart power grid seminar 2 time line 1940 1955 mit network 1965 analyzer analog

10/11/2009 1

IEEE SESSIONCOMPUTER –AIDED SMART POWER GRID

GEN_1 GEN_2

LOAD_1 LOAD_2

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IEEE SMART POWER GRID SEMINAR

SMART POWER GRIDTECHNOLOGY HISTORY

10/11/2009 IEEE SMART POWER GRID SEMINAR 2

Time Line

1940

1955

1965MIT NETWORKANALYZER

ANALOGDISPATCH

ACESCADA

DIGITALDISPATCH

ACESECURITY

SCADA

SMARTGRID

LEVELNORTHEASTBLACKOUT

8/14/1965

2009

HIGH

LOW

WHAT IS THESMART POWER GRID HISTORY?

• Smart Power Grid Technology IntroducedWorld-Wide in the Early 1960’s by ThreeMajor USA Companies. Only One RemainsToday:

– Westinghouse Electric Corporation

– General Electric Company

– Leeds and Northup Company

10/11/2009 3IEEE SMART POWER GRID SEMINAR

SMART POWER GRIDREINVENTED BY THE DOE

• Adds Communications and Computer Technology tothe Existing Supervisory Control And DataAcquisition Functionality (SCADA)

• Promises to Integrate Renewable Energy Choicesinto the Power Grid Operation

• Enables a Contingency Constrained Power FlowPreventive Security Smart Grid Delivery Strategy


SMART POWER GRIDGOALS

• Smart Power Grid Uses Real-Time Computersand Communications Systems To:

– Reduce the Cost of Energy

– Increase Efficiency, Reliability, Safety

– Reduce Transmission and Wheeling Losses

– Support Grid Security and Stiffness Control

– Aid the Conservation of Energy

– Support the Integration of Renewable Energy


NATIONAL SMART POWER GRIDAN ENERGY DELIVERY SYSTEM

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WESTERN REGION

EASTERNREGION

TEXAS

LOAD_1

LOAD_3

LOAD_2 G_2

G_3

G_1

TRANSMISSIONLINES


NATIONAL INTERCONNECTIONREGIONS


MISSION OF THE REGIONS

• Provide Reliability, Availability MaintainabilitySafety (RAMS) and Reduce Energy Cost:

– Meet Regulatory Requirements

– Reduce Environmental Impact

– Reduce Cost of Energy Delivered

– Leverage Existing-Changing T&D Infrastructure

– Develop and Deploy Conservation Methods for Energy

– Distribution with Automatic Meter Reading

– Improve Grid RAMS Efficiencies


TYPICAL DAILY LOAD DEMANDPOWER CURVE


ELECTRIC CARCHARGING

OPPORTUNITY

POTENTIAL HIGH-SPEED RAILLARGE ENERGY DEMAND


SMART POWER GRIDCONSUMPTION ISSUES

• As the Population Grows the Demand forElectricity Increases

• The World Consumes 14 Terawatts of EnergyEvery Day. In Another 50 years - 28 terawatts.

• We Would Have to Turn on a New 1,000-Megawatt Power Plant Tomorrow, Anotherthe Next Day, and On and On, One a Day forthe Next 40 Years to Get Another 14Terawatts!!!


NATIONALENERGY SOURCES


NATIONALENERGY ALLOCATION


SMART POWER GRIDFOSSIL ENERGY SOURCE


SMART POWER GRIDGAS TURBINE ENERGY SOURCE


SMART POWER GRIDNUCLEAR ENERGY SOURCE


SMART POWER GRIDNUCLEAR DISTRIBUTION


SMART POWER GRIDWIND ENERGY SOURCE


NEW YORK STATEPROPOSED WIND FARMS


SMART POWER GRIDHYDRO PUMPED STORAGE


SMART POWER GRIDSTORED ENERGY SOURCE


SMART POWER GRIDSOLAR ENERGY SOURCE


DC TRANSMISSIONGRID


SOLARPANELS

AC-DCCONVERSION

STATION

SMARTPOWER

GRID

DC SINGLETRANSMISSION LINE

• HVDC Less Expensive

• Lower Transmission Losses

• Optimum for Short Distances

• Controllability, Availability and Maintainability Issues

HOW DOES THE SMARTPOWER GRID WORK?


SSMART POWER GRID

ARCHITECTURE


THE NATIONAL SMART POWER GRIDOF TODAY

• The Current National Power Grid of Today consistsof The following Major Components:

– Over 14,000 transmission substations

– 4,500 large substations for distribution

– 3,000 public and private owners thatcommunicate intelligently and work withprecise efficiency


SMART POWER GRIDFUNCTIONS & COMPONENTS

• Major Functions:

– Delivers and Manages the Flow of Energy

– Integrates Energy Policy Choices

– Minimizes the Cost of Energy

– Enables Contingency Constrained Security

• Components:

– Generation Sources & Consumer Demand

– Transmission and Distribution Networks

– Computer and Communication Automation10/11/2009 27IEEE SMART POWER GRID SEMINAR

DISPATCH CENTEROPERATIONAL TASKS

• Real Time Operational Tasks– Control Frequency and Area Interchange Flow– Set Generators to Minimize Energy Costs– Minimize Transmission and Wheeling Losses– Provide Contingency Constrained Preventive Security– Collect Real-Time State Estimation Data

• Daily Next Day Tasks Operational Forecast– Make next Day Weather and Load Forecast– Select Set of Minimum Cost Generation– Establish Interchange Buy/Sell Strategies– Satisfy Generation and Transmission Maintenance


SMART POWER GRIDOPERATIONAL STATES

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NORMAL

DEFENSIVE RESTORATIVE

EMERGENCY


TWO AREAPOWER SYSTEM MODEL

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1/R

1/R

L_1

L_2

P_1

P_2

PWRSYSTEM

PWRSYSTEM

GOV

GOV TURBINE

TURBINE

AREA CONTROL ERROR

12 1 2( )T

1

2


E_1

E_2

200MW

100MW

100MW

100MW

GENERATION SOURCESENERGY RESPONSE

10/11/2009

MW

TIME

GAS TURBINE

COMBINED CYCLE PLANT

STEAM PLANT

NUCLEAR PLANT

HYDRO


RENEWABLES? ???

31

GOV TURBINE

( 1 )G

G

K

T s ( 1)T

T

K

T s

AUTOMATIC GENERATIONCONTROL

10/11/2009 32

TG

TG

GOV

GOV

ECONOMICDISPATCHECONOMICDISPATCH

REGULATION

REGULATION

ACE

ECONOMICDISPATCH

TIE LINEFLOWS

FREQERROR

INTERCHANGESCHEDULE

BIAS

LOAD

LOAD


SMART POWER GRIDENERGY SOURCE CONTROL

10/11/2009 33

TG

SMOOTHINGPREDICTION

INTERCHANGEACTUAL

SYSTEMFREQUENCY

REGULATION2 SEC

INTERCHANGESCHEDULE

SHORT TERMECONOMICS

LONG TERMECONOMICS


SMART GRID INTERCONNECTIONBUSES & LINES


GEN

LOAD

GEN

Y2N

YMK

BUS 1 BUS N

Y01 Y0N

Y1N

SHORT TERMECONOMIC DISPATCH


Lagragian Cost Minimization Short Term Dispatch

0 1 2

+

P ena lty Fac tors

and

i L

i i

L

i

i

i

dC P

dP P

Pw here

P

dCa bx cx

dP

CONTINGENCY CONSTRAINEDOPTIMAL POWER FLOW


B B B

B B

Cost ( , , , )

: G (x ,d ) = 0

H (x ,d ) 0

B B C CM IN x d x d

Subject To

B

C C C

C C C

G (x ,d ) = 0

H (x ,d ) 0

Long Term Base Case Plus ContingencyConstrained Case Real-Time Optimization:

OPTIMAL POWER FLOWEQUATIONS


11

1 1

1

1

cos( )

sin( )

i i i

n

i i in n n

NSched

i i i ij j i j i jj

NSched

i i i ij j i j i jj

PJ

V V Q

P P V Y V

Q Q V Y V

WHERE J IS A MATRIX OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES KNOWN AS THE JACOBIAN

PREVENTIVE SECURITYCONTROL STRATEGY


GENERATION #1 #2

MIN GENERATION 50 0

MAX GENERATION 200 120

INC COST ($/MW) 1 2

LINE FLOW #1 #2

MAX FLOW (MW) 100 200

LOAD

G2G1

LINE 1

LINE 2

PREVENTIVE SECURITYCONTROL ACTIONS


200

100

100

PURE ECONOMIC DISPATCH TOTAL COST = $200

SECURITY CONSTRAINED DISPATCH TOTAL COST = $300

50

200

50

200

200 0

100

PREVENTIVE SECURITYCONTROL ACTIONS


200

135

67.5

67.5

65

SECURITY CONSTRAINED DISPATCHWITH CORRECTIVE RESCHEDULING:

TOTAL COST = $265

SMART POWER GRIDSTATE ESTIMATION

• Real Time Collection of Preventive SecurityData:

– Complex Voltages

– Transmission Line Flow

– Loads

– Transformer Taps

– Generation Outputs

– Detection of Gross Sensor Errors


REAL TIME PREVENTIVESECURITY

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STATE ESTIMATOR2-4 SEC

DATA ACQUISITION2-4 SEC

SECURITYANALYSIS1-10 MIN

CONTINGENCYCONSTRAINED OPF

1-10 MIN

SECURITYDISPATCH

2 SEC-5 MIN

CRITICALCONTINGENCIES

CRITICALCONSTRAINTS


POWER GRIDENERGY CHOICE CONSTRAINTS

• Power Grid Constraints that Effect theNational Energy Policy Choices:

– Foreign Oil Cost, Conservation

– Grid Renewable Integration

– Transmission and Wheeling Losses

– Environmental, Green Technology

– Availability, Reliability and Safety

– Smart Power Grid Job Impacts

– Electric Car Power Grid Integration



QUESTIONS

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Documents

IEEE SESSION COMPUTER –AIDED SMART POWER · PDF filesmart power grid technology history 10/11/2009 ieee smart power grid seminar 2 time line 1940 1955 mit network 1965 analyzer analog