IEEE Spectrum Tech Insiders: RF Trendsgupta/teaching/cs603/sumI08... · Wireless Industry: A Dynamic Growth Market An Exciting Time For the Industry fSubscriber growth continues at

IEEE Spectrum Tech Insiders:

RF Trends

May 28, 2008

Moving To A Wirelessly Connected World: Trends In WANs, MANs, LANs and PANs

Francis SidecoSr. Analyst, Wireless Communications

Ubiquitous Wireless – 3 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending

Presentation Agenda

Wireless Technology Overview

Multiple Generations

Multiple Modes

Design Implications

Isn’t Wireless All the Same?

What’s Driving All of These Technologies?

Got Wireless?

Not Just for Handsets Anymore

Dealing with the Alphabet Soup

Current Industry Solutions to the Multi-mode Problem

Summary


Presentation Agenda



Multiple Modes

Design Implications



Got Wireless?




Summary


Wireless Industry: A Dynamic Growth Market

An Exciting Time For the Industry

Subscriber growth continues at a very strong pace

3.7 billion subscribers at the end of 2008

>50% of the world population will be wireless subscribers by end of 2008

– China wireless subscribers now exceeds 500 million

– India adding 8 million + new wireless subscribers every month

Wireless subscribers growing to over 4.9 billion by 2012

Global Mobile device unit shipments exceeded 1.29 billion in 2008

12.2% growth over 2007

Will reach 1.6 billion units in 2012

Mobile device market will exceed $156 billion in 2008


2008: Decision Year for 4G

3G 3.5G 4G

Super 3G, 3GPP LTE

WiMAX802.16e

W-CDMA

CDMA20001xEV-D0

HSDPA HSUPA

CDMA20001xEV-D0 Rev A

CDMA20001xEV-D0 Rev B

UMB

An OFDM Technology

100s of kbps 10- 15 Mbps 20- 40 Mbps

Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems Service


Mobile handset/device production forecast

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Mill

ions

of U

nits

4G3G2.5G2G1G

Source – iSuppli Corporation Mobile Handset Market Tracker


Wireless Technology Landscape

GSMcdmaONE

HSxPA LTE

GPRS, EDGE,CDMA2000-1X

CDMA2000 1x-EV/DO

HSDPAW-CDMA

Paging

PHS

WiBro

802.16eWAN

802.16 – Rev 2000WiMax

802.20

MAN

802.11b 802.11g

ZigBee 802.11a 802.11n LAN

Bluetooth UWB

RFIDPAN

Source – iSuppli Corporation


Design Implications - The Digital Divide

Digital Baseband with Power Management

Applications Processors

Shared Memory Controller/DMA

Non Volatile Memory Volatile Memory

Touch Screen Display ControllerHD Video External Memory

WPAN

GPS

WLAN

WWAN

Mobile TV Receiver RF Transceiver

Digital

Switch/Duplexer

Tx Module

Rx Filters

Analog

Process mismatches

Geometry mismatches

Architecture challenges


Design Implications – RF Transceiver Architecture

Companies 2G 3G

Analog Devices CLP LINEAR

Ericsson Mobile Platforms CLP CLP

Freescale SSP SSP

Infineon SSP LINEAR

NXP CLP LINEAR

Qualcomm OLP LINEAR

Quorum Systems LINEAR LINEAR

Renesas CLP LINEAR

RF Micro Devices CLP LINEAR

Sequoia Communications SSP SSP

Skyworks CLP LINEAR

STMicroelectronics LINEAR N/A

Texas Instruments DRP DRP

TriQuint Semi LINEAR N/A

Tropian OLP OLP

Increasing number of suppliers offering 3G Polar

Allows for harmonized 2G and 3G architecture in multimode

Cost and talk time benefits

Along with multimode enhancements…

Potential reductions in per band cost adders

Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems RF Components Topical Report


Presentation Agenda



Multiple Modes

Design Implications



Got Wireless?




Summary


Not All Wireless Is Created Equal

GSMcdmaONE GPRS, EDGE,

CDMA2000-1XCDMA2000 1x-EV/DO

HSDPA

802.11b

802.11a 802.11n

802.16 – Rev 2000WiMax

802.20

802.11g

W-CDMA

Bluetooth UWB

ZigBee

Paging

PHS

WiBro

802.16e

RFID

HSxPA LTE

WAN

Oper

atin

g R

ange

(Met

ers)

1000MAN

100

LAN

10

PAN

1

0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0Peak Data Transmission Rates (Mbps)

Source – iSuppli Corporation


Mobile technologies – The Need For Speed?

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Dat

a Tra

nsm

issi

on M

bps

GSM

GPRS, cdma2000

EDGE, CDMA2000-1x

CDMA2000 1x-EV-DO

CDMA2000 1x –EV DO Rev A

W-CDMA

HSDPA, HSUPACDMA2000 1x –EV DO Rev B

4G

SMS,IMS

Text E-mailingRing Tones

Simple games

Multimedia messagingVideo clips, Web browsing

Games

Streaming audioStreaming video clips

Enterprise Apps (Word,Excel, Outlook)Complex games

Robust Web Browsing

Video conferencing, VoDInteractive gaming

Wireless VPNs,Streaming video

Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems Service


The Wireless Market: On The Brink Of A Transition?

Apple iPhone has changed OEM – carrier relationship dynamicsLess than 1% market share;

Revenue sharing model introduced for the first time.

Handset vendors are now seeking to push contentNokia introduced its Ovi service: Music, Navigation, file sharingSony Ericsson deploying PlayNow™: over-the-air download service Samsung launched FunClub

New OEMs introducing handsets; seeking to launch Mobile InternetDevices (MIDs)

Garmin introduced Nuvi handset at Mobile World CongressNew opportunities for semi suppliers

US Government completed licensing 700 MHz spectrum early 2008

Open access: a new wireless model?Google, others pushing “Open Access” model

Will carriers fully support this?


The Handset Is Becoming The All-In One Device

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Penetr

ation into

Handse

ts

Primary CameraFlash BulbAuto FocusZoomWiFiBluetoothUSBMusic PlaybackFM RadioGPSVideo CallingTV ReceptionNFCHigh Level OSFlash Card SlotHard Disk Drive

Sources – iSuppli Corporation Design Forecast Tool (DFT)™ - Mobile Handsets, Wireless Systems Service


High End Device

Multi Core Processor

Graphics Accelerators

Multimedia Processors

DBB w/ PM

Shared Memory Controller/DMA

Non Volatile Memory Volatile Memory

Projection Display and Keyboard ControllerHD Video External

Memory

WPAN

GPS

WLAN

Broadcast TV Receiver

WPAN

WPAN

WPAN

WPAN

Wireless Connectivity

Module

SDR RF+PA Multi-Mode WWAN

Gaming Module

Camera Module

E-Book

Module

HUD Module

Mobile Office Module

Apps Processors

Security Cores

Mesh Controller

Cores

GUI CoreImage Cores

Physics Cores

Emotion Cores

General Purpose

Cores


Presentation Agenda



Multiple Modes

Design Implications



Got Wireless?




Summary


WLAN: Increasingly being embedded in CE devices

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Units

(K)

Mobile PCs HPC sSerial/Page/Multi-Func. Printers Desktop PC sMobile Handsets Cable ModemsxDSL & VDSL Modems PMP/MP3 PlayersDigital Cameras & Camcorders VG Consoles & Handheld VG Players

Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems WLAN Topical Report


Wireless connectivity in PANs

Bluetooth dominates audio applications in mobile handsets and head sets

Stereo BT headsets now available

Will increasingly penetrate consumer applications such as video game consoles

W-USB will find its niche market in applications requiring high speed data transfer of large files example: Video file sharing in consumer electronics

Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Communications Service

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Th

ou

san

ds o

f U

nit

s

Wireless/Mobile Notebook/Desktop/Peripheral Consumer Gaming/AudioAutomotive Infotainment Other Market


Mill

ions

of D

olla

rs

WWAN Modems

Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems WWAN Topical Report

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Embedded ModulesExternal Modems


Presentation Agenda



Multiple Modes

Design Implications



Got Wireless?




Summary


Software Defined Radios

Dynamically programmable

QoS and capacity throttling capabilities for the network operators

Lower cost due to functionality leveraging and using only one radio for WWAN/MAN, WLAN, WPAN

Ideal for cost control in femtocells

Future Characteristics

Nano-second switching times

Multiple simultaneous wireless technologies (WWAN/MAN, WLAN, WPAN)

Integration of PA

Integration into Baseband


Front End Designs

RF MEMS

Tunable Switches

PAs in CMOS

Approaching compound semi performance and cost

Still unproven however

Could lead the way to higher levels of integration


Presentation Agenda



Multiple Modes

Design Implications



Got Wireless?




Summary


Vision of the Future: Ubiquitous Coverage

No single technology will deliver a comprehensive solution

Need seamless transition form one technology to another

Cellular technologies dominate WWAN

Must work seamlessly with technologies in WPAN & WLAN

Challenge for OEMs and Silicon suppliers

Integrate multiple, disparate technologies into single device

How will these new features affect the cost? RF performance?

Moving To A Wirelessly Connected World: Trends In WANs, MANs, LANs and PANs

Francis SidecoSr. Analyst, Wireless Communications

Emerging Cognitive Radio TechnologiesMay 28, 2008

Zoran MiljanicWINLAB

Rutgers University

www.winlab.rutgers.edu

27

Outline

Cognitive radio applicationsCognitive radio standards Cognitive radio programmable processing considerationsNetwork centric platform orientationNetwork centric vs. compute centric platformsReconfigurable hardware approach – perspectives and challenges The need for CR Programming mechanisms

28

Cognitive radio definition

A cognitive radio is a radio a device capable of gathering situational knowledge about its environment and leverage it with intelligent processing to adapt towards some goal Key notions:

Situational knowledge – we need to go beyond spectrum sensingProcessing: autonomous or collaborativeAdaptability:

• how flexible• speed of a adaptation• speed of processing – should not sacrifice performance

programmability and cross layer design environment for intelligence and adaptability

does not have to be SDR

29

Cognitive radio applications

Improving spectrum utilizationImproving link reliabilityEnabling communication between heterogeneous devicesDistributed antenna networksCollaborative sensingAutomated radio resource management

30

Emerging CR standards

IEEE 802.22Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands

802.11hSpectrum and Transmit Power Management

IEEE 1900 group:1900.1 – Standardize definitions and terminology related to cognitive radio1900.2 – Standardizing testing and verification of the cognitive radio operation.1900.3 – Standardizing approaches for qualifying software modules.1900.a – Regulatory certification of cognitive radios.

31

CR programmable processing considerations

In its simplest form CR can be a multimodal hardware with CR layer activating one mode or another

But, to realize the full benefits of CR we need environment monitoring and per-packet reconfigurability:

On-the-fly change in the set of phy protocol functions and and their parameters; adapting the modulation scheme, turning on/off the encoder and corresponding decoder, adapting the MACDefining new functions and incorporate them in the processing flowL2, L3 and higher layer protocol selection, programming and hooks to the phy layerPerformance guaranties

Software implementation too complex: GSM – 10 MIPS, GPRS – 100 MIPS, EDGE – 1K MIPS; WCDMA/UMTS – 10K MIPS, WLAN OFDM – 5K MIPS

The processing requirements are increasing faster than Moor’s low: CAGR 104% vs. 58%

SDR based solutions for emerging RAN protocols result in massive design complexity

32

Network Centric Platform Orientation

Communication protocols have very different behavior and processing requirements relative to traditional (including embedded) computer applications

Network processors (NPs) focus on communication protocol processingNPs still employ a traditional compute-centric approach, with performance improvement techniques (multiprocessors, hardware accelerators, …). Resulting in complex, hard to program devices, unpredictable performance.

Insufficiency of the CPU (compute centric) approach is even more evident when the programmability requirement is extended to the PHY layer

Network centric platform approach uses processing and programming mechanisms to address unique characteristics of network protocol workload:

short processing time, intensive I/O, event processing driven, low spatial and temporal locality

33

Network vs. compute centric workload

Network Centric Compute Centric

Processing time:

short: microseconds-> need to min overhead

long: seconds to hours

Program control

Driven by events-> diff control structure

Driven by program

Input-output throughput

high: 10s Mbps to Gbps-> need to optimize for I/O

low: kbps

Temporal & spatial locality

low-> new memory management

high

Timing constraints

stringent-> enforce and control latency

relaxed

Computational complexity

varies between layers-> cross layer optimization

uniform per application

34

Requirements for the next generation CR devices

Programmable processing of phy and higher layer at-speed: target rate 500 Mbps

Deterministic and best effort performance guaranties

New programming mechanisms needed for shorter design time and predictable performance:

Toolkit for building phy + higher layer protocol processing applicationsCombine software and hardware supported functions in a uniform wayAPI to express timing and performance requirements and underlying architectures to take it into account

Control mechanisms for application design and system integration:controlled sharing of resources among applicationspreserving performance guaranties for individual applications

35

“New” run time model for NC workloadWe need programmability to support environment sensing (beyond spectrum sensing !) and adaptation

Need collaborative phy-MAC processing to detect the RAN protocols used by the surrounding devices

The application (protocol processing) is executed as a set of event driven communicating processes

Events are external I/O internally generated as the result of process execution

The set of communicating processes is a protocol processing flowFor cross layer processing it is important to support coexistence of processes with deterministic processing time, and the ones with soft QoS guaranties The hardware implementations follow the same execution model without programmability to generalize and adapt the model

36

Deterministic time and best-effort processing

Deterministic application processing requirements:Tasks have bounded processing time Processing time slots are reserved – not competed forThe time slot use still need to be conditioned by the runt time events – completion of the previous tasks, arrival of the data …Suitable for MAC and higher layer processing

Best effort application processing is scheduled for execution only if time constraints of the synchronous tasks are respected.

Suitable for MAC and higher layer processing

Need mechanisms for combining the two types or processes: some part of the flow processing needs to be deterministic while other is best effortNeed the mechanisms to control the sharing of processing resources between the two types of processes

37

SDR vs. reconfigurable hardware

SDR – Software Defined Radio:Run time control in software – CPU based executionMost functions defined in software, accelerated by hardwareThe performance is increased by adding MIPS power (clock rate, instruction level parallelism, multiprocessing, end combining these techniques) Performance guaranties by software design not by run control mechanisms

Reconfigurable hardwareRun time control in hardwareComplete processing can be in hardware, flexibility added by softwareThe performance is increased by design of hardware processing modules for the target throughput, an their replication if necessary Performance guaranties ensured by run control mechanisms

Reconfigurable hardware promises lower complexity and simpler programming

38

Reconfigurable hardware concept

39

Programming mechanisms for NC programmable radio processingThe application is designed by combining the processes into processing flow

Predefined processes Ability to define new processesIdeally the API-s for the HW & SW processes should be the same towards a unified top level framework for application design

Program design and run time control mechanisms are needed:Task sequencing: orders tasks into the application. Sequencing patterns supported: one-to-one; one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-manyTask synchronization: resolved producer-consumer relationships for all sequencing patternsTask repetitionScheduling: deterministic, soft QoS, and best effort processesCommunication between the tasks

New functions can be defined in softwareHow to maintain performance guaranties

40

Conclusion

Cognitive radio has excellent potentials but number of enabling technologies need to be developed firstProcessing at speed is a must for both complex monitoring and performance at par with non adaptable devices. How to resolve conflicting requirements for speed and flexibility:

Understand the workload characteristics Constrain the application domain

There are two approaches to achieve cross layer programmability:SDR or reconfigurable hardware. SDR has been in works for a long time, but has complexity, performance and difficult programming problemsReconfigurable hardware at the very early stages of development

41

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IEEE Spectrum Tech Insiders: RF Trendsgupta/teaching/cs603/sumI08... · Wireless Industry: A Dynamic Growth Market An Exciting Time For the Industry fSubscriber growth continues at