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RESULTSOF THE I\IETWORK EXPERIMENTATIOI{
OF ST]NFLOWSR CULTIVARSII{ THE BIENNIAL CYCLE T9BO-I9BI
Auth,ors.' see Annex 1
Data processing and, interpretation:(dr. A. v. VRÂNCEANU and dr. F.Grassland Production Service (dr. AL.
Liaison Centre ofM. STOENESCU) andBOZZïNI and Prof. T.
FunduIea, RomaniaF. A. O. Crop andBOGYO).
INTRODUCTION
Developing gradually its activity, the sub-network dealing with the experimentation ofsunflower cultivars in international trials com-pleted three biennial cycles. In the third bien-nial cycle (1980-1981), the nu,rnber of parti-cipants amounted to 28 research institutes or
Countryand location
stations frorn 24 countries. Along with allsunflower growing countries of Euq"ope, exceptSoviet {Jnion, certain countries from MiddleEast, Asia, Africa, Latin America and U.S.A.,participated ac,tively too (Annex 1). The moreactive co-operation in the frame of this sub-network reflects the increasing importance ofsunflower over the world.
ANNEX 1
Trials conductedand year
List of participants in F.A.O. co-operative trials (1980-1981)
BulgariaG. Toshevo
FranceAude
FranceMontpellier
Fota Stoyanova Tzvetkova,Institute for Wheat and Sunflower, General Toshevo gb20.
Tolbuhin
A. Benvenuti, G. P. Yannozzi,Istituto _di Agronomia General,e e Coltivazioni Erbacee, Via
S. Michele degli Soalzi 2, pisâ b6t 00.
G. Dantuma,Centre for Agro-Biological Research,
geningen
No. 2 1981
No. 2 1980
No. 1 ,1980
No. 1 1980-1981
No. ,1,
No. 2 1980-1981
F. Rep. GermanyGiessen
HungaryIregszemcse
HungarySzeged
ItaùyPisa
NetherlandWageningen
No. 2 1980*1981
No. INo. 2 1980-,1981
M. Rollier,CETIOM, 174 Avenue Victor Hugo, paris ?b116
G. Piquemal,Station d'Amélioration des Plantes (INRA). 9 place Viala.
34060 Montpellier Cedex
\tr. Schuster,Institut fûr Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzùchtung, Universitât
Giessen, 23 Ludwigstrasse, 6,800, Giessen
E. Kurnik,T,akarmânytenmesztési Kutatd Intézei, Research Institute for
Forage Crops, ?095 Iregszerncse
Frank Jôzsef,Gabonatermestesi Kutatô lntézet, Cereal Research Institute.Pf: 391, H-6701, Szeged
Bornsesteeg 65, rvVa-No. 1 ,1980
PoIand. Poznait
K. Kloczowski,Plant Breeding and Acclirnatizati'on Institute' Sieroca '1 a'
61-77û Poznari
No. 1 - 1198,0*1981
PortugalElvas
Maria Y. Vivas,Estaçao Nacional de Melhor,amento de Plantas, ?351 Elvas
No. 2(two locations) '1980
Rrornania,Fundulea
A. V. Vrânceanrt, F. M. StoenesûlResearch Institute for Ceneals and Industrial Crops, 8264
Fundulea, jud. Càlàraçi
No. 1- No. 21980-r19&1No. 3 - 1980
RomaniaPodu Iloaie
V. Rusanovski, Elena Andrei,Agricuùtural Research Station, Podu Iloaie, Iaçi
No. I - t9B0No. 2 - 19,80-1981
SpainTornejil
Juan Dominguez-Girnenez,xàiional ReJearch Centre for Oil Crops, INIA, Finca Alarneda
del Obispo, APartado 240, Côrdoba
No. 2 - 198'0
Turkey'EdrrneE. Indelen,Agricultrural Research Institute, P. O. Box 161, Edirne
No. 2 (two locations)1980-1981
TurheyYeçilkôy
Tûrker Cirit,Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 1, Yeç,ilkôy -
Istanbul
No. 2 - 1980No. 3 - 1980-1981
TurkeyAnkara, Luleburgaz
YugoslaviaNovi Sad
Kamil llisulu,Faculty of Agricuùture, Industrial Plant Dep'artrnent, Ankara
D. Skorié.Institute of Field and Vegetdble Crops, Maksima Gorrkog 30'
21000 Novi Sad
No. 3(two locations) t9B0
No. 1 - 11980No. 2 - 1980*1981
.lrl 313
Oit Cnops Section, Seed and Plant Innlxovement Institute,Marrdabad Road, Karaj
IranKaraj
IsraelVolcani
PakistanIslarnabad
PhilippineisMufloz
EgfnptElnaubaria. Sakha
Tanzani'ê.Mtwara
U.S.A,Casselton
Souissi Mostefa,Directeur Géneral, Institut de Dévelopement des Cultures
ind'ustrielles, ,laidin d'Essais du Hamma, B. P. 28, Dl-anasser
A. D. Soudir.Institut National de Recherches Agronorniques INRAI, Il,oute
de Sokra, Ariana, Tunis
Stephen R. Preston,Aeùcultural Research Institute, Naliendele, P. O. Box 500"
Mtwara
trJlf. rvl/. Roath,Oilseeds Investigations, 212 lvValdron Hall, North Dakota State
University, Uiiversiiy Station, Ilargo, North Dakota 58'102
No. 3 - 1981
No. 3 - 1980-1981
No. 3 - 1980
No. 3 - 1980-19&1
No. 3 - 198O
No. 3 (two locations)19BS-1981'
No. 3 - 1980
No. 3 - 1981
No.No.
NEAR EAST, SOUTH AND SOUTH-EASTERN ASIA
Baru'eh Retig,Division of Field Crops, Agricutltural Research Organization'
Volcani Center, Beit-Dagan 50200
A, Ratr.man Khan,pàtistan Agriculttrral Research Council, L-i13, Alrnarkaz f-712,
P. O. Box 1t03,1, Islamabad
Filrymena F. CamPos,Director,, Research & Develorpment, Central Luzon State Uni-
versity, Mufioz, Nueva Ec'ija
AFRICA
NOBTII AND SOUTH AMERICA
M. Serry,Urae"
-Sec'retary of State, .Ministry of Agri'culture, Dokkie'Grza
2 - 1980-198'1
Cana.daMorden
No. 1 - 1980
No. 4 - 1980*19811981-1982
ArgentinaMira'mar
Chi'lePlatina-Sa.ntiago
Vital Valdivia,Research Station La Platina, Santa Rosa 11610, paradero 38,
Casilla 542?, Santiago
No. 4 - 198G-1981
M. Dedio,Research Station, P. O. Box 3001, Morden-Manitoba
Ana Lilia Gonzales de Schelotto.Chacra Experimental de Miramar, Casilla Correo 35, Mirarnar
7607 (Buenos Aires)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four groups of cultivars with differentlengths of vegetation period \Mere established(Annex 2), corresponding to different geogra-phicai zones as follows :
- Trial No. 1 : 14 earlv and medium-earlvhybrids and one open-poilinated variety, forWest and Central Europe, Canada and Northof the U.S.A. ;
ANNEX 2 (a)
TRIAL No. Iwith early and medium-early cultivars : single (SH)
and three-way (TH) hybrids, open-pollinated
ANNEX 2 (b)
TRIAL No. 2 ijwith medium-late and medium-early cullivars : single(SII) anil three-way (TH) hybriils, open-pollinated va-
rieties (OPV)
1
,3
4
D
6
B
I10
11
L2
13
t415
AIaPrimasoHybrid 27/77/ciMarikaVeraNS-H-10
NS-H-11
NS-H-13
NS-H-r17
RO-18
RO-19
F,O-22
RO-26
F"O-27
RO-34
ItalyFrance
F. R. GermanyF. R. GermanyF. R. GermanyYugoslaviaYugoslaviaYugoslaviaYugoslaviaRomaniaRomania
Romania
Rornania
Romania
Romania
BulgariaArg'entina.HungaryHungary ..
SpainSpainSpainSpainSpain
u.s.A.U.S.A.
u.s.A.YugoslaviaYugoslaviaRomanira
RomaniaRornania
Romania
Rornania
Romania
oPvSH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
THSH
EntryNo.
È
2
3
4
5
6
I
II
10
11
t2131^
15
16
l71B
19
20
Cultlvars supplying.country
- Trial No. 2 : 19 medium-Iate hybrids andone variety for South-East Europe ;
- Trial No. 3: 10 hybrids and 10 varie-ties df meCium - late or lute maturity forNear and Middle-East and Africa ;
- Trial No. 4 : 12 hybrids and B varietiesof medium-late and late maturity for Centraland South America.
Some Network's members carried out in ad-dition trials established for other zones, forexample : Trial No. 1 (Pisa
- Italy, Iregs-zemcse Hungary, Fundulea and PoduIloaie - Romania, Novi Sad - Yugoslavia);
Trial No. 2 (Aude - France and Casselton -U.S.A.) ; Trial No. 3 (Fundulea - Romania).The tested cultivars have represented the
most.recent achievements of br,eeders from :Argentina, Bulgaria, France, West Germany,Hungary, Italy, Rornania, Sp,ain, U.S.A. andYugoslavia. With the exception of Tbial No. 1,which contained 15 entries. all the other threetrials were made up of 20 entries. AII trialswere supplemented by 2-3 reserve entries.In the second year of this cycle some culti-vars were replaced by the reserves becausethe I-.4.O. Seed Laboratory did not receivein time the seed samples (Impina INTA,Guayacan INTA and Contiflon) or the sam-ples of the hybrids Halcon and SH-3000X2were received with broken bags.
The experimental design wês the latin rec-tangle \Mith 5 and in some cases 4 replica-
PeredovikContiflorGahib-6Gahib-7HalconPinzonsH-s-690sH-3000x 2
sH-72 Mx,l 161
Sunbred 2,65
Interstate ?775
D.O. ?04
NS-H-33
NS.H-36RO-29
RO-40
RO-45
RO-46
RO-il00
RO-130
oPvSH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
THTHSH
SH
SH
SH
SH
THSH
SH
SH
SH
SH
EntryNo.
with late single (SH) aniloPen-Pollinated
Cultivars
I2
3
4
t6
7.
II
10
11
t213
t415
16
û7
1B
19
2û
,1
2
&
4
a
6
7
II
r10
11
L2
13
L4
15
16
L7
18
19
20
ANNEX 2 (c)
TRIAL NO. 3
three-way (TlI) hYbrids'varieties (OPV)
tions. Most of the participants adopted thesame experimental technique in order to faci-litate thé statistical interpretation and reducethe errors. Detailed instru,ctions for the expe-riments were prepared by the Crop and Gr,as-sland Production Service of F.A.O. in co-ope-ration with the Liaison Centre of Funduleaand sent to all participants. Along with them,a field book for each trial was received, pro-viding the co-operators with guidelines forunifoim and therefore cornparable gatheringof data, which could be statistically evaluatedusing the specific computer programmes avai-lablJ at F.A.O. Headqu,arters. The analyses ofvariance for Trials No. 1 and No. 2 were per-formed on the bases of these programm'es'
Some institutions did not succeed in supply-ing scientific, rigorous or complete data dueto either the less favourable climatic condi-tiorls, or to certain accidental causes. No resultswere received from I plaqes.
As in the previous experiments, the resultsobtained in this biennial cycle indicated' a
large diversity of 'the responses of the geno-types to the environmenial variation, but somegenotypes exhibited constant good behaviourin most locations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Trial. No. 7
As expected, the highest yields were obtai-ned in South-East and South Europe (Roma-nia, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Italy), weresome hybrids surpassed even the level of40 q/ha (Table 1). Good results were alsonoted in the Netherlands and Canada. On theaverage, the firts three high yielding culti-vars were Pno-22. H-27/77 and NS-H-13.
Although the oil content in dry matter va-ried greatly from location to Iocation and fromyear to year, a part of the genotypes, as Ro-34'Ro-27, Ro-19, NS-H-10, with the highest meanvalues, were the first from this point of viewin most cases (Table 2). The range of culti-vars according to this important trait remai-ned almost the sarne in a1l environments, notonly in this trial but also in the other threeones. These results confirm again that the oilcontent is characterized by a great geneticvariation.
The main morpho-physiological characte-ristics (Table 3) manifested also a large varia-tion. The earliest hybrids.were: Ro-18, Ro-26and Vera. Generally, plant height 'appearedpositively correlated with the period of vege-iation in aI trials and volumetric weight andseed size in an evident negative correlationIor most genotypes.
In respect of resistance to diseases (Table 4)
the information available put in evidence a
clear cut resistance to downy mildew (Plas-nxopqrcl heh.anthi) of most hybrids' The reac-tion of cultivars to the attack of gray rot
Genetlc
Geneticrype
,Supplyingcountry
BulgariaArgentinaArgentinaHungaryItalyItalyItaly.ItalySpainYugoslaviaArgentinaSpain
Spain
U.S.A.
U.S.A.YugoslaviaYugoslaviaRomâniaRornania
Romania
Supplyingcqunily
BulgariaArgentinaHungaryItalyItalyItalySpai'n
YugoslaviaArgentinaArgentinaSpain
SpainU.S.A,
U.S.A.
YugoslaviaYugoslaviaRornania
Romania
Romania
Romania
ANNEX 2 (d)
TRIAL NO. 4
with moillum-late single hvbriils (SH) and open-
EntryNo.
oPvOPV
oPvoPvoPvoPvoPvoPvSH
SlISH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
3
oPvoPvoPvoPvOPV
oPvoPvoPvoPvoPvSH
SH
THSH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
PeredovikImpira IntaGuayacan IntaGK-70SipontoEgnazia
Tusoania.
Cosmaretma
PernirNS-3,1?
ContiflorHalconsH-3000 x 2
Sun'bred 265
Interstate ?775
NS.H-33NS-H-36
RO-40
RO-100
Sorem 82
poltlnateil varieÛies (OPV)
PeredovikIrnpira IntaGK-?O
SipontoTuseania
Cosrnarema
PemirNS-31?
ContiflorDekalb G-9?
HalconPinzonSunbred 265
Hybrid 894
NS-H-33
NS-H-36
RO-40
RO-45
RO-100
Sorem 82
TRIAL No. 1/1980-1981. Seeal yielal tesÉ (q/ha, 0 0/o moisture)
Cultivars
Romania Hungary Yug. Poland GermanyF. R.
Net-her-land
Itâ1y France u.s.A. Mean
r.undulea Poaluiloaie
Iregszemcse
Novi-sâd Poznan Giessen
Wa-gen-ingen
Pisa Mont-pellier
Cassel-ton Morden q/hâ Grouping*
1980 198r 1980 1980 1981 1981 1980 1981 1980 1981 1980 1980 | 1981 1981 1980 1981
RO-22
H-27/77
NS-H-,13
MarikaVeraNS-H-17NS-H-11
PrimasolRO-19
RO-27
AlaNS-H110
RO-34
RO-z6
RO-18
43;7
38.3
39.,1
&5.4
36.5
37.3
3'5.9
36.7
39.4
35.5
34.5
32.9
33.7
35.8
35"1
33.6
31.2
32.2
30"3
129.1
29.6
31.3
30.1
33.2
31.9
29.0
29.5
32.9
30.r1
30.3
2S.t
25.3
25.8
24.5
2't.5
29.6
25t:l
24,3
20.4
23.L
2t.5
22.2
20.4
20.5
t4.4
llz.z29.8
25.6
24.9
25.9
26.8
27.7
31È6
23.5
2t1.3
23.4
25.L
44.2
2T.L
16.4
11e.7
||23.1
126.6
124.2
lz4.s
123.5
124.3
123.e
123.3
122.220'.2
19.8
19.3
20.6
2,1.9
33.9
35.0
38.6
.26.8
32.t
35.8
3r1.1
39.0
z.L.ô
25.2
24.6
25.9
33.3
25.7
22.0
14.0
t2.7
10.0
10.3
.11.7
12.8
11 .6
11.1
ll.0.2
11 .9
7.4
6.5
6.2
6.3
6.9
û.4.9
t2.6
18.6
10.611À
t7.2
15.9
Lt.2
B.B
10.0
8.5
L4tl9.8
8.5
6.1
22.6
21.5
18.8
118.8
19.0
t2.6
14.0
13.9
1'5.7
16.9
15.3
13.5
e.B l
I
13.8 |
I
12.41
23.7
,24.5
24.2
23.4
26.3
20.1
25.4
19.5
16.8
23.6
17.6
15.4
22.3
t7.7
15.8 l
29.8
31.3
2,1.6
31.,1
30.2
26.2
24.6n^ 1
2&.6
24.8
25.6
23.3
2,r.5
19.6
16.1
144.3I
130.0I
124.6
34.2
36.6
30.7
22.9
25.7
45.5
30.6
36.5
24.8
13.5
,19.6
16.3
124.r
11e.2
125.2trt 1r-''120.6
|.24.5
1,15.2
| 15.3
122.0
118.1
| 15.3
ln''')l1r1.8l
| 1e.61
lzz.sl
22.8
22.8
22.7
2r.2
22.7
20.0
23.3
,r^2t.b
2t.2
20.0
20.2
19.7
20.2
20.9
19.7
18.6
r7.+
18.3
19.il
lt.l
22.7
2t.l18.9
19.0
L6.7
15.1
17.9
20.0
27.9
28.2
34.4
28.8
26.5
27.2
33.3
24.3
2t.r2t.7
25.1
26.1
2322t.5
118.4
za-t
25.4
25.4
24.6
24.6
24.5
23.7
23.5
2&3
22.3
2t.5
2L.2
19.8
19.?
lB.5
AB
BBCD
BCD
BCD
CDE
CDEDE
EF
FG
FG
FGH
FGHH
Mean 36.7 30.9 23.2 25.3 22.5 30.7 10.0 1J..9 ,15.9 21.1 25.2 2e.4 | 1e.e 2t.l 18.9 25.8 23.0
* Means with the same letter âre not significântly different (Duncân's multiple fange test),
Cultivars
Table 7
Table 2
Mean
]rouping*
RO-34
RO-27
RO-19
NS-H-10
RO-18
RO-26
AIaP"O-22
PrimasolNS-H-13
NS-H-11
H-27/77
NS.H-1?
MarikaVera
52.0
51.0
50.0
5,1.0
48.0
48.0
49.0
48.0
47.0
49.0
47.0
44.0
46.0
44.0
40.0
5,1.3
50.2
49.1
48.8
47.9
47.6
47.5
46.1
46.1.
46.1
45.6
44.4
43.9
43.9
38.8
46.5
4B
ccD
D
D
L
L
E
F
F
F
47.6 4t.2
TRIATT No. l/1980-1981. Oit content in dry matter (%)
Romania I Hungary I Vug. I eotanA
rloaièl "cse l-';aà | Poznan
198011981 | 1981 | 19801 t98l
GermanyF. R.
Giessen
Italy lFrancel U.S.A.
Pisa lÏteoriihl "ii"o- I Mordeir
1980119811 1981 | 1980 | l98l
46.51 5B.B | 52.0 | 45.1
43.31 57.8 | 51.0 | 43.8
46.8 1 56.5 I 47.0 | 41.8
45.3 1 58.0 | 50.0 | 42.8
48.0 1 55.5 I 48.0 | 41.5
44.51 54.0 | 46.0 | 40.5
45.31 55.0 | 47.0 | 44.5
43.8 1 49.8 | 43.0 | 40.3
45.3 1 52.0 | 45.0 | 44.5
43.31 53.0 | 46.0 | 39.8
43.0 1 s2.8 | 44.0 | 41.0
43.3 1 50.8 | 42.0 | 40.5
42.0 1 51,3 | 45.0 | 37.0
42.01 50.0 | 43.0 | 40.0
38.0 1 44.5 | 37.0 | 34.8
44.61 46.0
44.01 45.0
43.91 46.3 | 45.0 147.6144.0
49.0.
46.5
43.3
42.5
43.0
43.8
42.5
43.8
46.0
42.8
39.0
41.8
3?.8
42.8
34.8
42.6
* Means with the same letter are not signilicantly differcnt (Duncan's multiple range test).
TBIAL No. l/1980-1981. Morllho-physiological characteristics
Heâddiam.(cm)
Ptant height I volur.netric
(cm) - | [?l,t"irimits lmean I timits I meanl umits lmea"l limits | -"anl timit=
129 116-20 18 1134-206 1170 36
JO
37
37
40
^1
42
43
42
36
37
36
36
39
130 119-22 20 1122-200 l15B132 lt7-22 19 1115-190 1160
130 117-21 19 l118-182 1159
126 ll7-2:1 r.9 1115-183 1160
130 t14-20 18 l118-150 l14B
t27 1t9-22 20 t125-180t163133 114-21 19 t120-186t160t27 lr7-21 19 1119-160 1145
18 t115-163t14122 ttt6-157 | t432L lr24-L64 1t4B
t26 lr7-22 20 1116-153 1138
r28 lr7-21 20 112r-156 1r42128 115-20 18 1110-170 1143
45-821 6,6
56
58
61
45
4B
51
52
60
63
53
67
69
66
(BotrEtis cinerea) varied much from locationto location. One explanation could be the fol-lowing : this fungui invades firstly the senes-cent tissues and spreads afterwards over thegreen ones. If notes were taken at the samedate for all entries, the earlier ones, whichpossess larger surfaces of dead tissues, couldshow a more intense attack. As an example,
Toble 3
IIusks(%)
25
2B
27
31
31
24
25
27
28
28
23
26
25,,23
the earliest hybrids Ro-l8 and Ro-26 pre-sented a greater susceptibility than ali theothers. Such a situation appeans also analys-ing the respective data recorded at the othertrials. 'Iherefore. observations on the reactionto the attack of BotrEtis cinerea should be per-formed at the end of physilogical maturity ofeach cultivar.
Table 4
Cultivars
AlaPrimasolH-27/77
Marikav erâ
NS-H-10
NS-H-11
NS-H-13
NS.H-17
RO-18
RO-19
F.O-22
RO-26
RO-2?
RO-34
r24-t35126-135126-.139
120-137119-133t22-139121-135t27-135123-135119-129
123-135128-135125-t29123-135126-135-91
B5
84
B5
84
82
87
83
B6
84
80
85
B4
80
80
TRIAL No. 1/1980-1981. Resistance to diseases and unfavomrable conditions (natural infection)
Cultivârs
Plasrnopara helldnthl(% diseased)
pl.
B. cinerea(% diseased)
pl.
Puc-ciniaheli-anttui(tvpe)
S. sctrerotiorum(% diseased)
pl. LodgingBird
dâmâge(o/o)Pisa
Fundulea Ireg. Podu-Iloaie
Poz-nan
Casellton l'undulea Poalu-
Iloaie Ireg. Fundulea1980
1980 1981
I1e80
| 1e81 1980 1981 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1981 1980 1981 olo note
AlaPrimasolH-27/77
MarikaVera
NS-H-10
NS-H-11
NS.H-13NS-H-17
RO-18
RO-19
F'O-22
RO-26
RO-2?
RO-34
33 1'el4315
15 l428 l64110110100]10100120100100100ï4
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1&
0
4
1
2l11
0
1
^
I17
0
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A better field resistance to white rot (Scle-rotinia sclerotiorum) was recorded to the hy-brids Ro-22, NS-H-13 and NS-H-17. The hy-brids NS-H-10, Ro-19 and Ro-22 rnanifestedthe best resistan'ce to lodging and Ro-22,NS-H-13 and Ro-19 better resistance to birddamage.
Trial No. 2
The results of this trial are presented inTables 5-8. As in the case of Trial No. 1,a great variation frorn location to location andfrom year to year is also evident. Seed yieldsranged from 5.5 to 46.4 q/ha, the highestbeing obtained in South-Eastern Europe andthe lowest in Turkey, Spain and -France
(Table 5). The hybrids Ro-29, Ro-40 andRo-130 achieved the highest mean yields. Thehybrid Gahib 6 had also good resulis, but wasexperimented only in 1981. C,ontiflor, studiedonly in 1980, expressed a high yielding capa-city, but proved to be much too late fôr mostEuropean countries and for the Nor,th of theU.S.A.
Data from Table 6 point out a good orvery good level of oil content in dry seedsfor m,ost cultivars. Over b0% mean valuespresented the hybrids Ro-45 and Ro-100. Con-tiflor, which is a cultivar of Argentinian type,exhibited a very low oil content in ail lôôa-tions.
Most hybrids are earlier and shorter thanthe open-pollinated variety Peredovik (Table T).The best test weight values displayed the hy-brides : NS-H-36, Ro-40, NS-H-BB, Ro-2g andRo-45. The cultivars : Peredovik, Contiflor,IH-10 and Ro-130 produced larger seeds andIH-10 and Ro-130 were characterized by verylow husk percentage.
In contrast with the variety Peredovik, mosthybrids manifested a better resistance to di-seases (Table B). The genes Pl1 and Pl2 forresistance to Plasrnopara helianthi, are pre-sent in alrnost all actual cultivated or expe-rimental hybrids. The hybrids Ro-40, Ro-100and Ro-45 exhibited the best resistance toBotrgtis cinerea at Iregszemcse (1980) andPodu Iloaiie (1981) and SH-S-690 andSH-3 000 X 2 the best reaction to Pucciniahelianthi at Casselton. In comparison withPeredovik, ,almost all hybrids revealed a bet-ter response to Scleroti'nia sclerotiorum andlodging. Less d,amaged by birds were the hy-brids Ro-29 and Interstate 7775.
Tri,al No. 3This trial with medium-late and late sun-
flower varieties and hybrids presents a spe-cial importance, because it was conducted incountries from Near and Middtre East, Africaand Asia which have started very recently tointroduce and develop sunflower crop. Thelocal conditions, differing extremely from onelo'cation to the other and from year to year, insome cases being almost completely unfavou-
rable to this species, determined a very largevariation ln behaviour of the investiga'ted cul-tivars. Besides valuable information on theperfor,mances of the resp'ective crop, theresults contribute also to the establishment ofthe optimal biological parameters of the adap-tability for each environment. Unfortunately, ananalysis of variance couldn't be performed be-cause of too many missing entries in differentlocations.
The highest seed yielding cultivars werethose of Argentinian type : Contiflor, ImpiraINTA an'd Guay,acan INTA (Table 9), but in thesame tirne, they presented the lowest oil con-tent in the seeds (Table 10), and \ffere verylate and tall (Table 11).Good yield levelswere recorded in .both years in Israel andPhilippines (Tabel 9). In 1980, besides Fundulea(Romania), acceptable or good yields were ob-tained at Ankara and Luleburgaz (Turkey),Sakha and Elnaubaria (Egypt), Issers (Algeria)and Ariana (Tunisia).
The best oil content in .dry seeds (over 470/6)was provided 'by the cultivars Ro-45, Pere-dovik and SH-3 000X2 (Tabl,e 10).
The cultivars which are common to TrialNo. 2 appeared to be mu'ch earlier in thesezones, than in Europe and in U.S.A., at leastwith 10 days (Table 11). The results of thistrial point out, perhaps nore evident than theother trials, th,at the number of days fromemergence to flowering and especially to ma-turity are lpositively correlated with plantheight. Increased mean values ,of volumetricweight (42-43 kg/hl) presented the hybrids :
NS-H-36, Ro-40 and SH-3 000X2, and ofweight of 1 000 seeds the varieties Peredovikand Cosmarema. A low husk percentage cha-racterized tihe varieties NS-317, Peredovik,Cosm,arema an'd Pemir, and the hybrids Ro-100and Ro-45.In comparison with the open-pollinated va-
rieties, the hybrids m,anifested also a betterresistance to the most important diseases andplant lodging (Table 12).
Trial No. 4This trial, comprising medium-late and late
sunflower op,en-pollinated varieties and hy-brids, designated for Central and SouthAmerica, was adequately carried out only atMir,amar (Argentina), both years, and Platina-Santiago (Chile), one year.
Very good seed yields \Mere obtained atMiramar in 1981-1982 and good at Platina-Santiago (Table 13). Oil content in dry matterof the most entries ranged from 45 to 500/6(a medium level).
As in the other trials, Argentinian cultivars(Impir,a INTA and Contiflor) were later andtaller th,an all the others (Table 14). Goodvolumetri'c weight values were noted at thehybrids NS-H-36, NS-H-33 and RO-40. Thelargest seeds presented the varieties Siponto,Pemir, Tuscania and Cosmarerna.
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l{rô<z F bEiH^'r@q
"à * # * * Ï s - ôr Es; g ÊE-- H:g'Ei: fl EEi " Ë== é
= .: T' U 6 Y Y il 6 T h + T E ô * T 'F F f .,, 6F Y :Yï k ô ô ç â E È dr tn b.S 5 pD b ë Q X Eù E 6 E Ë É É(,nô Eà2fr 6 ôz ùù È u >
e).,6
FI
sd
q
tD
à
c)(h
û
I
û
2ti
Fr
sH-3000
NS-317
RO-100
Sorem ISunbred
PerninTuscanir
GK-70
CosmarrRo-140
NS-H-33
Halcontsgnazia
InterstalSiponto
C'ontiflo:
NS-H-36
GuayaeaIrnpira IMean
îAIAL No. $/19E0-1981. Oit content in ilry matùer (%)
TRIAL No. 3/1980-1981. Morpho-physiological chara,cteristics
Table 10
Tabtre 17
-r2
Husko/o
1,000 kv/eight
(c)Cultivars
PeredovikImpira INTAGuayacan INTASipontoEgnazia
TuscaniaCosrnarema
PemirNS-31?
ContiflorHalconsH-3000'x2
Sunbred 265
Inters,tate 7775
NS-H-33
NS-H-36
RO-40RO-,l00
Sorem 82
RO-45
ri-it, l-.','
34--98
3B-10352-10053-10532-9032-9632-9733-9536-9839-9Br
50-10732-9032-eZ3,1-9033-9636-9848-9338-10,1
39-9S38-98
7l54
64
66
66
65
67
63
62
62
49
51
53
49
46
44
50
52
56
49
I
25
37
36
29
27
27
25
25
24
33
32
29
27
2B
32
31
27
25
26
25
cultivârs
Romania lurkey Irân Egvpt Israel Mean
F'undulea I Lule-.q.nkara I burgaz Yeçilkôy Karaj Sakhâ Elnau-baria Volcanl
o/o1980 19801980 1980 1981 1981 1981
RO-45
PeredoviksH-3000 x 2
NS-317
RO-100
Sorem 82
Sunbred 265
Pernin
Tuscania
GK-70
losmaremaRO-140
$s-H-33ilalcontrgnazia
.nterstate ?775
iipontoI'ontiflor{s-H-36iuayacan INTArnpira INTAy'Iean
52.5
52.4
50.8
50.7
50.0
48.5
50.8
48.8
50.4
50.4
47.9
47.9
48.6
49.7
46,3
îù. i
45.4
43.8
41.3
48.4
10.b
46.8
46.5
46:5
45.3
44.6
46.8
45.1
14.6
46.3
43.2
42.7
+6. I
42:3
40.4
39.8
4L.5
,51.t
36.5
43.7
48.7
47.4
46.9
46.6
49.7
46.0
47.6
48.0
46.3
45.8
ao.4
46.2
À^,
46.5
44.1
42.4
39.6
42.1
41.8
35.5
4â.r
44.0
46.3
45.0
46.1
43.8
45.2
45.3
44.8
*ï
46.2
43.0
42.9
39.0
39.1
aa.ô
41.3
46.8
44.7
38.7
37.8
1J.J
-49.7
45.7
47.3
48.7
47.0
46.3
46.3
1J.'I
45.3
44.3
45.7
43.7
46.4
^:45.2
44.2
48.9
44.2
43.6
43.3
45.2
42.?
43.7
43.0
41.4
40.,1
4r1.1
38.?
n;
;
45.4
44.8
48.J.
45.2
44.7
46.1
45.9
43.9
46-2
46.4
41.3
41.6
44.5
Ats.8
44.7
^n I: t.r
45.6
44.5
43.L
^, ,46.1
46.1
43.6
L' â.
4t.2
40.3
41.0
42.7
42.2
:-40.3
43.0
48.0r
47.6
47.6
46.7
48.7
46.4
46.0
45.9
45.5
45.3
45.2
45.0
44.4
43.6
43.4
43.3
42.6
42.5
42.5
40.5
37.8
44.6
No, of days from emerg. to :
limits lmean I timits lmean I limitslimits lmeanl limits
79 | 68-12690 I 77-13395 | 97-13779 | 74-12474 | 70-7'2L73 I 6$-12573 | 67-12475 t 66-12479 | 72-L2485 I 77_L2B18 | 83-14874 | os-trg74 | 67-1,1876 | 37-1,1879 | 70-12778 | 73-1'1879 179-11880 | 1L-r,2678 | 72-127B0 | ?2-133
1,10
L25
L28
Ltz108
106
,106
109
107
L'L7
103
102
104
106
113
11t
113
tt2t121r14
11-23 t19L4-24 | 20
14-25 | 20
14-25 | LB
1,2-21 | 18
12-23 l. t9LL-25 | 20
12-23 I rB
10-,22 | r9IB-22 | 20
13-,21 | 17
L2-20 | t6B-20 115
10-21 | 17
tt-22 | 79
9--20 I 18
13-22 | 20
12-22 | 20
L2-23 | 20
L3:22 | L9
1at0-178
148.-200
15'6-208
110-17294--r173
rilS-177L2r-L75L34-L74137-182133-t 84
130-15J.
104-138BB-151
L72-L74,12'0-161
d.05-166
.92-17396-167
100-r ?3
113-16?
15.1 135-381 37
[77 139-451 40
rso lsz-sol ar
.144 135:-391 36
142 B4-3Bl 37
147 135-391 3B
154 136-401 38
156 137-401 3B
154 136-411 ,38
162 136-471 40
137 139-431 41
r2B 139-431 42
112 136-401 3e
133 140-431 42
138 139-431 41
1,29 140-441 +3
r34 l4r-441 41
130 139-431 43
137 l3B-431 40
138 140-441 41
t7
Table 12
g/fggo-lg8l. hesistance to diseases and unfavourable conditions
Cultiivars
PLasmopo,tsllelianthi (o/o\
Puccinlahendntnx
olo
S. sclerotio'rum (olo
disea.sed,, pL.Lodging
I'undulea1980
Ankara1980
Volcani1980
Fundulea1980
Fundulea1980
Volcant1980
nat, lnf. nat. inf. îlo note olo note
PeredovikIrnpi.ra INTAGuayacân INTASipontoEgnazia
Tuscania
Cosmarema
Pemir,
NS-317
ContiflorHaIconsH-3000 x 2
Sunbred-265
Interstate 77?5
I\is-H-33NS-H-36
RO-40
RO-100
Sorem B0
RO-45
10
15
13
0
10
I47
20
.14
28
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
0
10
1.5
21
II
I
ll
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
.t
t,5
6
6
4
3
0
5
4
3
5
,c
,,1
0
o
I5
10
8
I11
3
0
3
t
6
0
1
3
0
25
30
20
15
15
30
20
25
30
35
10
0
20
10
10
lâ
0
0
10
0
,3
2l2L
23
t4T7
20
16
30
1.6
19
13
5
15
9
I11
n
11
15
10
2
2
r
I0
1
,I
2
0
0
1
2
1
1
2
I1
3
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
I1
t
I
No information aibout resistance to diseases,
insects ,aï!d unfavourable conditions was recei-ved ,for this trial.
The multitude of data obtained has allowedan interesting analysi,s of correlations between
oertain environmental characteristics an'd va-rious yield components or plant traits (Tabie
15). Thus, it has been found:
- a strong and highly significant positive
correlation between total precipitations'fromemergence to flowering and seed yield and
plant height and a strong and significantnegative ccnrelation of the same variable withhead sterility (emr^otY seed's) ;
- ôi1 percent and head sterility display a
strong nègative correlation with pr'ecipitationsfrom flowering to rnaturitY ;
- head sterility is also in a significant ne-gative correlation with total maximum tempe-rature from emergence to flowering and tomaturity ;
- total mean relative humidity from emer-gence to flowering and from flowering to ma-turity has intluenced signifi'cantly and posi-tively the'seed yield an'd plant height.
1B
CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY
The results pre.sented in this paper rnay bean useful guidé for sunflower gr'owers interes-ted in the identification of the best genotypesfor their specific climatic and soil conditions,or interesfed in determining the optirnu'mbiological paranaeters of sunflower crop.
The two year experimentation of 9, greatnumber of
-hybridJ (eS) and open-pollinatedvarieties (12) ;by 28 research institutions from24 countries, revealed a very different reac-ti'on of most cultivars to the extremely variedenvironrnents.
Under favourable environments, the highest'constant seed and oil yields performed : Ro-34'Ro-2?, Iùo-19, NS-H-10 (Trial No. 1) andRo-29, Ro-40, Ro-130, Gahib 6 (Trial No. 2).
In less favourable conditions, as those ofNear and Middle-East, Africa, Central andSouth America, the best results have beenobtained with : Contiflor, Impira INTA, Gu,a-yacan INTA, ,Ro-45, Peredovik, SH-3 000X2(Triats No. 3 and No. 4). Most of these culti-vars were however very tall, late arrd posses-sed a low seed oil content.
As compared to open-pollinated varieties,most sunflower hybrids presented a shorterplant height and vegetation period, a better
TRIAL No. 4/1980-1981, 1981-tg82.0 o/e moisture), oil content in dry
ChilePlatina
San-tiaso
trt*1981
seed yield
Table 13
Seetl yislfl 1q/h6,matter, a,nd husk
% husk
RESULTATS DE L'EXPÉRIMENTATIONEN RÉSEAU DES CI.'LTIVARS
DE TOURNESOL DANS LE CYCLE BIENNAL1980-1981
Résurné
Les résultats présentés dans ce travail peuverntreprésenter un guide utril pour les cultivateurs detournesol intéressés dans l,identification des plus pré_eieux génotypes pour les conditions spécifiqr.res declimat et de sol de la région considérée, ou dansla détermination des paramètres bi,ologiques opti-maux de la culture du tournesol.
L'expérrirrnentation à la durée de 2 années d'ungrand nornbre d,hybrides (Bb) et variétés-popu,lati,ons(28) à I'aide de 28 insti'tutions de 24 pays a rnis enévidence une réaction très differente de la majoritédes génotypes vis-à-vis des conditions de I'environ-nernent extrêmement variées. Dans les conditions lesplus favorables, les rendements en graines et enhuile les plus élevés et constants ont été enregistrésavec les hybrides suivants : Ro-22, H-27177, NSH-.19,Ro-34, Ro-27, Ro-19, NSH-10 (Essai no. 1) et Ro-29,Ro-40, Ro-130, Gahib 6 (Essai no. 2).
Dans des conditions moins favorables, commecelles du Proche Orient, Afrique, Amérique Centraleet du Sud, les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenuspar les cultivars : Contiflor, I,mpir:a INTA, GuayaeanINTA, Ro-45, Peredovik, SH-3 000X2 (Essais no. Bet 4). La plupart de ceux-ci sont pourtant desvariétés-populations très hautes et tardives et àune teneur très faible en huile dans les grainés.
En comparaison avec les variétés-populations, lamajorité des hybrides de tournesol ont eu la tailledes plantes et la période de végétation plus courtes,une meilleure résistance aux maladies et à la versedes plantes et une uniformité plus accentuée de toutesles caractéristiques de la plante et des graines.
Des corrélations positives fortes et signifi,cativesont été mises en évidence entre le ,total des pré-cipitations, dès les semailles jusqu'à la floraison,d'un côté, et le rendement en graines et la taille desplantes, d'un autre ,côté, aussi bien que des corré-lations significatives et négatives entre la mêrnevaria.ble et la stérilité du capitule (les grainesvides). La teneur en huile et la stérilité dtr capituleont été dans une corréla,tion négative fonte avec lesprécipitations commençant dès la floraison jusqu'àla maturité. La stérilité du capitule s'est révéléeêtre aussi dans une corrélation négative significativeavec la temperature maxirnale entre 1a levée et lafloraison et à la rnarturité. Le rendernent en graineset la tai.lle des plantes ont été influencés p,ositi-vement et significativement par I'hurnidité relativemoyenne totale entre la levée et la floraison et de:la floraison jusqu'à la maturité.
ArgentinaMiramar
Mean(qihâ)
Argen-tina
Mira-Cultivars
GK-70
I_I-894
Sorem 82
RO-100
Sunbred 265
NS-317
luscania
Pemir
Cosmarema
NS-II-36
RO-45
Peredovik
tsinzon
NS-H.33
Contiflor
RO-40
Siponto
Interstate ?775
Impira INTADecaib G-98
Egnazia
Itralcon
Mean
r981-1982
1981-1982
20.2
r9.7
19.3
18.4
20.1
2t.2
2t.9
14.6
18.6
18.8
17.2
21.3
23.8
18.6
19.3
22.7
22.4
19.0
18.1
13.2
r9.4
38,2
37.5
47.8
44.3
42.8
43.3
39.3
37.8
37.8
43.3
44.0
39.0
37.0
40.5
37.3
34.0
40.2
26.1
2t.1
22.8
22.4
23.4
22.7
20.8
22.5
17.7
LL.7
24.6
16.8
28.4
22.L
22.5
25.9
,R'
24.0
24.L
23.8
23.0
38.2
37.5
31.4
28.4
28.3
28.0
27.6
27.2
26.8
26.8
26.8
26.5
26.3
26.2
26.L
26.0
25.3
24.3
24.L
2L.5
21.1
18.5
27.3
46
48
48
46
45
^a
ça
40
50
at
42
48
44
46
42
47
40
45
4L
25
31
26
27
28
26
26
26
25
30
30
26
29
27
29
27
resistance to diseases and lodging, and a betteruniformity of all piant and seed èharacteristics.
Strong and significant positive correlationshave been put in evidence between total pre-cipitations from emergence to flowering -and
seed yield and plant height, and signiTicantnegative correlation of the sarrle variable withhead sterility (ernpty seeds). OiI percent andhead
_ sterility have been in a str.ong negative
correlation with precipitations from-floweringto maturity. Head sterility proved to be alsôin a significant negative correlation with totalmaximum temperature from emergence tofiowering and to maturity. Seed yield andqlant height have been influen,ced iignifican-tly and positively by total mean relativehumidity from emergence to flowering andfrom flowering to maturity.
percentage
% oil
Argen-tina
Mira-mar
1980-1981
1g
IBIAL No. 4/1080-1981, 1981-1982. Morpho-physlologioa,l oharacteristlcs
Cultivars
No. of days.from emerg. to :Hcad diem.
(cm)Plant height
(cm)Volum weightl
(ksihr) |
-l
000 k. \r,eight(s)
flowering maturltYumlts mean limits I mean imits I mean mits I mean
limits mean timlts mean
PeredovikImpira INTAInterstate ???5
SipontoTuscarnia
eosmarema
PemirNS-317
ContiflorDecalb G-98
HaIconPinzon.
Sunbred 265
Egnazia
NS-H.33NS-H-36
RO-40
RO-45
RO-100
Sorem B0
GK-?0H-894
3-82 7B
91
17
ta
84
8.3
B?
B?.
90
7Z
1Z'tc.ID
B1
17
?9
B5
81
81
tl
115-13e I
134-145 |
11e-120 |
113-121 |
118-13e I
12e-13e ]
1'29-139
l129-139
134-144
I 113-116
1111-116I 110-112
Itro--,rzo1120*126
| 1,17-12e
| 108-126
lr22-r2clr22-r34I rzo*rzo
| 120-126
L27
140
,120
1r1?
,130
134
L34
134
139
115
114
111
118
123
123
11?
126
l28123
1,23
15-19
112-14
116-20
116-18
115-18115-17
116-18
116-18
116-18
116-18
115-1€
F4:1(115-11
115-1i114-1f
Its-rrl1?-1!114-1'
116-2r
117-11
I
I
rtl
13
1B
17
,16
1?
T7
t7T7
16
15
,16r
J.6
L7
16
18
16
18
18
160-178 | 16e
195-231 | 213
r.67-175 I 1?1
140-166 | ,153
148-183 | 16e
142-180 | 1?6
r,ô1-185 | 183
178-206 | 1e8
200-213 I 207
15e-160 I 160
140-i65 I 148
130-150 | 140
116-140 | 140
140-187 | 164
137-1?5 | 170
142-165 | 160
124-re2 | r7L
145-1e0 | 1?5
148-175 | 168
1150*185 I 168
I - 1154| - 1130
25-3?l 32
33-36 | 3s
23-361 31
2?-381 35
2B-3e | 34
28-37 | 34
31-381 34
l2?-4ol 35
lel_aAl 26
s6-8t 58
48
50
60
60
63
62
56
D+
'44
50
53
52
37
^,46
45
51
63
42
7L_82
7r-8275-9275-9077-9677-96B7-92
t5-54i5-67) l-OJ
i3-71i5-69+7-6247-614e-48AA
u(J_tu
i0-?370-1989-81
r-131-32
125-40
lzs-42llr-35
32
33
37
34
37-5145-5950-55
tJ-oo
t4-1939*8974-9676-8576-8574-79
34-42?4-42
38
31
t4-4r
'7-4711-5036-4946-4746-54
40
37
37
35
38
42
lrt-nn133-41
131-40
131-38
l:correlation coefficients betwcen some enviromental factors and
anil plant characters
Table 14
Table 75
the most irnipmtant cornponentg of yielil
Environmental lactorsComp. of yield anal plant characters
Seedyield
Plantheight
IIeaddiam.
Par-tialste-rility
Grainmoist. "._llume Iweisntl
I 000kernel
%oilindry
oatter(emptyseeds)
Total'precipitation from emergence to flowering 0.73r 0.82t 0.14 -0.?6f 0.47 0.16 0.23 0.09
Total precipitation from flowering to maturity 0.31 0.25 0.21 -0.77t -0.06 -0.3? 0.19
-0.02 0.32 -0.41 0.28 0.27 0.08 0.09 -0.32
Total mean temperature from flowering to maturity 0.36 0.40 -026 -0.09 0.29 -0.06 -0.17 -0.17
Total rnaximum ternlrerature from emergence to flowering 0.11 0'12 ntl -0.7?i -0.17 -0.25 -0.03 04
lcvtal rnaximtm temperature from flowering to rnaturity 0.19 0.,14 0.24 -0.77 -0.14 -027 -0.06
Totaù maximum ternperature from en'lergence to flowering -0.09 0.33 -0.34 0.02 0.2: 0.03 0.22
Total minimum ternperature from flowering to rnaturity 0.41 0.44 -0.22 -0.24 0.32 -0.06 -0.25
lotal mean relative humidity from emergence to flowering 0.68r 0.63* 0.09 -0.42 0.1 0.31-0.2
0.36
Total mean relative humidity frorn flowering to maturity 0.75" 0.60t 0.25 -0.65 0.26 -0.0 -0.200.04
T'otal mean sunshine duration frorn ernergence to flowering a.44 0.27 -0.33 0.04 0.58 0.3t -0.0s 0.22
0.47 0.34 -0.29 -0.09 0.6 0.39 -0.14 0.24
20
LOS RESULTADOSDE LA EXPERIMENTACIÔN
EN LA RED DE LOS CULTIVARESDE GIRASOL EN EL CICLO BIENAL
1980-1981
Res{tmen
Los resultados presentados en este trabajo puedenser un gufa de los cultivado,res de girasol interesadosen identifùcar los mejores genotipos para s,us condi-ciones climâticos y ,de suelo especificas, o bieninteresados en determinar los parâmetros biolôgicosôptirnos de ùa ,cosecha del girasol.
La investigaciôn durante dos aflos de un grannûmero de hibridos y variedades de polinizaciôndirecta (12) de 28 instituciones de investigaciôn de24 paises, ha n-nostrado una reaociôn muy diferen;tede la mayoria de los cultivares a los extremada-mente variados arnbientes.
Bajo arnbientes favorables las mâs altas. constantesproducciones de semillas y aceite han resultadoRo34, Ro27, Ro 19, NSH-10 (experimento No. 1) yRo29, Ro40, R130, Gahib 6 (experirnento No. 2).
Bajo rrnenos favorables condiciones, corrno aquellasdel Oeste Medio y Cercano; Afrioa, América Cèntraly ,del Sur, los mejores resultados se han ,obtenido
con : Contiflor, Irnrpira INTA, Guayacan INTA, Ro 45,Peredovik, SH-3000X2 (Experimentaciones No. 3 yNo. 4). Sin ernbargo, la rnayoria de estos cultivaresfuenon rnuy altos, tardios y de un contenido redu-cido d,e aceite en sernilta.
En corr4raraciôn con las variedades de poliniza,ciôndirecta, rnuchoc hibridos de girasol mostraron unaaltura menor de las plantas, mâs corto perfodo devegetaciôn, resistencia rnayor a enfermedades ycaidà y una rnayor uniformidad de todas las carac-teristicas 'de las plantas y de las s€millas.
Correlaccio,nes fuertes y de sentirdo positivo se hanpuesto en evidencia entre precipitaciones totalesdesde la aparici6n hasta la floraciôn y producciôn desemilla y crecirrniento de la rplanta y ,correlacionesde sentido negativo de la misma variable €on esre-rilidad de la cabezuela (semillas huecas).
El porcentaje 'de aceite y 1a esteri'lidad de lacabezuela han estado en una fuerte correlaci6nnegativa con las precipitaciones entre la floraciôn yla madurez. La e,sterili,dad de la cabezuela ha pro-bado estar también en una correlaciôn negativa conla te,rnperatura rnâxirna total desde la apariciônhasta la floraciôn y la rnadurez. I-a prodnrcrci6n desernilla y el crecimiento de la planta han sidoinfluenciados de rnodo significativo y positivo poruna humidez relativa ês,casa desde la apâriciônhasta la floraciôn y desde la floraciôn . hasta lamadurez.
