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ENERGY CONSULTING
Petr SteinerManager, Refining, Eastern Europe & CIS
International Fuel Quality Center
Lowering Sulfur in Fuels and Transition to Lead-Free Petrol:
EU Trends and CIS Refining Challenges
ENERGY CONSULTING
All about Energy
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ENERGY CONSULTING
International Fuel Quality Center
ENERGY CONSULTING
EN 14 274 (FQMS)EN 14 274 (FQMS)EN 14 275 (sampling)EN 14 275 (sampling)
EN 14 214 (FAME)EN 14 214 (FAME)
EN 228EN 228--20042004EN 590EN 590--20042004
EN 228EN 228--19991999EN 590EN 590--19991999
Sulfur for gasoline and diesel fuel, aromatics
for gasoline 01/01/2005
Environmental Parameters 01/01/2000
19931993 19961996 19971997 20002000 2005200519981998 20032003 20092009
100% market10 ppm Sulfur
01/01/2009
EuropeanEuropeanCommissionCommissionParliamentParliament
CouncilCouncil
20012001
C.E.N.C.E.N.
Revision proposalRevision proposalfor Directive 98/70for Directive 98/70
Auto Oil 1Auto Oil 1Directive 2003/17Directive 2003/17Review processReview process
Emissions Directive 98/69Emissions Directive 98/69Fuels Directive 98/70Fuels Directive 98/70
20042004
EN 228EN 228--1993 (1993 (gasolinegasoline))EN 590EN 590--1993 (diesel fuel) 1993 (diesel fuel)
Biofuels Directive2003/30/EC
EN 228EN 228--19981998EN 590EN 590--19981998
Auto Oil 2Auto Oil 2
Environmental parameters 01/01/2005
10ppm sulfur
EU Fuels Policy
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ENERGY CONSULTING
EU Gasoline Specifications
*2005 introduction of 10 ppm sulfur - Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balanced manner(1)Regular petrol: Petrol blended with 0-5 vol% biofuel(2)Low biofuel petrol: Petrol blended with 5-10 vol% biofuel(3)Petrol with a minimum 3 vol% bio content
MMT banned from 2010Use of additives
NoneNoneNone0.013Lead [g/dm3] max
56 / 66 (arctic)+ 4 kPa waiver for arctic360 / 70 (arctic)60 / 70 (arctic)35 - 100RVP [kPa] summer
1050 (10)*1501,000 / 500Sulfur [ppm] max
2.7 (regular petrol)1
3.7 (low biofuel petrol)22.72.7-Oxygen [wt%] max
1.01.01.05.0Benzene [vol%] max
181818-Olefins [vol%] max
353542-Aromatics [vol%] max
Euro VEuro IVEuro IIIEuro IIVehicle emission Standard equivalent
2009200520001993/1995Entry to force
Proposal MEP Dorette Corbey(Nov 2007)
Dir 98/70Dir 98/70EN 228:
ENERGY CONSULTING
EU Diesel Specifications
Full alignment of gas oils used for non-road and inland waterways with
on-road diesel by Dec. 31, 2009
360360360360Distillation T95 [°C] max
845845845820 - 860Density at 15°C [kg/m3]
51515146 - 49Cetane number min
1050 (10)*3502,000 / 500Sulfur [ppm] max
61111-PolyAromatics [vol%] max
2009200520001993/1996Entry to force
Proposal MEP Dorette Corbey(Nov 2007)
Dir 98/70Dir 98/70EN 590:
*2005 introduction of 10 ppm sulfur - Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balanced manner
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ENERGY CONSULTING
Market Share of Gasoline with 10 ppm Sulfur Content in EU-27 (2006)
>80% market share
<10% market share10-30% market share30-80% market share
FR (RON98)
ESPT
IE
UK
IT
DE
SE
FI
EE
LV
LT
PL
CZ
AT
SK
HU
SI RO
BU
EL
DK
NL
BE
LU
CY
No data
Use of tax incentive for 10 ppm sulfur fuel
MT
Market Share 10ppm Gasoline
Non EU27 Member State
Source: IFQC
ENERGY CONSULTING
Market Share of Diesel with 10 ppm Sulfur Content in EU-27 (2006)
>80% market share
<10% market share10-30% market share30-80% market share
FR(Motorways )
ESPT
IE
UK
IT
DE
SE
FI
EE
LV
LT
PL
CZ
ATSK
HUSI RO
BU
EL
DK
NL
BELU
CY
No data
Use of tax incentive for 10 ppm sulfur fuel
MT
Market Share 10ppm Diesel
Non EU27 Member State
Source: IFQC
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ENERGY CONSULTING
Overall CIS Situation - Fuel Quality
3 countries ultra-low sulfur legislation 50 (10) ppm {BY, RU, UA}regional range sulfur level (on-road) 10 - 2,000 ppmregional range sulfur level (off-road) 500 - 6,500 ppmregional range cetane number 45 - 51regional range density at 15°C (on-road) 830 - 860 kg/m3
regional range density at 15°C (off-road) 830 - 860 kg/m3
Gasoline
Diesel
11 countries unleaded TJ still leaded3 countries ultra-low sulfur legislation 50 (10) ppm {BY, RU, UA}regional range sulfur level 50 - 1,000 ppmregional range aromatics level 35 - 55 vol%regional range benzene level 1.0 - 5.0 vol%regional range RVP at 37.8°C (min-max) 35 - 100 kPa
ENERGY CONSULTING
Russia - State Fuel Specifications
Regular Euro-92 /Premium Euro-95 /Super Euro-98
Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98
A-72 / AI-93
Grades
150 - 50 - 10
500
1,000 (500)
Sulfur level
0.005GOST R 51866-2002(May ’07 - EN 228:2004)
0.010GOST R 51105-97(EN 228:1993)
0.013GOST 2084-77
Lead levelSpecification
Type I / Type II / Sulfur-free
Type I / Type II / Premium
Grades
350 - 50 - 10GOST R 52368-2005(temperate, winter, arctic)
2,000 - 5,000 - 2,0002,000 - 4,000 - 2,000
GOST 305-82(summer, winter, arctic)
Sulfur levelSpecification
Gasoline
Diesel
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ENERGY CONSULTING
Belarus - State Fuel Specifications
Regular / Premium
Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98
A-72 / A-76 / AI-93 / AI-95
Grades
50 - 10
500
1,000 (500)
Sulfur level
0.005STB 1656-2006(EN 228:2004)
0.010GOST 31077-2002(EN 228:1993)
0.013GOST 2084-77
Lead levelSpecification
Type I / Sulfur-free
Type I / Type II / Premium
Grades
50 - 10STB 1658-2006(temperate, arctic)
2,000 - 5,000 - 2,0002,000 - 4,000 - 2,000
GOST 305-82(summer, winter, arctic)
Sulfur levelSpecification
Gasoline
Diesel
ENERGY CONSULTING
Ukraine - State Fuel Specifications
Regular Euro-92 /Premium Euro-95 /Super Euro-98
A-80 / A-92 / A-95 / A-98
Grades
50 - 10
500
Sulfur level
0.005DSTU 4839:2007(EN 228:2004)
0.013DSTU 4063-2001
Lead levelSpecification
500 - 1,000 - 2,0005,000 - 6,500
Type I / Type II / Type IIIType IV / Type V
DSTU 3868-99
50 - 10Type I / Sulfur-freeDSTU 4840:2007(EN 590:2004)
Grades Sulfur levelSpecification
Gasoline
Diesel
GOST 305-82 used only for military purposes since Oct. 2003
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ENERGY CONSULTING
Azerbaijan, Georgia,Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan- State Fuel Specifications
Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98
A-72 / A-76 / AI-93 / AI-95
Grades
500
1,000 (500)
Sulfur level
0.010GOST R 51105-97
0.013GOST 2084-77
Lead levelSpecification
Type I / Type II / Premium
Grades
2,000 - 5,000 - 2,0002,000 - 4,000 - 2,000
GOST 305-82(summer, winter, arctic)
Sulfur levelSpecification
Gasoline
Diesel
Uzbekistan still uses GOST 2084-77 leaded grade A-76
ENERGY CONSULTING
Armenia, Moldova, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
- State Fuel Specifications
Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98
A-72 / A-76 / AI-93 / AI-95
Grades
500
1,000 (500)
Sulfur level
0.010GOST R 51105-97
0.013GOST 2084-77
Lead levelSpecification
Type I / Type II / Premium
Grades
2,000 - 5,000 - 2,0002,000 - 4,000 - 2,000
GOST 305-82(summer, winter, arctic)
Sulfur levelSpecification
Gasoline
Diesel
Tajikistan still uses GOST 2084-77 leaded grade A-76
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ENERGY CONSULTING
Lead Removal
VolatilityControls
& Oxygenate
Introduction------
CatalyticConverters
InitialBenzene
&Sulfur
Reduction
Olefin &AromaticContentLimits
Objective: Control Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants
SulfurElimination
&Additional
CompositionControls
------Advanced Emission
Controlsystems
Introductionof
RenewableFuels
(Biofuels)
Objective: Energy Security &CO2 Reduction
JapanNorth America
W. EuropeCurrent Status
Fuel Quality Program Evolution
Middle EastAfricaMost Asia Pacific
L.America
ENERGY CONSULTING
Overall CIS Situation - Refining
59 refineries in the region, capacity 7.92 million bpdregional utilization rate 66% (5.21 million bpd)Russia utilization rate ~80%rest of CIS below 50% (except: Mozyr (BY), Lisichansk (UA), Bukhara (UZ) )
recent upgrades - only diesel units (hydroprocessing)current upgrades - both diesel (hydroprocessing) and gasoline (isomerization)future upgrades - more into gasoline quality and increasing residue processing
Russia export: crude oil ~50%; refinery products ~35%Russia export: high quality diesel to EU, lower quality products to CIS
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ENERGY CONSULTING
Actual quality vs. legislation
Refiner’s ability to produce clean fuels
Export of high quality clean fuels
Old car parc
Poor fuel quality monitoring
Adulteration of fuels
Issues
ENERGY CONSULTING
CIS Regional Outlook up to 2015
Refinery upgrades mostly finishedNewer car parc (imports & domestic production)Proper fuel quality monitoring
Lead phase-out finished by 2009 (?)Further tightening of specifications“Chasing” European legislationProbable “leapfrogging”
Introduction of alternative fuels
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ENERGY CONSULTING
http://www.ifqc.org
http://www.ifqcbiofuels.org
http://www.hartwrfs.com
http://www.hart-isee.org
Sandrine Dixson-DeclèveExecutive Director, IFQC, Europe & Africa
[email protected]+32 2661 3080
Thank You !
Dr Petr SteinerManager, Refining, Eastern Europe & CIS
[email protected]+32 2661 3080
