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Migration Diplomacy
Dr. iur Mehari Taddele Maru
1
Migration Diplomacy
1. Diplomacy as art and science of conducting negotiations between representatives of states or organizations
2. State interest: use of state power, set agenda in diplomacy as in trade, security,
3. Mismatch: for so long diplomacy insulated from local politics
4. Migration at centre of diplomacy: Function of relations and diplomacy
5. Migration: Perfect link between the local and the global
6. Supply driven agenda: Function of power
7. Negotiations: bargaining, and agreements, GMC, Free Movement Protocols, NMP
Contextualizing the African migration
• 86% of African migration is cross-border
• Cote d’Ivoire 2.4 ml 11% of the population
• South Africa 2.4ml 3.7% of the population
• Nigeria 1.2ml 0.7% of the population
• Ethiopia 1.2ml 1.2% of the population
• Djibouti and South Sudan migrants with highest percentage of the population
Migration Routes, Migration Diplomacy
Propensity to migrate
Propensity to and destinations of migration
Support to free movement
Drivers of migration
Migration Diplomacy
1. 3% improvement annual: Africans do not need a visa to travel to 25% of other African countries
2. Africans can get visas on arrival in 24% of other African countries (also 24% in 2017, and 25% in 2016).
3. Africans need visas to travel to 51% of other African countries (down from 54% in 2017, and 55% in 2016).
4. 15 countries moved upwards l in rank on the Index (12 in 2017).
AfDB 2018 Report
UNECA 2016 Africa Integration Index
10
Impacts of Migration Diplomacy?
1. Routes of focus, and neglected routes of migration: There are many migration routes, but some have gained more attention than others, more agreements
2. Free movement initiatives were there for 3 decades, but gained momentum just recently
3. Free Movement Protocols: AU Protocol, IGAD, Visa on Arrivals
4. Taskforces were dead for long, not resuscitated now
5. More than 27 National Migration Policies: legislative led and not any more
6. Competitions among national entities: National Coordination Mechanisms
7. GMC— active involvement in the negotiations
Normative Anchors
• AU Constitutive ACT
• AU’s Agenda 2063
• OAU Refugee Convention
• Migration Policy Framework for Africa
• Kampala Convention
• Niamey Convention on Cross Border Cooperation etc
• the African Remittances Institute (AIR)
• Joint Labour Migration Programme (JLMP)
• Minimum Integration Plan (MIP)
• the Free Trade Agreement
Migration Diplomacy
1. Foreign policy subservient to local politics and electoral contestation, economic consideration (Jobs)
2. Bilateral migration diplomacy: CoO and CoD, CoT and CoD, BA
3. Regional migration diplomacy: regional norms
4. Multilateral migration Diplomacy: norm setting, soft to hard
5. Function of power– financial power, supplied, greased
6. Formation alliance
7. Networking, States going for
• Multilateral when possible
• Bilateral agreements when necessary
BARRIERS AND BENEFITS FROM EACH FOUR FREEDOMS
• Investors
• Property law
• Finance law
• Banking law •
• Land law
• Property law
• Nationality law
• Skill standards
• Labor Laws
• Labour policy
• Data Collection
• Progressive Abolishment of Visa
• Soft borders
• Begin by trust building
MOVEMENT EMPLOYMENT
BUSINESS RESIDENCE
KEY FINDINGS
• Political Barriers (including historical factors, sovereignty, security threats, trust deficit and mindset of government officials)
• Policy Barriers (exiting policies, legislations, regulations and working procedures that inhibit free movement);
• Socio-Economic and Cultural Barriers (as manifested in risks associated to dilution of culture and religion, demographic changes, pressure on economic benefits and competition for jobs);
• Physical Barriers (mainly poor infrastructure in services including immigration, transportation, hospitality);
• Administrative and Bureaucratic Barriers (operational hurdles and non-policy and legislative hurdles and procedures manifesting in the form of cumbersome procedural requirements, corruption, discretionary powers); and
• Capability Barriers (mainly reflective low allocation of finance, human resource and skill sets required)
From Colonial Border to Integrative Border
Market in Okavu, north-
western Uganda
PATIENCE ATUHAIRE
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38341149
KEY POINTS
1. Migration defined by AU and IGAD
2. Causes and consequences of migration
3. Migration Governance: four pillared architecture
4. Migration Diplomacy: linking/responding to both local and global
5. Migration at centre of diplomacy: Function of relations
6. Foreign policy and local socio-political economy
7. Supply driven agenda: Function of power
8. State interest, use of state power, agenda in diplomacy
9. Focus from diffusion to implementation
10. On Implementation: Building four capabilities at national level and local level On MSs:
Migration Conceptualized and Twin Purposes
MIGRATION
Displacement
Forced
IDPs
Internal
Refugees
External
Mobility
Voluntary
Legal-Good
Integrative
Irregular-Bad
4Ps
Increasing international MobilityDramatic rise in localized displacement
The push and pull factors conceptual framework
Migration as Mobility or Displacement
Towards Good Mobility
Displacement
Forced, Compelled
Push Factors
Mobility
Voluntary
Pull Factors
Ultimate Aim of the Migration Governance by AU and RECs
Voluntary
Not forced—consent
Travel for Trade, Education, Tourism, Employment
Legal
Compliance with CoO, CoT, or CoD
Documentation Refugee/visa
Causes of Internal Displacement
• Accidents: chemical and nuclear
• Dam
• Infrastructure
• extractive industries
• Urban Renewal
• Climate Change, Flood, quakes, volcanoes, fire
• Conflicts
• Discrimination
• Eviction
• Evacuation
• Relocation
• Harmful Practices
CID NDID
MDIDDID
AU/IGAD Migration Governance Architecture
NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
COLLABORATIVE FRAMEWORK
FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK
IGAD Migration Governance
• Twin Purposes of IGAD Migration Governance:
• Facilitation of Mobility
• Addressing Irregular and Forced Migration
• The Delicate Balance: between Facilitation of Mobility and Addressing Irregular and Forced Migration
• Four Pillars IGAD Migration Governance:
• Pillar 1: Clear Migration Governance Policies, Legislations and Procedures (Normative Framework)
• Pillar 2: Capable and Well-Resourced Migration Governance Institutions (Institutional Framework)
• Pillar 3: Effective and Efficient Coordination, Cooperation and Collaboration among Migration Governance Institutions (Collaboration) including the principle of Subsidiarity and Community Engagement (Subsidiarity) at lower level, and also strong regional and international cooperation (Cooperation); and
• Pillar 4: Sustainable Sources of Funding and Resources Mobilisation (Resources-Finance and Human Resources).
Phases:
1. Norm Setting,
2. Norm Diffusion,
3. Norm Implementation
4. Reporting and follow-up mechanism
Core Anchors
a. Respect for human rights of migrants
b. Collaboration among actors, including migrants, countries of origin, transit and destination
c. Coordination among all authorities with mandate related to migration as well as stakeholders
AU/IGAD Migration Governance Phases
Contextualizing the region
• 60,000 peace keeping troops and few thousand foreign troops
• Region of secessions: Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia
• Stateless in Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan
• Increases Internal Displacement while External Displacement (Refugees)
• More than 10 million IDPs and Refugees
• 5 ml IDPs
• host more than 4 million refugees 12 percent global total
• produces 3 million refugees 13 percent
• Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea largest producers
• Uganda and Ethiopia largest hosts