IGC 1 Slide NEW

7/26/2019 IGC 1 Slide NEW

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Foundations in Health and Safety

Health: A state of well being in both a physiological and psychological sense. In occupational terms,

it would include not suffering (e.g.) from fatigue, stress or noise induced deafness.

Safety: The absence of danger or physical harm to persons, extending in the workplace to things

such as equipment, materials and structures

Welfare: Relates to the provision of workplace facilities that maintain the basic well being and

comfort of the worker such as eating, washing and toilet facilities which enable them to fulfill their

bodily functions.

Environmental protection: A measure used to prevent harm to the environment of the world. It

prevents harm to air, water, land and natural resources providing protection to flora, fauna and human

beings and their inter-relationships.

Hazard: Something with the potential to cause harm

Risk: The probability/likelihood that the potential would be realised and its possible consequence and

severity in terms of injury, damage or harm.

Near Miss: These are any form of accident which could result in injury or loss but do not.

Accident: An unwanted or unplanned event which results in a loss of some kind.

Reasons for Good Health And Safety Practice

Moral, Legal and Economic

Moral: Injury results in a great deal of pain and suffering for those affected.

An employee should not have to expect that by coming to work, life or limb is at risk, nor should

others be adversely affected by the employees undertaking.

Social (Legal): The moral reasons to prevent harm is usually further reinforced in both civil and

criminal law, as without the potential for regulatory action many employers would not act upon their

implied obligation of protection.

In many countries it is a legal requirement to safeguard the health and safety of employees and others,

who might be affected by the organisations activities.

Fault Liability: (Common Law Duty of Care)

They were owed a duty of care

The duty of care was breached

The breach caused the loss


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Negligence

The failure to do something which a reasonable man would do

Or

Do something which a reasonable man would not do.

Duty of Employer ( So Far as is reasonably Practicable)

Safe Workplace and Environment

Safe Equipment

Safe system of work

Competent Staff

Adequate Supervision

Adequate Instruction and Training

Provide Appropriate PPEs

Employees Responsibility

Take care of their own health and safety at work

Take care of the health and safety of others

Co-operate with their employer

Not misuse or interfere with anything provided for health and safety

No alcohol or drugs

Report all accidents and near miss

Report any dangerous situationFollow workplace rules ,Use equipment as they have been trained

Economical: Direct Cost(Measurable costs arising directly from the accident)

Lost Time of Injured Employee

Sick pay

Medical and First Aid

Damage to Equipment, Buildings

Product loss or Damage

Loss of Production Time

Overtime

Insurance claims and Compensation

Court costs and Fines

Indirect Cost: Costs which arise indirectly as a consequence of the event, difficult to Quantify

Lost Time ( Other Employee, Supervisor and managers)

Loss Of Staff Moral

Business interruption

Loss of Business

Cost of time spent on Investigations

Loss of corporate image


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Insured

Damage to Plant, Buildings and Equipment

Compensations paid to workers

Medical

Legal (Civil Climes)

Uninsured

Production delays

Loss of Raw Materials

Investigation Time

Criminal fines and Legal costs

Sick Pay

Overtime PayHiring and Training New Employee, Loss of Business Reputation

ILO

Conventions - C 155 Occupational Safety and Health Convention 1981

Recommendations - R 164 , Occupational Safety and Health Recommendations 1981

Conventions are open to be agreed by UN Members and once agreed become binding on those

member states.

Recommendations for which member states have no specific obligations other than to notify theirexistence to their legislatures and report on what happens as a result.

Role of Enforcement Agencies: Powers of Enforcement Agency

Enter premises at any reasonable time.

Take a police person or other authorise person if there is an obstruction in the execution of his

duty.

Examine and Investigate

Direct that premises or part of the premises remain undisturbed

Take photographs and measurements

Sample or retain unsafe articles and substances

Order the testing, dismantling and examination

Take possession of items

Require answers to questions with a signed statement, if necessary

Inspect and copy statutory books and documents or any other relevant document

Order medical examination

Any Other Power

Serve Improvement Notice / Citation or Prohibition Notice

International Standards


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The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) is an international standard setting body

composed of representatives from various national standard bodies.

ISO is a non governmental organisation (NGO), its standards often become law, either through

treaties or national standards.

Approximately 158 countries are the members of ISO, their main products are international standards.

The International Labour Organisation (ILO)

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) was founded in 1919. The ILO is the international

organization responsible for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards. It is the only

'tripartite' United Nations agency that brings together representatives of governments, employers and

workers to jointly shape policies and programmes promoting Decent Work for all. This unique

arrangement gives the ILO an edge in incorporating 'real world' knowledge about employment and

work.

The main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities,enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.

At present there are 183 members countries in the ILO.

Sources of Information (Internal)

Company Policy

Accident/Ill health and Absent data

Audit and Inspection Reports

Investigation Report

Maintenance RecordsRisk Assessments

Sources of Information (External)

ILO

WHO

National Legislation

International Standards

Professional bodies

Manufacturers data

Books/Encyclopaedias

Experts (Consultant, Lawyers)

Benefits of Good Health and Safety Practice

Increased level of compliances with rules and procedures

Improved production

Improved Staff Morale

Improved Company Reputation

Reduced Accidents


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Reduced Ill health

Reduced Damage to Equipment

Reduced Staff Complaints

Reduced Absenteeism

Reduced insurance premium

Reduced fines and compensation claims


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Element 2

Health and Safety Management Systems 1Plan

Health and Safety Management Systems

HSG 65 : Successful Health and Safety Management Systems (HSE)

ILO OSH : Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management systems

OHSAS 18001: Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (BSI)

Follows the PDCA cycle:

Planwhat youre going to do.

Doit!

Checkthat what youre doing is working.

Actif what youre doing isnt working as well as it should.

We will cover this in more detail in a minute

Policy. (Plan)

Organising. (Plan)

Planning and implementing. (Do)

Evaluation. Monitoring, review, measurement ,investigation (Check)

Auditing (Check)

Action for Improvementpreventative and corrective action, continual

improvement (Act)

The system should develop over time to ensure continual improvement.

Key elements of ILO-OSH Management systems

Policy (Plan):

Clear statement of commitment to health and safety.

Organising (Plan):

Roles and responsibilities for health and safety.

At all levels in the organisation.

Planning and implementing (Do):

Detailed arrangements to manage H&S.

Risk assessments!

Evaluation - monitoring, review, measurement, investigation (Check):

Methods to monitor and review the effectiveness of the arrangements.

Audit (Check):

Independent, critical and systematic review of the management

system.

Action for improvement - preventative and corrective action; continual

improvement (Act):

Steps to correct issues found in the review.

OHSAS 18001

With reference to OHSAS 18001: Occupational health and safety management systems


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- policy (Plan)

- planning (Plan)

- implementation and operation (Do)

- checking and corrective action (Check)

- management review (Act)

- continual improvement (Act)

Continual Improvement

Continual improvement is a recurring process that enhances an organisations OHS&S management

system and improves its overall OH&S performance. Continual improvements must be consistent

with the organisations OH&S policy and can be achieved by carrying out internal audits performing

management reviews, analysing data, and implementing corrective and preventive actions.

HSG 65 Management System

Policy

Organising

Planning and Implementation --- POPIMAR

Measuring Performance

Reviewing Performance Audit

Policy: Which should be a clear statement of intent, setting out the main health and safety aims and

objectives of the company and the commitment of management.

Organising: Which should ensure the allocation of responsibility to members of the workforce with

the emphasis on achieving competency and control, together with effective systems for

communication and consultation with the workforce.

Planning and Implementing:

That should involve the setting of standards and targets, the completion of hazard identification and

risk assessments and the introduction of appropriate control measures.

Measuring Performance:

Need to be put in place using proactive and reactive monitoring systems to provide data on the

achievement or non achievement of the objectives and targets set.

Audit:

Is carried out to check whether what was planned was actually taking place, and a Review to

consider options for improvement and to set new targets where necessary.


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Policy

Safety Policy: A fundamental component of an organisations OH&S management system established

by statute

Purpose of a Safety Policy is to:

Set out managements commitment to safety

Set out the organisation and arrangements for controlling work related hazards

Protect people from injury and occupational ill health

Comply with legal requirements and avoid prosecution

Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis

Safety Policy

A legal requirement

Used in decision-making

Should cater for the type of organisation i.e. different organisations have different needs

Tested by the enforcing authority during inspections and accident investigations

ARTICLE 4 (ILO C-155)

1, Each member shall in the light of national conditions and practice , and in consultation with the

most representative organisations of employers and workers ,formulate ,implement and periodically

review a coherent national policy on occupational health and the working environment.

2, The aim of the policy shall be to prevent accidents and injury to health arising out of linked with or

occurring in the course of work by minimising , so far as is reasonably practicable, the causes of

hazards inherent in the working environment.

Health and Safety Policy Consists of 3 Elements

(i) Statement of Intent ( General Policy)

(ii) Organisation

(iii) Arrangements

Purpose of Statement of Intent:

Demonstrate management commitment to health and safety and set goals (Targets) and

Objectives. It should be signed by the most senior person in the Organisation (MD,

CEO).

(a) Management Commitment

(b) Gives the Policy authority

(c) Has ultimate responsibility for Health and Safety

Targets should follow SMART principles


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Specific

Measurable

Achievable

Realistic

Timescale

Benchmarking

Benchmarking means that key performance indicators are compared with similar organisations

Targets

Reduced / Zero accidents

Zero prosecutions

Reduced sickness absence

Reduction in compensation climesImprove reporting the near misses

Improve reporting in minor accidents

Increase numbers trained in health and safety

Improve audit scores

Organisation: This part deals with people and their operational duties in relation to health and safety.

It will outline the chain of command for health and safety management and identify roles and

responsibilities for individual staff or groups and give the scheme of delegation

Who is responsible to whom and for what

Director and Senior Managers : Setting Policy and Objectives

Line managers: Implementing Policy in their department

Supervisors: Checking Compliances with the policy

Safety Advisors: Advising company on accident and safety compliance

Employees: Responsible for own safety and others safety

Arrangements:This deals with the practical arrangements by which the general policy is to be

effectively implemented

General Specific

Safety training Fire

Safe systems of work, PTW Electricity

Consultation Manual handling

Risk Assessment Work at Height

COSHH assessment

Environmental control

Machine/area guarding

Housekeeping


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Communicating the Policy: The Act requires that the employer must bring the policy to the attention

of his employees.

Induction Training

Team Briefing

News Letters

Displaying it on notice boards

Use of Posters

Informal discussion with employees

Review Of Policy

Changes in the structure of the organisation, and/or changes in key personnel

Incidents

Processes / Materials

PremisesLegislation

Work Patterns

Prosecution

Enforcement Action

Policy Review

Ineffective Health and Safety

No commitment or Leadership

No priority for Health and SafetyInsufficient Resources

Personnel do not understand the aims

No measurement on performance

Standards and Guidance relating to Health and Safety Policy

There are several recognised standards, guidelines that require employers to have a policy and provide

guidance on how to comply with this requirement.

e.g. ILO OSH 2001

OHSAS 18001

HSG 65

(in UK HASAWA 1974)


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Element3

Health And Safety Management System 2- DO

Employers duties to Employees

Policy

Make effective health and safety managements and arrangements

Safe Plant and Equipment

Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision (IITS)

Safe place of work and Access and Egress

Safe Environment and Welfare facilities

Consult and Inform Employees

Risk Assessments

Competent health and safety assistance

Health surveillance

Employers duties to Others

Carry out their work activities in such a way that persons not in his employment are not exposed to

risks to health or safety.

Contractors

Visitors

General Public

Other Employers employees and Trespassers

Precautions for the Safety of Visitors

Signing in

Providing Identification badge

Providing PPE

Site Induction

Escorting visitor to area of work

Remaining with visitor or regular monitoring

Escorting back to gate/reception

Signing out and removing badge

Roles of Directors / Senior Managers

Prepare and sign a health and safety policy

Set goals and objectives

Lead by example and to demonstrate commitment

Allocate responsibilities for health and safety

Provide sufficient resources

Appointing a Health and Safety Advisor

Receive monitoring reports and instigate action to rectify any deficiencies that have been found.


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Middle Managers or Supervisors

Control work in their area of responsibility and set a good example. Carrying out risk assessments

Develop safe systems of work

Ensure members of their teams are fully briefed on the systems once they have been introduced

Carry out inspections of their working areas

Training, coaching and mentoring members of their team

Roles and Functions of Safety Practitioners

Advising the Management

Carrying out Inspection

Investigating the cause of any incidents

Supervising the recording and analysis of information on injuries, ill health, damage and production

losses

Assessing accident trends and reviewing overall safety performance

Assisting with training for all levelsLiaison with safety representatives and safety committees

Keeping up to date with recommended codes of practice

Safety practitioner may also deal with outside the organisation

The enforcing authority, Fire rescue services, Insurance Company Contractors, Consultants and

Engineers, Manufacturers or supplier, Clients or customer, Police, Specialist Health and Safety

Practitioner, Public, Media

Employees duties

Take reasonable care

Take reasonable care of others

Co-operate with employers or anyone else for reasons of health and safety

Follow instructions and training in the use of machinery, equipment, Substances, transport equipment,

or safety devices

Inform employers of any dangerous work situation

Inform employers if health and safety could be improved

Not to interfere with anything provided for the purposes of health and safety

Self employed

Responsible to take reasonable care of their own health and safety and the health and safety of others

who might be affected by their acts or omissions.

Similar to workers responsibility

Suppliers, manufacturers and designers

For items of plant and equipment those involved in the supply chain are responsible for ensuring

that it:

Is adequately designed, constructed and tested so as to be safe for its intended purpose.

Comes with appropriate instructions.


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For chemicals and substances those involved in the supply

chain are responsible for ensuring that it:

Is appropriately tested so that its hazardous properties are

understood.

Is appropriately packaged and labeled.

Comes with appropriate information (usually in the form of a Material Safety Data Sheet

(MSDS)).

Client and Contractor

Client: The party whom the work or project is being carried out.

Contractor: Those who visits the premises of others to carry out work. Contractor is the person

whom the client places the order.

Responsibilities of Client: Should protect contractors as well as their workforce from health andsafety risks and conduct all undertakings such a way as to ensure that members of the public around

or entering their premises are also protected.

Planning the work

Exchange of information between client and contractor

Information on hazards and risk

Hazards created by contract work

Contractor should:

Carryout risk assessment

Develop control measures

Documentation of safe working method (Method Statement)

Co-operation &Co-ordination

Between client & contractors

Between different contractors

Shared responsibilities

Hold regular meeting

Share information and risk assessments

Avoid carrying out incompatible processes

Prepare and agree joint site rule for the workplace (assembly points, smoking area )

Joint procedures for the management of visitors and contractors

Procedures for the management of traffic and the movement of vehicles

Inspections and monitoring of the workplace

Emergency procedure

Policy for the management of waste

Obtain advice on health and safety matters from a shared consultant


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Identification of Suitable Contractors: Contractors should be assessed for Health and Safety

competence.

Factors to consider:

Health and safety policy

Accident / ill health record

Status of responsible person for health and safety

Details of prosecution / enforcement action

Experience in the field of work

Previous work/project

Reference of previous clients

Insurance details

Safety Culture

The safety culture of an organisation is the product of individual and group values, attitudes,

perceptions, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style

and proficiency of, an organisations health and safety management.

Factors affecting the culture

Lack of Effective communication

Lack of Leadership and Commitment

Lack of MonitoringFailure to implement remedial action

Lack of consultation and Employee involvement

Poor working environment

Health and Safety seen as low priority

Lack of Supervision

Factors Influencing Safety Culture:

Indicators of Organisations Health and Safety Culture

Organisations developing a positive health should soon begin to see a significant reduction in the

following areas.

Accidents

Absenteeism

Sickness rate

Staff turnover

Level of compliance with health and safety rules and procedure

Complaints about working condition

Human Factors Which Influence Behaviour At Work

Organisational Factors

Job factors

Individual factors


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Organisational Factors

Culture

Leadership

Resource

Work patterns

Communication

Job Factors

Task Analysis

Ergonomics (man &machine interface)

Procedures, information and instructions

Working environment

Work patterns

Communication

Tools and equipmentMaintenance

Peer pressure

Human Factors Which Influence Behaviour At Work

Attitude, Motivation and Risk Perception

Attitude: The tendency to behave in a particular way in a certain situation

Factors

Management CommitmentPrevailing health and safety culture of organisation

Experience of the individual

Peer group influence

Home influence

Motivation: The driving force behind the way a person acts in order to achieve a goal

Factors

Incentives

Recognition

Job Satisfaction

Personal Achievement

Peer approval

Committed Management / Involvement in decisions

Safe Environments

Threat of Discipline

Perception: The way people interpret and make sense of presented information

Factors

Sensory input


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Previous Experience

Familiarity

Feeling of being in control

Personnel Characteristics

Confidence in others abilities

Human factors which influence behaviours at work

Errors and Violations

Errors

(i) Slips

(ii) Lapses

(iii) Mistakes

Violations

(i) Routine(ii) Situational

(iii) Exceptional

How health and safety behaviour at work can be improved

Management commitment

Promoting health and safety standards by leadership and example and appropriate use of

disciplinary procedures

Competent personnel with relevant knowledge,skill and work experience

Effective communication within organisation Training

Communication

Communication is the passing on and receiving of information, ideas, thoughts and feelings so that

understanding is achieved. It is a two way process.

Methods of Communication

(i) Written

(ii) Verbal

(iii) Visual

Written Communication: In the form of letters, Memos, reports, hand outs, notices, rules, policy and

publications

Advantage

Permanent Record

Reference

Consistent

Accurate Detail

Wide Audience

Authoritative


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Disadvantage

One way

May be Unread

Often No feed back

Time Consuming

Cost

Misinterpretation

Barriers : Illiteracy, Competence, Presentation, Quality of Information, Quantity and Attitude.

Verbal Communication: In the form of Instructions, interviews, meetings, lectures, briefings and

informal talks.

Advantage Disadvantage

Direct No Record

Two Way No referenceQuick Unstructured

Instant Feed back Inconsistent

Easy to Do Too much for memory

Flexible Limited audience

Barriers : Hearing Defect, Speech defects, Noise, Distance, Language, Lack of knowledge, Attitude,

Duration And speed.

Visual Communication: In the form of Video, Computer, Posters, Visual aids


Consistent message Boring

Large Group No Feed back

Too Much for Memory

Barriers : Environment and Knowledge of personnel

Posters


Low Cost Need to Change regular basis Flexibility

May become soiled

Brevity May become defaced

Reinforce Verbal Instructions May become out of date

Constant message Over reliance

Involve employees in selection. May trivialise important message

Graphic Message

Variety of methods should be used for communication

People respond differently to different stimuli

Variety prevents over familiarisation with one method and helps to reinforce the message.


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Need to over come language barriers and inability of some employee to read

Need to motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement and feed back

The acceptance that different types of information require different methods of communication

Methods of Communication within an Organisation

Meetings, Team Briefings, Tool box Talks, Policy, Procedures, Rules, Standards, Trainings, Health

and Safety Reports and Posters.

Co-Operation and Consultation With Workforce

The primary responsibility to consult employees is set out in national and international laws.

ILO Occupational Safety and Health convention C155 requires that Health and Safety

Representatives (Employee Representatives)

Employer should consult with or Inform employees where there is no Representatives.

Introduction of measures that affect their health and safety

New process and technology

New work patterns

New PPE

Consulting and Informing

A Basic requirement for a successful consultation through the use of a safety committee is the desireof both employee and management to show honest commitment and positive approach to a

programme of accident prevention and the establishment of a safe and healthy environment and

systems of work

Consulting: Consulting is a two way process and involves listening to employees, views and taking

account of what they say before any decision is taken.

Informing: Informing is one way process providing employees with information.

Safety Committees

The objective of every safety committee must be to promote co-operation between employer and

employees to ensure employees Health and Safety at work.

A clear agenda is required for the meeting, and the committee discuss only the items on the agenda.

Number of Management representatives should not exceed the number of Safety representatives, and

should include line Managers, Engineers, HR Managers, Safety Officers and Supervisors

Safety Committee Agenda at Minutes


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Minutes of the previous meeting

Study of Accident / Reportable illness

Examination of audit Report

Analysis of Reports provided by Inspectors

Development and monitoring of safety rules and safe system

Constant evaluation of effectiveness of safety training

Monitor the adequacy of health and safety communication

Date of Next meeting

Factors affecting the effectiveness of Safety Committee

A Clear management commitment

Clear Objective and Functions

Balanced Representation

Actual influence in decision Making

Respect of Management and work forceCommitment from committee members

Good leadership and chairman ship

Good communication channels

Access to relevant information and specialist advice

Training: It is necessary to ensure that they have adequate health and safety training and are capable

enough at their jobs to avoid risk to themselves or others.

Training should be given at the following stages

On Joining the Organisation

Before Starting Work (Job Specific)

Refresher Training

Work Practices changes ( Materials, New Technology)

New Legislation

Before moving to new Job

Importance of Induction Training

Shows the management CommitmentIdentifies the Responsibilities

The employee knows how to recognise and report unsafe conditions

Identifies Hazards and Precautions

The employee is aware of the Hazards

Imparts Knowledge

Set the scene for future performance

Induction Training

Management Commitment to Safety

Company Safety PolicyRole of Safety Representatives


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Emergency Procedure

First Aid Arrangements

Welfare Provisions

Specific Hazards

Health Surveillance Procedure

How to report Accidents

PPE

Factors to Consider when developing Training

What Employees need to know compared to what they do know

Employees Responsibilities

Activities Carried out

Risk Associated with activities

Action required by employees to minimise the risks

Employees existing knowledge and previous experienceType of training already received

Different requirement for various levels of staff

Resources needed (cost, time and facilities)

Competence of staff to deliver training

Importance of Planning

Health and Safety must be managed systematically, To achieve this, a system must be in place to:

Identify,Implement &maintain health and safety requirements

Planning helps to

Set specific objectives to be achieved

Set specific procedures to achieve these objectives.

Setting Objectives

Factors to be considered:

Senior management involvement

Setting at each level and department

In line with legal, corporate policy and standards

Hazards and risks at work place or activity

Technological changes

Financial, operational and business interests

Views of interested parties (employees, contractors, manufacturers)

Based on SMART principles and up to date

Principles of Risk Assessment


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Risk Assessment: A careful examination of what in work could cause harm, so that you can weigh up

whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm.

Objectives of Risk Assessment

The Identification of Hazards at Work, The evaluation of the risks from the hazards, Deciding how to

control the risks, Implementing a control strategy

Different types of Incidents

Ill health

Injury accidents

Dangerous Occurrences

Near miss

Damage only

Risk Assessors

A competent person or a team who have:

Experience and training in risk assessment process

Experience of the process / task

Technical knowledge

Knowledge of local regulation

Communication and reporting skills

Commitment and willingness to do a task

Awareness of their own limitations.

Composition of a RA team

Workers, familiar with the tasks and areas to be assessed.

Health and safety specialists, such as safety practitioners and occupational health nurses.

Technical specialists, such as mechanical and electrical engineers.

Line managers/Supervisors responsible for the tasks or areas being assessed.

Worker safety representatives.

SUITBLE AND SUFFICIENT

All hazards must be identified

Risk control measure must be in place

The control measures must be reliable

The risk assessment must remain current for a period of time

Five Steps

Identifying the hazards

Decide who might be harmed and how

Evaluate the risk and existing precautions


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Record findings

Review and revise, if necessary

Step One

Identifying the hazards HOW?

Observing the activity, Work place inspections, Consultation with employees, Non-inspection

techniques (JSA), Examination of documents, Accident / illness data, Near-miss reports

Step Two

Deciding whomight be harmed and how.

Employees, Maintenance Workers, Contractors, Trainees, Visitors, Members of Public,

Cleaners, Young workers, New and expectant mothers

Step Two Contd

Deciding who might be harmed andhow

Exposure to: Chemical hazards, Biological hazard, Radiation, Noise, Vibration, Temperature, Stress,

Ergonomic

Step Three

Evaluate the risks and existing precautions

Likelihood

5Fatality

4Major disabling injury

3 - More than 3 days off work, injury, illness

2Minor injury, under 3 days off the work

1Minor injury, No time off

Severity

5Certain, imminent

4Very likely

3 - Likely

2Unlikely

1Very unlikely

Risk = Likelihood X Severity

Step Three

Evaluate the risks and existing precautions


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Control Hierarchy

A list of measures designed to control risk which are considered in order of importance,

effectiveness or priority or measures designed to control risk that normally begin with an extreme

measure of control and end with personal protective equipment as a last resort.

ERIC PD ( ERIC Prevents Death)

EEliminate

RReduce

IIsolate

C- Control

P- PPEs

D- Discipline

Step Four

Record the findings

All significant hazards

The number of people affected and how

Existing control measuresAdditional precautions required

Step Five

Review & Revise

Elapse of Time, When accident or incident occurred, Change in process, Change in material, Change

in premises, Change in work patterns, Prosecution, Enforcement action, Compensation claims, Policy

review, Professional advice,

Special Considerations to:

Young persons because of :

Lack of knowledge and experience, they are in developing stage, More likely to take risk, More likely

to respond to peer group pressure, Over enthusiasm,

Control measures:

Training, Close Supervision, Monitored by experienced fellow worker, Clear line of communication,

Restrict type of work to be carried out, Restrict type of equipment to be used, Restrict hours of work


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New & Expectant mothers because of

Their and their foets / babieshealth considerations

Exposure to various hazards can damage their health

Hazards may range from biological, physical, chemical, ergonomical, radiation, temperature etc.


Disabled personnel because of

Their reduced mobility, Their reduced sensory ability, Reduced communication skills


Night shift workers and lone workers

Rest period between shifts, Disruption of normal routines, Fatigue, Supervision, Violence while

travelling, Emergency arranging/ first aid arrangements, Access to welfare facilities, Light,

temperature

Cleaners /Lone workers / long route drivers

Loneliness at work area, Lack of Communication facility, Lack of assistance in case of emergency,

abnormal hours of work, Violence

Factors to be considered when assessing the risks to a long distance delivery driver.

Job factors

The time taken for the journey, Demands of the route (road conditions), Communications with home

base, Security issues (including possibility of violence).

Individual factors relate to:

Physical and psychological capabilities of the driver to cope with the job demands

The level of training given, Age

The vehicle:

Ergonomic factors such as design and layout of the drivers cab

Maintenance

The load:

Nature of load (e.g. hazardous, heavy)

Means of handling materials


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Emergency equipment and procedures in place

Principles of control

The control of risks is necessary to prevent accidents and ill health, and may be required by law. To

enable this to be done risk assessment are carried out and then suitable control measures are

implemented to deal with the risk. This is a requirement of safety management system.

General Principles of Prevention

Avoid risks

Evaluate risks that cannot be avoided

Combat risks at source

Adapt the work to the individual

Adapt to technical progress

Replace dangerous with non-dangerous Develop an overall prevention policy

Give collective measures priority over individual ones

Give appropriate instructions to employees

Selection of PPE

Identify the Hazard, Compliances with standard, Comfort, Compatibility, Cost, Replacement,

Training, Hygiene, Supervision, Storage,

PPE should be considered as a last resort

Only minimize the Injury, Poor selection or fit, Lack of comfort, Incompatibility with other PPEs,

Contamination, Misuse or non use, Relies on action being taken by user, May create additional

hazards, Relies on management enforcement

Safety Signs

Prohibition

Warning

Mandatory

Safe Conditions

Fire safety signs


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Prohibition

White back ground, Circular band and diagonal bar in red (running from top left to bottom right)

Warning/Caution

Yellow back ground black triangular band Symbol or text in black

Mandatory

Blue circle with symbol or text in white

Safe Conditions

Green square or Rectangle with white symbols or text

Fire Safety Signs

White symbols on red square or rectangle

Safe System of Work

The integration of People, Equipment and Materials in the correct Environment to producesafest

possible condition in a specific area.

A safe system of work is a formal procedure based on a systematic examination of work in order to

identify the hazards. It defines safe methods of working which eliminate those hazards or minimisethe risks associated with them.

Safe System of Work

Employer is responsible for SSW

When significant residual risk remains, When control measures are removed

Eg. During maintenance

Active role of competent person

Involvement of worker

Written

Ensure consistency

Better understanding in complex task

Reference document for the task

Audit

Proof of legal compliance

Safe System of Work

Consider: Technical, Procedural and Behavioral controls

Technical: Applied directly to hazard Eg. Guard, safety devices


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Procedural: Control the way in which a task is completed, Correct operation of technical controls.

Eg. Sequence of work Checks to be done

Behavioural: Control the behaviour of workers, Introduce good practices

Eg. PPE, housekeeping

Developing Safe System of Work

1. Select the task

2. Record the stages of task

3.Evaluate the risk associated with each stage

4.Develop the safe working method

5. Implement the safe working method

6.Monitoring the safe system

Introduce controls & Formulate procedure

Define the Safe System of Work

M Material

E Equipment & Machinery

E Environment

P People

Confined Space

A confined space is an area large enough and so configured that an employee can enter bodily and

perform their work

AND

A confined space has a limited or restricted means of entry or exit

AND

A confined space is not designed for continuous human occupancy.

Lone Working

Lone workers might be defined as workers who are separated from their work colleagues.

Hazards

They lack assistance to do the work and if things go wrong.

Communication with colleagues and management is more difficult.

Working and Travelling Abroad

Hazards to security, Hazards to health

Consider arranging:


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Pre- and post-visit briefings, Insurance arrangements, Personal health advice and vaccinations,

Financial arrangements, Personal security training and advice, Advice on cultural differences and

requirements, Accommodation, Emergency arrangements, 24-hour organisation contacts.

Advise on:

Vaccination, Pre-trip medical examination, Medical insurance, Training on personal health care,

Emergency medical provision, Post-trip medical check-up

Permit to Work System

This is a formal document, signed by an authorised person and intended to control the activities by

ensuring set procedures are followed and by recording the control measures that should be taken.

Role and function of Permit to Work System

Part of a safe system of work

To control high risk work activities such as hot work

Formalises the control of high risk work by ensuring that

All the risks have been identified

All the precautions put in place

Information has been communicated to all relevant parties.

Operation and Application

KEY ELEMENTS

Description of Task, time, location

Hazard identification

Planning (Isolation, PPE)

Issued by an authorized person

Accepted by a competent person

Task completion

Closure of permit

Operation and application

A permit-to-work usually has four main sections:

Issue.

Receipt.

Clearance.


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Cancellation

Operation and application

Issue

Issued by Authorisation Manager

Specification of:

The exact nature of the work, Where the work can take place, The names of each of the workers

authorised to carry out the work, The date and time that work can start, The period of time the permit

is valid for, The control measures that must be in place before, during and after the work, Any

restrictions, Any other permits that may be relevant.

Authorisation Manager signs the permit

Receipt

By competent person

Formal acceptance to confirm understanding of hazards, risks, precautions

Competent person signs the permit

Clearance/Return to Service

The competent person sign

To confirm that he has left the workplace in a safe condition

Work is complete

Normal operations may resume

Cancellation

The authorising manager signs

To accept the hand-back of the work place

No further work can take place under its authority.

Application of PTW

Certain activities that require PTW

Confined space work, Excavation, Hot work, Critical lifting, Radiography, Working at height


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Emergency Procedures

Adequate emergency procedures should be in place or developed to control likely incidents. (Fire,

Spillages etc.) Procedures should be in writing and regularly tested through drills.

Type of Emergency

Fire (Evacuation)

Dealing with accidents

Chemical Spillage

Intruder alert

Explosive device

Emergency

Emergency service contact & response time

Appointed personnel (to deal with)

Communication system

First aid / medical facilities

Evacuation procedure

Effects on surrounding community

Post emergency action(Repair and Investigation)

First Aid Requirements

The employer must make an assessment to determine the needs. The following will be considered

Different Work activity

Difficult Access to Treatment

Workers working away from employers premises

First Aid

To preserve life

To prevent deterioration

To promote recovery

Provide treatment for minor injury

First Aid : Factors to be considered

Size of the organization

Nature and distribution of the work force

Nature of the work

History of accident/incident


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Remoteness of the location

Need for travel

Training of person

First aid facility

A room centrally located and accessible by emergency services

Well ventilated, lit and adequate temperature control

Hand wash, chair and clinical waste bin

Eye-wash stations.

Emergency showers.

Blankets.

Splints.

Resuscitation equipment.

Stretchers.Wheelchairs.

Other equipment as required

Element4 : Health and Safety Management System 4- CHECK

Companies should monitor their performance in managing health and safety in the same way that any

other aspect of business in monitored

Purpose for monitoring

Identify substandard Health and Safety Practices, Identify Trends, Compare Actual Performance

against targets, Benchmark, Identify use and effectiveness of control measures, Make decisions on

suitable remedial measures, Set priorities and establish realistic timescales, Assess Compliances with

legal requirements, Provide information to board and committees

Active and Reactive Monitoring

Active Monitoring (Proactive)


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Check the health and safety plans have been implemented.

Monitor the extents of compliances with organisations systems/procedures, and with its legislative

/technical standards.

Reactive Monitoring

To analyse data relating to accidents, Near misses, Ill health and any other downgrading events

Active Monitoring

Organisations need to know:

Where they are

Where they want to be

What is the difference and why

Systematic Inspection of Plant and Premises

The systematic inspection of plant and premises can identify health and safety conditions,providing an indication of the effectiveness of controls used to prevent substandard

conditions.

If inspections are done on a timely basis it is possible to limit the harmful effects can arise

from sub standard conditions.

Monitoring

Proactive Reactive

Audit Accident Report

Inspection Near miss Reports

Survey Ill health Reports

Sampling Damage Report

Tour

Benchmarking

Health surveillance

Role of Safety inspections, Sampling, Surveys and Tours

Safety Inspection

Involves the straightforward observation of a workplace and or the activities or equipment within it.

It is usually carried out by a supervisors, employee representative and safety advisor at regular

intervals and often aided by the use of a check list.

To identify the health and safety status of what is being inspected and what improvements are needed.

Types of Inspection

General Workplace Inspection

Statutory Inspection


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Preventive Maintenance Inspection (Periodic)

Pre use Checks of Equipment's

Factors Governing Frequency and Type of Inspection

Frequency of inspections should be established using the data gathered from various sources (Risk

Assessment, Accident/Near misses and plant break down etc.)

Depends upon factors such as the purpose of the inspection and level of risk within the Organisation.

Statutory Inspections will depend on legislation of the country or requirements of organisation.

Factors Governing Frequency and Type of Inspection

Compliance with statutory requirements

Activities undertaken at the workplace and their associated level of risk

The distribution of the workforce The results from previous inspections and audits

Companys record of compliance with established standards

Recommendations from risk assessments

Accident history and the outcomes of accident investigations

Enforcement action taken or advice given by the enforcement authority

The introduction of new equipment, processes or safe systems of work

Manufacturers recommendations

Requirements from insurance companies

Consultation with or as a result of complaints from workers

Competence of Inspector

The people who carrying out the inspection will need to be competent and so require

Knowledge of workplace inspections and of the hazards associated with activities

Knowledge of controls in place to prevent hazards

Experience of the process, activity or area

Experience in carrying out inspections

Training in Inspection techniques

Training on checklists

Good communication and writing skills

Use of Checklists

Checklist can be useful aids when information/data is incorporated from plant and machinery.

Inspection Checklists

Housekeeping, Electrical Safety

Provision and use of PPE


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Use and storage of Hazardous Substances

Manual Handling, Traffic Routes

Machinery, Internal Transport

Emergency Equipment

Welfare Facilities

Safe Systems of Work

Working Environment

Advantages (Strengths)of using Checklists

Enables prior preparation and planning

Inspection is more structured and systematic

Reduces the chance of important issues being overlooked

Provide immediate record of findings

Ensure a constant approach

Provide easy method for comparison and audit

Disadvantages (Weaknesses)of using Checklists

Over reliance on checklists may result in a blinkered approach by inspectors

Checklist may not be reviewed or updated to account for changes

Untrained person might attempt to conduct inspections

Inspection procedure may subject to human error

Allocation of Responsibilities and Priorities for action

Identify the person who is responsible to implement the corrective action.

Priorities for Action

High Risk: Likely to cause Major loss - Complete within 24 hours

Medium Risk: Serious loss - 7 days (1 month)

Low Risk: Minor loss- 30 days (3 Month)

Effective Report Writing

Style: Clear and Concise wording, do not use ambiguous words and use plain language where

possible.

Structure: Simple structure, simple heading easy to read and understand.

Emphasis: Prioritised to any weakness found, clear recommendations (high, med and low)

Persuasiveness: Highlight any potential changes and indicate any benefits, do not go into great

detail with correct action plan. Use of plain language is preferred.

i.e. Introduction, Summary, Main body of report, Conclusion and Recommendations.

A report of a workplace inspection should include the following:

Title


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Introduction

Summary of findings

Good and bad practices

Priority of corrective actions

Breaches of legislation

Cost implications

Conclusion

Recommendations

Persons conducting the inspection

Photographs

Factors should be considered When planning a safety Inspection of the workplace

The reason for the Inspection, The location or area

Date, time and duration, Members

Type, i.e. announced or unannouncedMethodchecklist or observation

Results of previous inspection

Remedial action and timescales

Company rules and standards

Major Problem areas in Safety Inspection

It is only a snapshot in time

Some hazards are not visible

Some hazards may not presentUnsafe practices may not happen during inspection

Safety Survey: It focus on a particular activities normally carried out by specialist persons (Fire

protection, Manual Handling)

Safety Tour: Unscheduled examination of work area, carried out by a range of personnel from works

Managers to Safety Committee members to ensure that standards of House keeping are at an

acceptable level, obvious hazards are removed and in general that safety standards are observed.

Safety Sampling: A random sampling exercise observing health and safety conditions and practices .

Benchmarking: Comparing the performance, learning from others , comparing own organisations

strength and weakness and acting on the lessons learned.

Health Surveillance: By carrying out health surveillance the employer will be able to detect problems

at early stages.

Reactive Monitoring

Dealing with things that went wrong!

Accidents, incidents, ill-health, other unwanted events and situations:

Highlights areas of concern.


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Things that have already gone wrong.

Measures failure.

2 methods:

Lessons from one specific event, e.g. an accident.

-Data collected over a period

Statistics

Data collected and reported about:

Accidents.

Dangerous occurrences.

Near-misses.

Ill-health cases.

Worker complaints.

Enforcement action.

Assist in analysing: Trendsevents over a period of time.

Patternshot spots of certain types, e.g. injury.

Use of Statistics

Potential issues: Data may be manipulated. Incidents may go unreported. Sudden increase in reporting of incidents can suggest a decrease in performance:

Could be due to improved reporting

Other reactive Measures:

Enforcement actions

Often required during pre-tender qualifications.

Civil claims

Total cost of claims can be calculated.

May be affected by:

- Advertising campaigns.

- Dissatisfaction with organisation

Role And Function of Investigation of Accidents

Why Investigate?

Humane , Legal, Economical

Role of Investigation


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Establish What Happened

Identify Measures to Prevent Recurrence

Establish legal and or/ worker compensation liability

Data gathering

Identification of Trends

Determine the causes of what happened, including root cause

Role And Function of Investigation of Accidents

Function of Investigation

Demonstrate management commitment

Determine cause & prevent recurrence

Identify weakness in management system

Identify weakness in risk assessment

Comply with legal requirementsCollect data to establish trends

Prevent future business losses

Provide information in case of legal action

Provide information to insurance companies & general public

Basic Incident Investigation Procedure

The ILO Code of practice for Recording and Notifying of occupational Accidents and Diseases (COP-

RNOAD).

Approach to Investigation

Gather the Information: Where, When and Who

Analyze the information: What Happened and Why

Identify risk control measures: Possible solutions

Action Plan and Implementation: Which risk control measure to be implemented in the short and

long term

Preparing for Investigation

Determine the who should be involved in accident investigation.

A senior manager from another department, act as independent chairman.

A health and safety practitioner to advice on specific health and safety issues.

An engineer or technical expert to provide any technical information required.

A manager from the department where the accident occurred, whose responsibilities would include

ensuring the recommendations of the investigation team were actioned.

A local manager or supervisor with detailed knowledge of the site of accident and of the systems of

work in place.

A worker safety representative who apart from having the statutory right to be involved if trade union

appointed, could represent the injured worker and his co workers.


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Preparing for Investigation

Ensure that the accident scene remains undisturbed insofar as it is reasonable and safe to do so.

collect all relevant existing documents such as previous accident reports, maintenance records, risk

assessments etc.

Identify the witnesses, who will need to be interviews during the investigation.

Check that legal reporting requirements have been met

Ascertain the equipment's that will be needed (measuring tape, camera)

Determine the style and depth of investigation.

Training for the reporting of accidents/incidents

The importance of reporting accidents and incidents for legal, investigative and monitoring reasons.

The type of event that the organisation requires to be reported.

The line of reporting

How to complete internal documents and formsHow to report external organisations, where appropriate

Scope and Depth of Investigation

The depth of investigation should depend on the severity of actual or potential loss, whichever is the

grater.

Investigation Guidelines

Anyone wishing to assist the injured party must take care.Investigation must begin as soon as possible after the accident

Keep the objective clearly in mind ( Identify the causes and remedial action not to blame any one)

Witness should be interviewed one at a time

Ask open questions

Avoid making early assumptions

Approach the witness without bias

Make notes of interview, not relaying on memory

Summery of Action to be taken: (Immediate & future action after accident)

Isolate the scene and make the area safe

First aid to the victim

Calling medical assistance, if required

Implement or initiate emergency plan

Informing the next of kin

Report to relevant legal authority

Identify witness

Set up investigation team

Detailed investigation to find causes

Making recommendation

Implement corrective actions


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Interviews, Plans, Photographs, relevant records and checklists

The ILO Code of practice requires, The employer should investigate all reported occupational

accidents, occupational diseases, dangerous occurrences and incidents.

Interviews

Recording the details (Name of the interviewers, interviewee and anyone accompanying interviewees,

place date, time of interview and any significant comment or action during interview)

Conducting the interview in private without any disturbance

Interviewing one person at a time

Protecting the reputation of the people interviewed

Setting a casual, informal tone during the interview to put the individual at ease.

Summarising your understanding of the matter

Expressing appreciation for the witnesses information

Translating conclusions into effective action


Plans

The use of sketch plan by investigator can assist in demining the root causes of the event. Plans can be

used to provide a clear indication of accident scene including position of any injured person, witness,

plant and equipment.

Photographs

Take the photographs to preserve the images of accident scenes or resulting injuries.

Relevant Records

Opinions, Observations, Measurements, Check sheets, work permits, Risk Assessments, Method

statements and Training Records.


Checklist

Common structure of report tends to determine:

What Happened - The Loss

How it Happened - The Event

Why it Happened - The Causes

Recommendations - Preventive Action

Immediate Causes and Root Causes


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Immediate Causes

Unsafe act by Workers and Unsafe Conditions

Root Cause (Management System Failure)

Lack Of Training

Poor Supervision

Equipment not Maintained

Domino Theory Of Accident Causation

1. Lack of management control

2. Individual & Job factors (Indirect)

3. Immediate Cause (Unsafe Acts & unsafe Conditions)

4.

Event (Accident / Near Miss)5. Injury / Damage (loss)

Direct causes / immediate causes

The driver of a forklift has been seriously injured after the truck has overturned

Cornering too fast

Hitting Obstruction

Driving on uneven ground

Moving with load elevatedDriving with unstable load

Driving with excessive load

Colliding with another vehicle

Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs

Poorly maintained truck or road

Poor lighting

Root / Underlying causes:

The driver of a forklift has been seriously injured after the truck has overturned

No or Inadequate risk assessment

No safe system of work

No defect reporting Systems

Lack of daily inspection

Lack of maintenance of vehicle

Lack of maintenance of workplace

Lack of Supervision

Unfamiliarity with workplace

High work load

Poor vehicle selection

Inadequate driver training


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Reporting

Reporting/Informing a death at work following an accident should include

Next of Kin

The Senior Manager

Health and Safety Specialist

Enforcing Authority

Employee Representatives

Other Employees

Insurance Company

Recording and Reporting Incidents

Internal Systems for collecting analysing and communicating data

Collecting the Data (Report Form Type)

Initial Record of Accident (Accident book)

First Aid Treatment Reports

Medical Treatment Reports

Sickness / Absence Records

Accident Report

Near Miss / Dangerous Occurrence Reports

Maintenance / Repair ReportInsurance Report

Reporting Routes

Person Receiving Harm, Person Causing Harm, Person Discovering Harm

Recording and Reporting Incidents

Analysing and communicating data

Reports from first line managers may be copied to the next line manager, safety professional,

employee representatives.

Organisational Requirements for Recording and Reporting Incidents

Recording and Notifying of Occupational accident and Disease) (ILO Code of PracticeRNOAD)

Reporting: Procedure specified by the employer in accordance with national laws and regulations, and

in accordance with the practice at the enterprise, for the submission by workers to their immediate

supervisor, the competent person, or any other specified person or body, of information on

(a) Any occupational accident or injury to health which arises in the course of or inconnection with

work;


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(b) Suspected cases of occupational diseases;

(c) Dangerous occurrences and near misses.

Typical Examples of Major Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences

Major Injury: ILO Code of practice for RNOAD does not specify types of major injury resulting from

accidents that should be reported. It is left to national legislations.

Diseases: (Caused by Agents) (Diseases by Target Organ Systems)

Caused by Physical Agents Respiratory Diseases

Chemical Agents Skin Diseases

Biological Agents Musculoskeletal Disorder

And

Occupational Cancer

Typical Examples of Major Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous OccurrencesDangerous Occurrences: Are the events that have the potential to cause death or serious injury and so

should be reported.

e.g. Failure of Lifting Equipment

Fire

Collapse of building


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Element 5: Health and Safety Management Systems- Act

Audit: A thorough, critical examination of an organisations safety management systems and

procedures.

Auditing Procedure

(i) Setting objective of the audit

(ii) Selecting Audit Team

(iii) Contact the organisation being audited

(iv) Undertaking the audit

(v) Conclusions

(vi) Providing Report

(vii) Action by Organisation

Written information that is likely to be examined during a health and safety audit

A copy of the company Health and Safety Policy

Details of written safe systems of work

Safety Committee minutes

Accident statistics

Investigation reports

Planned inspection reports

The First-Aid book

Records of maintenance

A register of hazardous substances

Training records

Internal Audit: Advantage

Easier to arrange

Incurring Minimal Cost

Employees may not feel threatened


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Disadvantage

Could be influenced by internal relationship and pressure

Conclusions may not take seriously

Auditor may make assumptions

External Audit: Advantage

Auditor is independent

Auditor will not make assumptions

Importance given to conclusions

Disadvantage

More time to Organise

More ExpensiveEmployees may feel threatened

Action to be taken after the Audit

The audit findings should be submitted to the senior management of the organisation. such as they

have the authority both to require appropriate action to be taken and to authorise the resources that

might be necessary.

To enable management to demonstrate leadership and commitment from the top.

To enable management to give praise or reward where this has been earned but also to takedisciplinary action against workers incases where this is thought to be necessary.

To consider and reset their goals and objectives for the future and to comply with their personal

responsibilities either under legislation or under international standards and best practice.

.

Review of Health And Safety Performance

Reviewing health and safety performance is a key part of any heath and safety management system.

It should be conducted on a routine basis by managers.

Reason for Review


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Not on Target

Review is an essential part of Management System

Review may be required for accreditation purpose

Issues to be Considered in the Review

Legal Compliances, Accident Data, Findings of Monitoring

Absence or Sickness Data, Audit Report

Consultation, Objectives Met

Documents

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